线极化与圆极化波均可吸收的太赫兹超表面

利用VO₂嵌入超表面设计了一种实现不同频率,且线极化和圆极化两种模式入射下均产生高效率吸收的太赫兹超表面.当VO₂为绝缘态时,设计的超表面对圆极化波的旋向产生选择性吸收,在1.30 THz处对左旋圆极化波产生的吸收率大于95%,对右旋圆极化波不吸收,圆二色性为0.85.当VO₂为金属态时,在1.95 THz处,该超表面对TE线极化入射波吸收率达到98.5%.结果表明,在线极化和圆极化波入射下,所设计的超表面结构具有良好的广角吸收性能.由于它具有形态简单、易于加工等特点,在太赫兹波传感、成像和通信领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

温度电压双可控宽带太赫兹极化转换/吸收超表面

提出了一种基于二氧化钒（VO₂）和石墨烯材料的温度电压双可控宽带极化转换/吸收超表面。通过调控超表面中VO₂和石墨烯的电导特性能够实现对极化转换和吸收功能的控制。结果显示：当VO₂处于金属态且石墨烯处于绝缘态时,超表面工作在宽带极化转换模式,在1.57～2.49 THz范围内可实现线极化转换功能;当VO₂处于绝缘态且石墨烯处于金属态时,超表面的工作状态切换为吸收模式,在1.56～2.99 THz范围内的吸收率均大于90%;极化转换和吸收性能可以分别通过控制VO₂的温度和石墨烯的偏置电压来调控。此外,通过本征模、阻抗匹配理论和电流磁场分布解释了该超表面的工作原理,并讨论了其工作性能在不同结构参数和入射角度下的稳定性。     

纳米粒子形貌与表面等离子体激元关系

通过调控纳米粒子表面形貌,研究了纳米粒子形貌与表面等离子体激元之间的关系.采用水相化学合成法制备出粗糙表面"花朵"形银纳米粒子.通过自组装形成单层阵列,并进一步组装成复合结构超材料.测试了其光学行为,并将实验结果与树枝形纳米粒子、光滑表面纳米粒子进行对比分析.结果表明:光滑表面纳米粒子不能出现超材料效应,当粗糙程度增加...     

激光量热法测量K9基片的表面吸收和体吸收

表面抛光可能给K9基片带来额外的杂质和吸收,分离K9基片的表面吸收率与体吸收率有助于改进基片的加工质量和抛光工艺,对抗损伤能力研究具有重要意义。分析了激光量热法测量弱吸收的原理,采用符合ISO 11551要求的激光量热计测量K9基片的弱吸收。对相同工艺抛光的不同厚度K9基片进行了弱吸收表征,实验发现K9基片的弱吸收随着厚度增加近似线性增大。推导了表面吸收率和体吸收率的计算式,实验得出本样品的表面吸收率为1.2110-5,体吸收率远大于表面吸收率,体吸收系数为1.7210-3/cm。实验结果显示所用K9样品的吸收主要来自于材料本身,改善抛光工艺对降低其吸收率作用不大。     

纳米粒子形貌与表面等离子体激元关系

通过调控纳米粒子表面形貌,研究了纳米粒子形貌与表面等离子体激元之间的关系.采用水相化学合成法制备出粗糙表面“花朵”形银纳米粒子.通过自组装形成单层阵列,并进一步组装成复合结构超材料.测试了其光学行为,并将实验结果与树枝形纳米粒子、光滑表面纳米粒子进行对比分析.结果表明:光滑表面纳米粒子不能出现超材料效应,当粗糙程度增加,纳米粒子呈类“花朵”形时,样品出现透射峰和平板聚焦行为,但强度不高|当粗糙程度继续增加,纳米粒子呈树枝状时,出现了较强的透射峰与平板聚焦行为.研究证实通过改变纳米粒子表面形貌,可以调控表面等离子体激元与入射光的相互作用,从而实现对光传播的操控.     

