THE NEW CALCULATION METHOD FOR CONTACT FORCE IN DRILLSTRING MECHANICS

钻柱在井底的接触力计算是一个复杂的非线性问题. 选取较为精确的三维钻柱力学模型（简称ABIS）作为研究对象,力图从复杂的求解过程中探索出更直观的方法. 从钻柱某个节点的接触力与位移关系,推广到该节点接触力与钻柱其他所有节点的位移均存在同样的关系,进而建立了整根钻柱位移与作用在钻柱上的所有接触力的更直观的柔度关系式. 据此提出新的接触力计算方法,算例结果表明该方法显著提高迭代速度.     

环空钻柱三维二重非线性动力学问题的研究

通过对大挠度钻柱受力变形特点及其环空旋转状态下与井壁接触机理的分析，根据动力学原理，建立和进一步完善钻柱与井壁动态摩擦接触模型．根据有限元理论，提出了Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ－θ法与Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ－Ｒａｐｈｓｏｎ法相结合的模式，解决钻柱二重非线性动力学问题．计算分析结果说明，文中理论模型是可行的，不仅更完善，而且更简便；动态非线性效应分析得到了与静态分析相似的结论；钻柱与井壁各种接触形式或并存或交替都有可能；转速较高时动态影响不容忽视．     

Stability of the equilibrium of rotating drillstrings

The quasistatic stability of a rotating drillstring under longitudinal force and torque is analyzed. Constitutive equations are derived, and a technique to solve them is proposed. It is shown that the buckling mode of the drillstring is helical within a section subjected to compressive forces __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 101–109, June 2006.     

水平井钻柱接触问题的间隙元法

长中半径水平井钻柱与井壁的接触问题是大面积接触的几何非线性问题。本文通过构造“多向接触间隙元”把钻柱与井壁结合起来研究,能方便正确地反映这种接触状态的变化规律,也能解决一般有限元法会遇到的总刚奇异性问题。运用本文方法,可以对整体钻柱或下部钻柱进行接触有限元分析。采用欧拉-修正的牛顿迭代法进行运算,给出钻头受力变形值,为井眼轨道控制提供了重要依据。 现场实验证明,在井眼轨道跟踪预测和钻具组合性能评价方面,本文计算结果与实测结果符合很好,对提高钻进速度,保证钻井质量有较大的实用意义。     

Physical mechanism of the destabilizing effect of damping in continuous non-conservative dissipative systems

The paper attempts to give a physical explanation of the mechanism behind the so-called destabilizing effect of small internal damping in the dynamic stability of Beck's column. Both internal (material) and external (viscous fluid) damping are considered. An energy equation is derived for the balance between the work done by the non-conservative ‘follower force’ and the energy dissipated by the internal and external damping forces. Evaluated at the critical load, where a flutter instability is initiated, this equation explicitly shows the influence of damping upon flutter frequency, phase angle, and vibration amplitude. The gradient of the phase angle, evaluated at the free end of the column, is found to be the ‘valve’, which controls how much work the follower force can do on the column during each period of oscillation. And a large change in this gradient with increasing—but still small—internal damping is found to be responsible for the destabilizing effect.     

间隙元在钻柱接触非线性力学分析中的应用

为了描述钻柱与井壁的接触摩擦非线性问题，构造了多向接触摩擦间隙元，并进行了理论公式推导，把多向接触摩擦间隙元与梁单元相结合，建立了钻柱接触和几何非线性有限元分析方法。经大庆油田GPl水平井应用表明，该方法能够求出钻柱在不同井深处的接触摩阻力，其井口悬重计算误差低于10％，为钻柱设计和现场施工提供了可靠的理论依据。     

