辐射驱动气体靶丸压缩过程数值模拟

 利用整形脉冲驱动内爆是实现燃料高收缩比压缩的有效方法。单脉冲辐射驱动冲击波压缩气体靶动力学过程可分为冲击波压缩、近等熵压缩、压缩降温和膨胀降温4个阶段，其中近等熵压缩阶段是获得燃料高密度的关键。通过改变第一个台阶结束时间，可找到合适的双台阶辐射整形脉冲驱动内爆，获得比单一脉冲驱动更高的压缩密度。数值模拟结果显示：利用第1个台阶产生的冲击波多次压缩燃料，同时逐步提高燃料区压强，这样第2个冲击波传入燃料区时的强度很弱，几乎不引起熵增，但能进一步压缩燃料。同样的原理可推广到多台阶整形脉冲驱动内爆压缩研究中。     

Propagation of ion shock in solid DT target with nonlinear force-driven plasma blocks

The plasma block (piston) with pressure P ₁ is generated as a result of the nonlinear (ponderomotive) force in laser–plasma interaction. The plasma block can be used for the ignition of a fusion flame front in a solid density deuterium–tritium (DT) target by compressing the fuel that creates an ion shock propagating with velocity u _{ion? shock} in the inside of a solid DT target. The ignition is achieved by creating an ion shock during the final stages of the implosion. We estimated the effect of an ion shock in solid DT target at an early stage with no compression and at the last stage with compression, where density increases by a factor of solid-state density. According to the theoretical model, a large target with a very thin layer of fuel (high-aspect ratio target) would be ideal to obtain the very strong shocks. Results indicate that the maximum compression even by an infinitely strong single shock can never produce more than four times the initial density of DT fuel. The results reported that the threshold ignition energy in a solid DT target is reduced by a factor of 4.     

自由电子气冲击压缩特性的理论计算

用自由电子气模型对自由电子气(费米能为5 eV)的冲击压缩雨贡纽曲线、冲击温度进行了数值计算.冲击压力、内能和冲击温度被计算为压缩度的函数.计算结果表明,自由电子气(费米能为5eV)的冲击压缩极限近似为初始密度的4倍.     

LiTaO3晶体高压结构相变的理论研究

利用基于密度泛函理论的平面波赝势结合局域密度近似的从头算方法,计算了LiTaO3晶体在0~200 GPa压力范围内的冷压曲线(P-V/V0)和零温焓,以研究它的高压结构相变.参照同构体LiNbO3的高压相结构,对LiTaO3的菱形相(R3c对称群,室温大气压结构)和正交相(Pbnm对称群)进行计算.结果表明,菱形相压缩线与低压冲击实验数据和静压结果符合较好,而正交相压缩线与扣除热压贡献的高压冲击实验数据相符;正交相更难压缩且各轴向的压缩率不同,对应的常态密度比菱形相高约24%.理论预测的相变起始压力约为23 GPa.由此可见LiTaO3的冲击高压相具有正交对称性,与LiNbO3的室温高压相类似.     

晶格振动和热电子对疏松金属材料冲击压缩特性的贡献

 根据固体晶格的谐振子模型、热电子的自由电子气模型以及Grüneisen物态方程，仅通过简洁的代数运算分别导出晶格振动、热电子对疏松金属材料的冲击温度、冲击压强、乃至压缩体积贡献的计算公式。结果表明：晶格振动对冲击压缩体积的贡献分量计算公式与吴-经方程的推导结果在形式上具有很好的一致性，同时改进了热电子对体积贡献分量的计算公式。并论证了两个体积贡献分量表达式的合理性及其物理意义。     

多次冲击波压缩DT冰理论研究

 冲击波压缩DT是ICF内爆过程中的主要熵增因素,如何用有限数目的时间整形冲击波实现近等熵压缩过程是优化点火靶设计的关键。利用理想气体和实际DT状态方程,计算系列冲击波压缩后的熵增和密度变化,分析表明,当第一个冲击波压强不大于0.1 TPa,后续再用3个冲击波达到10 TPa,总熵增不影响点火靶DT压缩性能,增加冲击波个数对DT熵增和压缩度改善效果很小。     