低温辐射计黑体腔吸收率分析

低温辐射计是目前国际上光辐射功率计量中准确度最高的测量系统,其光辐射测量不确定度可达10-5量级,目前国内仅有少数研究机构从国外引进低温辐射计开展计量研究,亟待发展国产低温辐射计替代进口产品。由于低温辐射计采用低温超导状态下的电替代测量原理进行光辐射功率测量,发展低温辐射计的难点之一在于研制黑体吸收腔这一核心光辐射接收器件,并要求黑体腔在各波长下的吸收率都要达到0.999 9以上。为研制超高光谱吸收率的黑体吸收腔,系统性分析了各影响黑体腔光谱吸收率因素,在此基础上利用蒙特卡罗光线追迹方法重点研究了光谱波长、腔体长度、黑材料漫反射系数、黑材料吸收率和入射光空间位置等对斜底黑体腔光谱吸收率的影响。研究结果表明：在300～1 100 nm波长范围内黑体腔吸收率与其内壁涂黑材料的吸收率呈正相关,且在300～1 000 nm范围内的吸收率都达到了0.999 9以上,其中在700 nm处的吸收率取得最大值0.999 941 5,表明采用该类型黑材料的黑体腔只在300～1 000 nm范围内满足低温辐射计设计要求,后续需要根据仿真和测试结果对低温辐射计在不同波长下的光电不等效性进行修正;在黑体腔结构和口径确定的情况下,黑体腔吸收率将随腔长增加而逐渐升高,在40 mm后变化趋缓,并在65 mm后逐渐趋于平衡,考虑到低温辐射计低温舱对腔体尺寸的限制,认为腔体长度与口径之比为6.5时较为合适;黑体腔吸收率还受黑材料的漫反射系数影响,随着黑材料漫反射系数的提高,腔体吸收率呈现近似线性下降,所以在选择黑体腔涂黑材料时,在吸收率等指标相同的情况下应尽量选择镜面吸收黑;黑材料吸收率从0.8到1的变化过程中,腔体吸收率提升了0.05个百分点,且黑材料吸收率为0.92时腔体吸收率可达到0.999 9以上,表明黑材料在其有效工作波长范围内任一点的光谱吸收率都要大于0.92;腔体吸收率还受入射光投射的空间位置影响,光线位置越靠近斜底腔顶点处,腔体吸收率越高,但整体吸收率变化不明显,光线位置对腔体吸收率影响只有不到0.004个百分点,几乎可以忽略,认为斜底腔不同位置处的吸收率是均匀的。研究结果对低温辐射计黑体腔研制有一定参考价值。     

基于液晶的广角太赫兹可调谐超表面吸波器

提出了一种结构简单的广角稳定太赫兹可调谐超表面吸波器,利用液晶材料电可调谐的性质,实现超表面吸波器吸收频率的调谐。利用液晶材料介电常数张量进行材料建模,模拟了液晶材料的各向异性特性。为了提高设计效率,得到良好的吸波性能和可调谐性能,利用粒子群算法对超表面吸波器单元结构进行了逆向设计;并对设计的超表面吸波器特性进行研究。结果表明,利用粒子群算法可以高效地逆向设计出性能良好超表面吸波器,当对吸波器施加的电压在0～10 V范围内连续调谐时,实现了TE模式吸波频率在404.4～444.4 GHz范围内连续可调谐,频率可调谐性为9%,吸收率大于99%;TM模式吸波频率在404.4～425.4 GHz范围内连续可调谐,频率可调谐性为4.64%,吸收率大于99%;当斜入射角度为60°时,吸收率仍大于94%,具有大角度入射稳定性和吸收频率稳定性。本文设计的太赫兹超表面吸波器具备高吸收率、大频率可调谐性、广角稳定性和低控制电压等优点,具有广泛的应用价值。     