波动钻压下阶梯钻柱系统稳定性研究

处于狭长井筒中的钻柱,其动力响应受到钻具组合、内外钻井液流动以及钻井参数等因素的影响,钻柱动力失稳导致的剧烈振动是井壁坍塌和钻具失效的重要原因。考虑到钻杆和钻铤在刚度和线密度上存在很大的差别,论文将钻柱简化为单阶梯输液管柱,钻井液沿着钻柱内部向下泵入并从环空返回地面。耦合考虑钻柱自重、随时间简谐变化的波动钻压、稳定器以及钻井液的水动力和阻尼力,建立了直井中钻柱横向振动的解析模型。利用有限单元法离散为四阶常微分方程后,采用Bolotin法得到临界频率方程确定系统的不稳定区范围,研究了钻压、钻杆长度、稳定器安装位置、钻井液的流速和密度等参数对系统稳定性影响的机理。研究表明：钻压的平均值和波动幅值都是钻柱失稳的驱动因素,而系统的稳定性对处于受拉状态的钻杆的长度变化不敏感。在论文所研究的参数范围内,降低钻井液流速和密度、下移稳定器的安装位置均有助于增强系统的稳定性。     

环空大挠度钻柱力学分析的动坐标迭代法及其简化应用

应用动坐标迭代法分析环空钻柱的边界待定问题与几何非线性受力变形问题。将摩擦引入平衡计算中，导出了三维分析模型。计算说明该方法和模型简便可靠，实际应用可以简化计算。     

井孔约束下水平井段钻柱的浑沌运动

考虑了钻柱即时构形中轴向力对钻柱弯曲的影响,计及由于弯曲变形而产生的轴向附加力,得到了水平井段钻柱在周期性波动钻压激励下的非线性参数激励振动系统,导出了根据钻柱的物理和几何性质以及井孔尺寸计算系统参数的公式,选通过Calerkin法对控制方程在空间域内加权消残,然后在时间时间域内用Melnikov-Holmes方法得到了钻柱可能发生浑沌振动的参数激励的阈值,文中结果可能对钻井轨迹的控制具有一定的指导意义。     

长中半径水平井钻柱接触摩擦阻力分析

用整体钻柱静力模型和间隙元法,分析了长中半径水平井钻柱的接触非线性问题,算出了钻柱与井壁接触摩擦阻力的分布,为水平井井眼轨道设计和施工提供了重要参数。     

旋转钻柱环空动力学问题的研究

本文分析了环空状态下的工作钻柱与井壁的接触机理,建立了钻柱与井壁动态摩擦接触的一般模型,提出了解决待定边界问题及钻柱动态分析的计算方法。计算说明不同工况下,钻柱与井壁具有不同的接触形式。     

The fundamental role of nonlocal and local balance laws of material forces in finite elastoplasticity and damage mechanics

In this paper the fundamental role of independent balance laws of material forces acting on dislocations and microdefects is shown. They enable a thermodynamically consistent formulation of dissipative deformation processes of continua with dislocation motion and defect evolution in the material space on meso- and microlevel.The balance laws of material forces together with the classical balance laws of physical forces and couples, first and second laws of thermodynamics for physical and material space and general constitutive equations are the basis to develop a thermodynamically consistent framework of nonlocal finite elastoplasticity and brittle and ductile damage.It is shown that a weakly-nonlocal formulation of the balance laws of material forces leads to gradient theories, where local theories are obtained, if all gradient contributions are assumed to be small. In this case the local balance laws of material forces together with the constitutive equations represent evolution laws of the material forces. In the classical approach of internal variables they are assumed from the outset with the result that there is a large number of different propositions in the literature.The well-known splitting test of a circular cylinder of concrete is simulated numerically, where the process of deformation in the physical space and defect and plastic evolution in the material space is represented.     

Effects of Damping and Circulatory Forces on Dynamic Instability of Gyroscopic Conservative Continuous Systems

ABSTRACT The title problem is studied, with emphasis on the small damping and circulatory force case. It is shown that small internal and/or external damping forces and/or smalt (as well as large) circulatory forces in general destabilize an otherwise stable gyroscopic conservative system. A condition for no destabilizing effects of these small forces is obtained, A concept of "perfect" system in elastic stability of nonconservative problems is also presented. An example problem is given for demonstration purposes.     