激光聚变冲击波点火的热斑形成机制

通过对冲击波点火内爆过程的数值模拟分析点火热斑压缩及形成机制。分析了传统中心点火的内爆过程,热斑主要经历冲击波压缩和惯性压缩过程,点火主要通过惯性压缩来实现。并仔细分析了冲击波点火的内爆压缩过程,从内爆角度来看冲击波点火并不是压缩和点火分开的两步过程,点火冲击波实际参与压缩过程,点火冲击波对热斑的直接影响很有限,热斑仍然主要通过壳层的惯性压缩实现点火。利用惯性压缩的定标关系及冲击波碰撞对壳层影响规律分析了热斑增压的物理机制,冲击波点火是通过点火冲击波与回冲击波的碰撞来提高壳层的密度,从而实现热斑压力的提升。     

Effect of Small Preliminary Deformation on the Evolution of Elastoplastic Waves of Shock Compression in Annealed VT1-0 Titanium

The evolution of an elastoplastic waves of shock compression in VT1-0 titanium in the as-annealed state and after preliminary compression is measured. A preliminary strain of 0.6% and the related increase in the dislocation density are found to change the deformation kinetics radically and to decrease the Hugoniot elastic limit. An increase in the preliminary strain from 0.6% to 5.2% only weakly changes the Hugoniot elastic limit and the compression rate in the plastic shock wave. The measurement results are used to plot the strain rate versus the stress at the initial stage of high-rate deformation, and the experimental results are interpreted in terms of dislocation dynamics.     

钕铁硼的冲击压缩特性

 利用二级轻气炮对恒磁体钕铁硼进行冲击压缩,采用阻抗匹配法进行测量,获得了平均初始密度为7.346 g/cm³的钕铁硼Hugoniot关系数据。实验结果表明,该种钕铁硼在19~78 GPa范围内,其D-u_p满足线性变化关系,即：C₀、λ分别为3.686 km/s、1.059,是一种稳定的压缩过程,其间没有相变产生。而较小的λ值表明该种钕铁硼材料偏向于疏松体结构,且容易被压缩。同时实验结果也为其状态方程和脉冲功率源等方面的研究工作提供了可资参考的实验参数。     

多孔脆性材料对高能量密度脉冲的吸收和抵抗能力

作用在脆性结构材料表面的高能量密度脉冲会以冲击波的形式传播进入材料内部, 导致压缩破坏和功能失效. 通过设计并引入微孔洞, 显著增强了脆性材料冲击下的塑性变形能力, 从而使脆性结构材料可以有效地吸收耗散冲击波能量, 并抑制冲击诱导裂纹的扩展贯通. 建立格点-弹簧模型并用于模拟研究致密和多孔脆性材料在高能量密度脉冲加载下的冲击塑性机理、能量吸收耗散过程和裂纹扩展过程. 冲击波压缩下孔洞塌缩, 导致体积收缩变形和滑移以及转动变形, 使得多孔脆性材料表现出显著的冲击塑性. 对致密样品、气孔率5%和10%的多孔样品吸能能力的计算表明, 多孔脆性材料吸收耗散高能量密度脉冲的能力远优于致密脆性材料. 在短脉冲加载下, 相较于遭受整体破坏的致密脆性材料, 多孔脆性材料以增加局部区域的损伤程度为代价, 阻止了严重的冲击破坏扩展贯通整个样品, 避免了材料的整体功能失效.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of the plastic behavior anisotropy of shock-compressed monocrystal nickel

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the plastic behavior of monocrystalline nickel under shock compression along the [100] and [110] orientations. The shock Hugoniot relation, local stress curve, and process of microstructure development were determined. Results showed the apparent anisotropic behavior of monocrystalline nickel under shock compression. The separation of elastic and plastic waves was also obvious. Plastic deformation was more severely altered along the [110] direction than the [100] direction. The main microstructure phase transformed from face-centered cubic to body-centered cubic and generated a large-scale and low-density stacking fault along the family of { 111 } crystal planes under shock compression along the [100] direction. By contrast, the main mechanism of plastic deformation in the [110] direction was the nucleation of the hexagonal, close-packed phase, which generated a high density of stacking faults along the [110] and[1?10] directions.     