金属-介质-金属渔网超表面结构调控的荧光辐射：空间选择性激发和双增强

增强荧光辐射在生物成像、高灵敏探测、集成光源等方面都具有重要的应用价值.金属纳米颗粒的周围或者金属纳米结构的间隙都可以产生强的电磁场,相应的,这些结构附近的局域态密度也被极大地增强.虽然增强荧光辐射已经在多种金属纳米颗粒和颗粒对中被证明,但是利用金属纳米结构对荧光分子的吸收和辐射过程同时进行调制仍然是一个有挑战的问题.本文研究了金属-介质-金属超表面对荧光辐射的调控,其中局域表面等离激元(LSP)和磁等离激元(MPP)分別与于分子的吸收和辐射过程发中耦合相互作用.对于吸收过程,LSP的耦合作用使得可以通过旋转泵浦激光的偏振态来实现荧光分子的空间选择激发.此外,MPP模式的偏振依赖特性使得矩形渔网结构中的荧光分子的辐射波长和偏振态也受到调控.实验观测结果经过了时域有限差分模拟的验证.本文报道的纳米结构在光辐射器件和纳米尺度集成光源等方面都具有潜在的应用价值.     

辐射探测芯片吸收膜理论设计及镍磷黑膜制备

对新型条形辐射探测芯片的吸收膜层进行了理论分析,并且在金刚石材质的探测芯片上采用电镀方法制备了镍磷黑吸收膜.辐射探测芯片的膜层吸收分析表明,芯片吸收膜层的吸收率正比于表面粗糙度.通过对辐射吸收膜层设计与制作工艺的研究,制备出一种用于条形辐射探测芯片的镍磷黑吸收膜,通过测量其表面形貌结构,表明该膜层具有50nm—1.5μm范围的微结构;红外吸收测试表明其吸收率在1.4—8μm波段为0.989以上,从而提高了辐射探测芯片的性能.     

基于电阻膜与分形频率选择表面的超薄宽频带超材料吸波体的设计

设计了一种基于一阶Minkowski分形双方环(Minkowski fractal double square loop, MFDSL)电谐振器结构与电阻膜复合的超薄、 宽频带、极化不敏感和宽入射角的超材料吸波体. 该吸波体的基本结构单元由MFDSL电谐振器结构、方块电阻膜、电介质基板和金属背板组成. 采用时域有限差分算法对这种复合结构吸波体的电磁波吸收特性进行数值模拟分析. 模拟得到的反射率和吸收率表明: 该吸波体在7.5-42 GHz之间对入射电磁波具有大于90%以上的强吸收特性. 模拟得到的不同极化角和不同入射角下的吸收率表明: 该吸波体具有极化不敏感和宽入射角特性. 进一步的数值模拟结果表明, 该复合结构吸波体对电磁波的吸收主要是基于电磁谐振和电路谐振机制, 通过方块电阻的设计可以实现工作频率范围的调节. 关键词： 电阻膜 分形频率选择表面 宽频带吸收     

吸收-透射界面下正弦折射率介质内辐射换热

对具有吸收-透射性边界面的梯度折射率半透明介质层,建立了介质内热辐射传递与边界面辐射换热的数理模型,并采用数值弯曲光线跟踪法求解介质内的热辐射传递。通过数值模拟,分析了正弦折射率下,边界面的反射特性、吸收率以及介质层光学厚度对介质内热辐射平衡温度场及热流分布的影响。结果表明,边界面的反射特性与吸收率对介质内辐射换热均有重要影响,吸收率的影响与边界面反射特性、介质层光学厚度及环境条件相关,呈现特征不同的作用。     

Importance of shadowing and multiple reflections in emission polarization

Polarization characteristics of thermal radiation emitted from surfaces are investigated within the geometrical optics approximation. Analytical results are presented for photons emitted without subsequent reflection from surfaces having sawtooth corrugations with different slope distributions. Analytical results are used to validate a Monte Carlo simulation designed to determine and quantify the effects of multiple reflection of emitted photons from surface structures and, in addition, to treat two-dimensional surfaces. Results are shown that illustrate the dependence of the degree of polarization on the relative orientation of the viewing angle with respect to the corrugations. Simulations of emission from structured and random two-dimensional surfaces show that, whilst the total emission can saturate, the degree of polarization decreases with increasing roughness of the surface morphology. The prospect for manipulating surfaces to have specific polarization signatures is discussed.     