Numerical simulation of tumor-induced angiogenesis influenced by the extra-cellular matrix mechanical environment

To investigate tumor-induced angiogenesis under the influence of the mechanical environments inside and outside the tumor, mathematical model of tumor angiogenesis was developed. In the model, extra-cellular matrix （ECM） was treated as a thin plane. The displacement of ECM is obtained from the force balance equation consisted of the ECs traction, the ECM visco-elastic forces and the exter- nal forces. Simulation results show that a layered capillary network is obtained with a well vascularized region at the periphery of the tumor. The present model can be used as a valid theoretical method in the basic researches in tumorinduced angiogenesis.     

Electrically-excited (electroosmotic) flows in microchannels for mixing applications

We propose an asymptotic model for quite general liquid microchannel flows in the presence of electrical double layers (EDLs). The model provides an “inner” solution for the wall layer, which reflects the dominant balance between electrical forces and viscous forces (tangentially), respectively between electrical forces and pressure and viscous forces (normally). The electrically-neutral core of the flow is governed by the standard Navier–Stokes equations, providing the “outer” solution. The asymptotic matching of both solutions provides a method for the simplified numerical treatment of such EDLs. The superposition of the solutions in both regions then allows to infer an approximate solution, valid within the entire domain.Based on this model, we apply external oscillatory electrical fields to excite secondary flows (i) in microchannels with an internal obstacle or (ii) in folded (meander) microchannels. These secondary flows are demonstrated to greatly enhance the mixing of two liquids flowing in a layered fashion through these microchannels. Thus, electrical excitation has considerable potential if micromixers for ionic liquids are designed within electrically-insulating (e.g. plastics, glass) substrates.     

Aerodynamic experimentation with ducted models as applied to hypersonic air-breathing vehicles

 A methodology of experimentation in high supersonic wind tunnels for studying aerodynamic characteristics of hypersonic flying vehicles powered by air-breathing engines is discussed. Investigations of such total aerodynamic forces as drag, lift and pitching moment at testing the models are implicit when the air flow through the model ducts is accomplished so that to provide the simulation of the external flow around the airplane and flow over the inlets, but the operating engines and, hence, the exhaust jets are not modeled. The methods used for testing such models are based on the measurement of duct stream parameters alongside with the balance measurement of aerodynamic forces acting on the models. In the tests, aerometric tools are used such as narrow metering nozzles (plugs), pitot and static pressure probes, stagnation temperature probes and pressure orifices in walls of the model duct. The aerometric data serve to determine the flow rate and momentum of the stream at the duct exit. The internal non-simulated forces of the model ducts are also determined using the conservation equations for energy, mass flow and momentum, and these forces are eliminated from the aerodynamic test results. The techniques of the said model testing have been well developed as applied to supersonic aircraft, however their application for hypersonic vehicles whose models are tested at high supersonic speeds, Mach number M _∞>4, implies some specific features. In the present paper, the results of experimental and theoretical study of these features are discussed. Some experimental data on aerodynamics of hypersonic aircraft models received in methodological tests are also presented. The tunnel experiments have been carried out in the Mach number range M _∞=2–6. Received: 25 July 1996/ Accepted: 14 December 1998     

Control torque components of center-of-mass motions in hammer throwing

Summary Modified Newton's law and Euler's equation of motion giving the internal or control forces and torques in the thrower's joints are derived. It is considered that all the forces and torques, acting on any part of the thrower's body producing motion, are due to linear and angular velocity changes and to the external forces such as gravity and friction with the ground. Unfortunately, any estimation of the thrower's joints' internal or control forces and torques from this mechanical model is complicated by the asymmetric nature of the resultant equations of motion.A simplified bi-mass model is worked out as an application of this approach. Using experimental data for the center of mass paths of the hammer and the thrower the body main control driving torques at the various points in the movement pattern are evaluated, and the thrower's balance is further studied.