基于神光III原型的整形激光直接驱动准等熵压缩实验研究

整形激光直接驱动准等熵压缩实验技术对新材料科学、冲击波物理、地球物理学研究等领域有重要意义. 设计特定的实验条件, 可以将材料压缩到冲击压缩和等熵压缩都无法达到的状态, 从而为材料研究提供新的技术途径. 介绍了在神光III原型装置上开展的直接驱动准等熵压缩实验, 对理论基础、实验靶型、实验结果、关键技术、实验特点和数据都进行了较详细的分析. 通过实验和相应的数据处理程序, 获得了加载面上压力超过400 GPa的数据, 这是目前国际上用激光直接驱动的方式获得的Al材料中最高的压力. 同时, 对经过LiF窗口获得的表观粒子速度与真实粒子速度的关系进行了分析, 获得了一条对表观粒子速度进行动态修正的曲线, 从而使粒子速度的计算更加准确. 对实验的改进方向进行了比较明确的分析. 所提供的数据和分析过程对该领域的研究人员有一定的参考价值.     

Change of the kinetics of shock-wave deformation and fracture of VT1-0 titanium as a result of annealing

The paper presents the results of measurements of shock-wave compression profiles of VT1-0 titanium samples after rolling and in the annealed state. In the experiments, the pressure of shock compression and distance passed by the wave before emerging to the sample surface were varied. From measurements of the elastic precursor decay and compression rate in a plastic shock wave of different amplitudes, the plastic strain and the corresponding shear stresses in the initial and subsequent stages of high-rate deformation in an elastoplastic shock wave are determined. It is found that the reduction in the dislocation density as a result of annealing reduces the hardness of the material but significantly increases its dynamic yield strengh, corresponding to the strain rate above 10⁴ s^–1. With a reduction in the strain rate, this anomalous difference in the flow stresses is leveled off.     

Adiabatic Index in Shock‐Compressed Beryllium

We present a method to measure the adiabatic index of a material under shock compression by X‐ray Thomson Scattering. A beryllium target is symmetrically compressed by two counterpropagating shock waves that collide in the target center, producing super dense states of matter of up to 6 fold compression. We measure the density before and after the shock collision and solve the Hugoniot relations for colliding shocks to infer the adiabatic index. Our results indicate that the adiabatic index stays rather high even in the high compression regime. This agrees with a linear scaling model taken from the SESAME equation of state and shows that the adiabatic index becomes significantly different from the ratio of heat capacities in this strongly coupled plasma (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

基于神光Ⅲ原型装置的激光加载条件下准等熵压缩实验研究进展

激光加载条件下的准等熵压缩实验逐渐受到重视.在间接驱动方式下,利用气库靶的方式可以获得准等熵压缩的实验数据.自由面速度和界面速度是两种常用的准等熵压缩诊断对象.气库靶驱动准等熵压缩方式效率较低,但是对打靶激光的强度变化不敏感.长脉冲打靶的直接驱动方式驱动效率较高,但对激光强度变化非常敏感.基于神光Ⅲ原型装置,本文介绍了气库靶驱动的准等熵压缩实验靶型、部分实验结果,并分析了实验中的关键技术,为气库靶驱动准等熵压缩实验技术提供了思路.同时,介绍了长脉冲直接驱动准等熵压缩实验的靶型、典型实验结果,并分析了致盲效应的影响.利用激光直接驱动的方式,获得了三台阶Al/LiF界面的加载过程.该数据是目前国内使用该技术获得的最好数据.通过这些实验结果,证明了在神光Ⅲ原型上开展准等熵压缩实验的可行性.     