功能光学纳米Ag薄膜的制备及其光学特性研究

对以热蒸发法制备的超薄Ag薄膜,扫描电子显微镜结果显示其呈纳米尺度的颗粒状,由透射谱测量发现其具有表面等离子体激元特征.检测到不同条件制备纳米Ag薄膜的表面等离子体共振吸收峰的位移规律,且纳米Ag材料具有选择性的透过、反射特性.通过不同的制备条件,得到了在长波范围内透过率超过90％、在表面等离子体共振峰值位置处反射率接近50％且峰位可调的光学薄膜材料.这种薄膜材料有望成为应用在薄膜太阳电池中间层中具有潜在性光管理功能的光学薄膜材料. 关键词： 热蒸发 纳米Ag薄膜 表面等离子体激元 光管理     

Spectral absorptivity of rough copper and brass surfaces

The spectral absorptivity of brass and copper in the optical range (400–650nm) has been measured using a calorimetric method, for a series of rough cold-worked metal surfaces. Results depend strongly on the surface roughness and weakly on the light wavelength. The total absorptivity for white light (2870 K) reaches 34% on copper samples.     

一种基于同步多曲面方法的LED定向照明设计

提出了一种对大功率LED出射光实现定向控制的投射器设计方法。根据LED的出射光分布以及预定的光分布范围选用折射-全反射(TIR)光学系统。首先利用光学扩展量守恒以及同步多曲面方法求得TIR各折射面和全反射面轮廓曲线上点的坐标,然后再在UG中对坐标点进行曲线拟合得到轮廓曲线,进而得到TIR模型及适合数控加工的面形数据。结果表明:用该种方法设计的投射系统结构紧凑、光能传输效率高;能有效地实现对LED出射光的收集和定向控制;有助于LED的应用和照明系统的后续设计。     

Design and operation of a double-fiber scanning system for surface profiling

Design and operation of an opto-mechanical system for surface profiling are reported in this study. The reported system consists of a double-fiber optical design and an electro-mechanical scanning system. In this arrangement one fiber transmits the source light to the object surface and the second one transmits the light reflected off the surface to a photodetector. By scanning the double-fiber assembly in one-direction, reflection properties of different curved surfaces are investigated. Reflection signals for the cylindrical surfaces made with different curvatures and materials are reported. In order to see the effect of the surface material, for a fixed radius cylinder, the surface is covered with thin paper materials of different colors and results are compared. Our results show that the reported system can be used effectively to monitor the object surface profiles of metallic and non-metallic materials. In another study to investigate the precision and sensitivity of the reported system the reflection result of the structured surface is compared with that of a smooth surface. The reported system provides a simple and accurate means for the object shape study and determination of different surface macrostructures through the optical reflection monitoring. The novelty of the reported system is the fact that provides a great potential to analyze the small features such as the holes and grooves on a target surface. The obtained results clearly show such ability and make the reported opto-mechanical system a suitable tool for object surface analysis in spite of the simplicity and low cost.     

Wood surface functionalization by means of low-pressure air plasma

Low-pressure plasma treatments in an radio frequency (RF) discharge of air have been used on the surface of wood to stimulate polar function groups onto pine and beach surfaces to enhance the wettability and activation. The effects of plasma treatments on the morphology and wettability of surfaces were characterized by using static contact angle measurements, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A clear increase in the surface energy of the wood surface due to air plasma treatment was observed. The surfaces became highly hydrophilic when woods were exposed for 5 s or longer to the plasma discharge. The wettability of wood surface can be improved when oxygen functionalities were generated, which can be achieved directly in O-containing plasma or via post plasma reaction. A small reduction in the surface energy of the treated wood after 12 days of aging showed that the plasma-induced cross-linking in the surface of the wood was not the dominant phenomenon.     