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Drehmomentenregelung der Massenmittelpunktsbewegung beim Hammerwurf

Übersicht Zur Bestimmung der inneren Kräfte und Momente in den Gelenken eines Hammerwerfers werden die Bewegungsgleichungen aufgestellt. Es wird angenommen, daß alle Kräfte und Momente in den Körperteilen des Sportlers, die die Bewegung erzeugen, von Geschwindigkeits- und Winkelgeschwindigkeitsänderungen sowie äußeren Kräften wie Schwerkraft und Reibkontakt mit dem Untergrund herrühren. Allerdings ist die Bestimmung der Gelenkbeanspruchungen mit diesem mechanischen Modell kompliziert. Deshalb wird vereinfachend ein Zwei-Massen-Modell behandelt. Mit Hilfe experimenteller Daten über die Bewegung des Hammers und des Körperschwerpunktes wird das wesentliche, den Antrieb regelnde innere Moment für verschiedene Zeitpunkte des Bewegungsablaufs bestimmt.

     

A Causality Approach to Particle Dynamics for Systems

Causality in physics is an old idea which emphasizes the notion that there are ‘causes’ and ‘responses’ to those causes; this relationship is expressed through a fundamental equation which is supposed to describe the evolution of a dynamical system of particles. In a most elementary example, one may identify the power input to a system as the ‘cause’ and the rate of change of the internal plus kinetic energy of the system as representing the ‘response’. In this case, the balance of one against the other is a statement of balance of energy for the dynamical system; such balance is often postulated as fundamental in mechanics. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate a more fundamental causality based approach for describing the dynamics of a system of particles. Forces intrinsic and extrinsic to the system are distinguished and an evolutionary causality law, which is form-invariant under a change of frame, is proposed. We assume, as is common, that intrinsic forces are objective under a general change of frame. Extrinsic forces are assumed to be objective only under a Galilean (that is, inertial) change of frame. This limited objectivity will play a major role in reducing the fundamental proposed ‘law of causality’ to what is recognized as the classical balance of energy for the system. The concept of mass is not introduced as primitive in this work; the existence of ‘inertial constants’, each of which associates with a specific particle of the system, is a result of the theory. Double and triple binding forces between pairs and triples of particles are admitted as fundamental to the intrinsic force structure of this theory. The balance of linear momentum for the system is derived and a generalized intrinsic force action-reaction principle is obtained. The emergence from the causality theory of pair- and triple-particle potential functions is discussed and these potential functions are shown to be intimately related to the internal binding force structure. Moreover, in Theorem 6.1 the underlying invariance structure of the theory shows that the double and triple binding forces must be separately ‘moment-balanced’ and that this gives rise to the balance of moment-of-momentum for the system. Finally, a constitutive theory for the binding forces is posited and it is shown that the double binding forces are determined by the pair-particle potential function and that the triple binding forces are determined by the triple-particle potential function.     

IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHOD OF DETERMINING THE HEIGHT OF ACTION POINT OF COULOMB ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

库伦主动土压力作用点位置高度确定为墙高的1/3 处，分析表明这一结论及其推求过程不尽合理.为解决此问题，针对墙后滑动土楔体的受力情况，根据三力汇交原理，考虑墙背土压力的分布与土楔体对其下稳定土体的压力分布的相关关系，采取几何推导方法，得出了主动土压力作用点位置高度表达式；进一步分析了作用点高度对影响因素的敏感性，结果表明其敏感性从大至小的排序为：墙背倾角、内摩擦角、外摩擦角、填土坡角.     

Basic Concepts of Thermomechanics

This paper is intended to serve as a blueprint for the first few chapters of future textbooks on continuum mechanics and continuum thermomechanics. It gives precise intrinsic formulation of the laws of balance of forces and torques, balance of energy, and the concepts of temperature and entropy. They are intrinsic in the sense that they do not involve external frames of reference such as a “physical space”. In the end, an intrinsic reduced dissipation inequality is derived, which plays a crucial role in formulating frame-free constitutive laws.