Metallization of fluid hydrogen at 140 GPa (1.4Mbar) by shock compression

Abstract

The minimum electrical conductivity of a metal was produced in dense hydrogen using shock compression. Metallization occurs at 140 GPa (1.4 Mbar), 0.6 g/cm³ (ninefold compression of initial liquid-H₂ density), and 3000 K. The relatively modest temperature generated by a reverberating shock wave produced the metallic state in a warm quantum fluid at a lower pressure than expected previously for the crystallographically ordered solid at low temperatures. Future research directions are discussed. Possible scientific and technological uses of metastable solid metallic hydrogen are speculated upon in the unlikely event that the metallic fluid can be quenched to this state at ambient pressure and temperature.     

静-动加载相结合的材料状态方程实验平台的研制

根据神光-Ⅱ第九路高功率激光加载的特点,对传统静高压金刚石压砧装置进行了改进和优化设计,研制出了适合高功率激光加载条件下材料宽域状态方程研究的新型静高压靶.在神光-Ⅱ高功率激光装置上建立了基于静高压金刚石压砧和动高压激光相结合的材料宽域状态方程研究平台.利用这一平台开展了超纯水的宽域状态方程实验探索,获得了较好的实验结果.     

Nanodomain shock wave in near-field laser–material interaction

In this work, molecular dynamics simulation is conducted to explore the shock wave phenomena in a nanodomain in near-field laser–material interaction. A large system consisting of over 800,000 atoms is studied. The work focuses on the kinetic and physical properties of the disturbed gas compression driven by the high speed movement of the molten particulates ejected from the solid target in a nanodomain. The quick interaction between solid and gas atoms compresses the gas and forms a steep shock wave front, which moves at a supersonic speed. The fast compression of gas also induces a steep interface of density, temperature and pressure distribution, which is viewed as typical characteristics of nanoscale shock waves. Evolutions of shock wave front position, velocity and Mach number are also explored and show quick decay during wave propagation.     

Equation of state for warm dense lithium: A first principles investigation

The quantum molecular dynamics based on the density functional theory has been adopted to simulate the equation of state for the shock compressed lithium. In contrary to some earlier experimental measurement and theoretical simulation,there is not any evidence of the ‘kink' in the Hugoniot curve in our accurate simulation. Throughout the shock compression process, only a simple solid-to-liquid melting behavior is demonstrated, instead of complicated solid–solid phase transitions. Moreover, the x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy has been predicted as a feasible way to diagnose the structural evolution of warm dense lithium in this density region.     

Structure of a collisionless shock front with relativistically accelerated particles

A nonlinear self-consistent analytic theory is developed to describe the front structure of a strong magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) collisionless shock wave that generates accelerated particles (including ultrarelativistic particles). The theory is used to predict the degree of compression of matter at the plane front of such a wave, which can greatly exceed compression at an ordinary gas-dynamic front, and also the velocity, density, and pressure profiles. The energy spectrum of the accelerated particles, which is produced by the complex velocity profile at the shock transition, is determined self-consistently. New nonlinear effects are predicted that have not been discussed previously in the literature: a strong dependence of the particle acceleration regimes on the rate of injection; the existence of several regimes within a certain range of injected powers with differing spectra of accelerated particles, shapes of the shock transition profile, and magnitudes of compression of the medium; and the possibility of spontaneous jumps between different states of the shock transition. The question of stability of these states is discussed. For the values of the system parameters used here, the nonlinear regimes correspond to extremely low injection rates, of order 10⁻²–10⁻¹⁰ of the plasma flux density advancing into the front, and to exponents of the power-law spectra of accelerated particles between 5 and 3. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 112, 1584–1602 (November 1997)