过渡金属Cu、Cr掺杂TiO2表面氧化性气体NO2光学气敏传感特性

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）体系广义梯度近似（GGA）第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法,分析锐钛矿型TiO₂（101）表面吸附NO₂分子光学气敏传感的微观机理.结果表明：Cu和Cr原子易于掺入TiO₂（101）表面,掺杂表面能稳定地吸附NO₂分子且吸附后光学性质发生显著变化.表面吸附NO₂分子后,Cu掺杂TiO₂（101）表面对分子的吸附能最大,吸附后结构更稳定,分子与表面的距离最短.通过分析差分电荷密度和电荷布居数发现,NO₂分子与基底表面间发生电荷转移,转移电子数目：Cu掺杂表面 > Cr掺杂表面 > 无掺杂表面.对比吸收光谱和反射光谱发现,在Cu掺杂表面吸附分子后,光学性质变化最明显,说明表面与吸附分子间氧化还原能力是决定光学气敏传感性能的核心因素.在过渡金属中,Cu与Cr都有4s价电子结构,其4s电子降低了材料表面氧空位的氧化性,增加了其还原性.对于氧化性气体,可以提升表面与分子的氧化还原作用,而Cu的4s电子更加活泼,从而光学气敏传感特性更加明显.因此,Cu掺杂的TiO₂对氧化性气体是一种较好的光学气敏传感材料.     

Atomic force microscopy studies on phase transitions and surface morphology transformation of CMTC crystals

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to investigate the phase transitions and surface morphology transformation of cadmium mercury thiocyanate (CMTC) crystals, which are highly efficient nonlinear optical (NLO) materials for generating blue-violet light by laser frequency doubling. Amorphous aggregates at the crystalline steps become greatly contracted and much more crystalloid after the crystal was kept for one day. Elimination of dangling bonds, which lower the surface free energy at the crystal surface, and structural adjustment inside the crystal are assumed to cause this phase transition. Surface morphology transformations were also observed in CMTC crystals during and after multiple scanning by AFM tips. We have visualized the continuous translation process from two-dimensional nuclei to trigonal microcrystals with almost equal sizes during multiple scanning. In other cases, however, the surface morphology did not change at all during scanning, but became greatly altered hours after scanning. These experimental results suggest that reconstruction is a characteristic growth phenomenon on CMTC crystal surfaces. Reconstruction probably results from the formation of intervening metastable phases that have the potential to arrive at more stable stages; however, multiple scanning of AFM tips greatly affects this translation process. Received: 28 August 2001 / Accepted: 7 November 2001 / Published online: 29 May 2002     

Use of thermal imaging to characterize laser light reflection from thermoplastics as a function of thickness,laser incidence angle and surface roughness

Laser light reflection during the laser transmission welding (LTW) of thermoplastics has the potential to overheat and/or cause unintentional welding of adjacent features of the part being welded. For this reason, and in order to assess how much light is being absorbed by the transparent part (after measurement of the light transmitted through the transparent part), it is important to be able to quantify the magnitude and distribution of reflected light. The magnitude and distribution of the reflected light depends on the total laser input power as well as its distribution, the laser incidence angle (angle between the normal to the transparent part surface and the laser beam), the laser light polarization as well as the surface and optical properties of the transparent part. A novel technique based on thermal imaging of the reflected light was previously developed by the authors. It is used in this study to characterize the magnitude and distribution of reflected light from thermoplastics as a function of thickness (1–3.1 mm), laser incidence angle (20–40°) and surface roughness (0.04–1.04 μm). Results from reflection tests on nearly polished nylon 6 (surface roughness between 0.04 and 0.05 μm) have shown that, for the various thicknesses tested (1–3.1 mm), the total reflection was larger than the specular top surface reflection predicted via the Fresnel relation. From these observations, it is conjectured that, in addition to top surface reflection, the bulk and/or bottom surface also contribute to the total reflection. The results also showed that reflection decreased slightly with increasing thickness. As expected, for the p-polarized light used in this study, the reflection decreased with increasing angle of incidence for the range of angles studied. It was also found that when the surface roughness was close to zero and when it was close to the wavelength of the input laser beam (i.e. 940 nm), the reflectance values were close and reached a minimum between these two roughness values.