东亚区域大气长程相关性

运用去趋势涨落分析方法分别研究NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中的高度场和温度场,揭示了东亚区域高度场和温度场的标度指数分布特征.结果表明高度场和温度场都具有长程相关性,且二者空间分布特征总体匹配.对同一层格点资料而言,低纬度地区标度指数较大,长程相关性较好;中高纬度地区标度指数较小,长程相关性较差,呈现比较明显的纬向分布特征.不同层格点资料的标度指数分布有所区别,具体表现为高度场资料随层数的增加,其平均标度指数值呈增长趋势且纬向分布特征更为明显;在高度场中下层青藏高原地区标度指数明显大于同纬度其他区域.温度场资料随层数的增加平均标度指数先减小再增大,也具有一定的纬向分布特征.总体而言,高度场长程相关性的标度指数值要高于温度场.分季节研究表明,高度场和温度场也具有较好的长程相关性,冬季标度指数高于其他季节,为利用冬季信息制作夏季汛期预报提供了一定的理论依据. 关键词： 高度场 温度场 长程相关性 去趋势涨落分析     

热带海洋与中低纬大气相互作用的信息传输特征分析

基于传递熵概念和方法定义气象场的信息源特征度、信息汇特征度和信息传输平衡特征度.使用海表温度和高度场资料计算海气相互作用过程中的信息传递.侧重分析赤道中东太平洋(20?S-20?N,170?E-100?W)与热带地区、北半球和南半球中高纬度地区大气之间的信息传递,给出信息传递的区域和全球分布特征;并提取海表温度指数和高度场指数分析赤道中东太平洋与大气信息传递特征的季节变化和年代际变化.研究结果表明,海洋信息源主要分布在热带地区,大气信息汇主要分布在中纬度地区,从热带地区到中纬度地区,海洋对大气的强迫作用在减弱,而大气对海洋的强迫作用在增强;不同区域不同层次的高度场对赤道中东太平洋海表温度有着不同的响应,热带中东太平洋上空高度场最大延迟为4个月.欧亚大陆中部上空和北美大陆上空高度场均随时间延迟呈现波动性变化:欧亚大陆中部上空高度场随时间延迟呈现增强的趋势,而北美大陆上空高度场随时间延迟呈现减弱的趋势.海表温度指数对热带中东太平洋上空850 hPa和欧亚大陆中部上空500 hPa高度场指数的传递熵以2000 s最弱,而海表温度指数对北美大陆上空700 hPa高度场指数的传递熵以2000 s最强.表明不同年代际背景下不同区域大气对赤道中东太平洋海表温度异常的响应是不同的.然而不同季节的响应却十分相似:冬季最强,秋季次之,春季再次,夏季最弱.     

紧聚焦条件下相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射信号场的矢量分析

在相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,CARS)显微镜中,共线传输的紧聚焦高斯光束激发具有不同形状和尺寸的待测样品所产生的CARS信号场的空间分布决定了整体系统的结构特点.建立了紧聚焦条件下球形样品产生CARS信号场的理论模型.利用矢量波动方程分析了紧聚焦条件下线偏振的高斯光束的光场强度和相位分布.利用格林函数求解该模型中CARS信号场的矢量波动方程,模拟计算得到了不同直径球形样品的远场CARS信号场的空间分布.理论分析和模拟计算结果表明,对于小体积的球形样品,前向和背向传输的CARS信号场强度接近,因此采用大数值孔径物镜背向探测方式即可获得高对比度图像.对于大体积球形样品,CARS信号场的强度大幅增强,且发射方向主要集中在前向的一定立体角内.因此,采用小数值孔径物镜即可有效收集前向传输的CARS信号.     

全球温度场信息熵的时空特征分析

本文基于信息熵理论定义气象要素信息熵,并运用其分析全球温度场在不同时空尺度上偏离气候态(1971—2000)的不确定性. 研究结果表明:1)温度场气候态信息熵(CE)具有明显的纬向分布特征,总体表现为温度场CE由低纬度地区向中高纬度地区递增,且海陆差异显著,可以较好地区分各个气候带;其垂直变化,在低纬度地区表现为随高度的升高而增加,但在中高纬度地区则以300hPa为界呈准对称分布,在此高度之上其值随高度升高而增加,之下则相反,这一特征在高纬度地区更为明显.2)温度场月信息熵(ME)的季节性差异显著,总体表 关键词： 信息熵 温度场 可预测性     

太阳高纬和低纬活动现象的混沌与分形特征

为了研究太阳高纬度和低纬度活动现象在南北半球的混沌与分形特征, 结合递归分析方法与Grassberger-Procaccia算法两种技术对1952年2月至1998年6月的极区光斑和黑子数目两种太阳磁活动指标进行了详细分析和比较. 主要结论如下: 1)由于太阳活动现象与磁场的时空演化密切相关, 导致太阳活动在南半球和北半球的混沌与分形特征具有不对称性, 太阳高纬度和低纬度活动现象的混沌与分形特征具有差异性; 2)太阳高纬度活动现象比低纬度活动现象具有更强的混沌程度和更复杂的分形结构, 其中太阳高纬度活动现象在北半球具有最强的混沌程度和最复杂的分形结构.     

双振荡场产生正负电子对的理论研究

在强电磁场下真空产生正负电子对的研究中,多场的组合扮演重要的角色.本文运用计算量子场论方法在全时空数值求解狄拉克方程,研究了两个空间分离的局域化振荡电场击穿真空产生正负电子对的过程.结果表明通过选取合适的场参数,两场的相互作用可以显著增强正负电子对的产生.两场的相互作用使产生正负电子对的动量分布曲线出现了周期性的振荡,并导致了非对称的多光子跃迁过程.通过含时微扰理论分析得出,正负电子对的动量分布的周期性振荡可由电场宽度、电场频率和两场间距共同决定.两场间距能够改变正负电子对动量分布的变化周期,随着两场间距的增大,产生正负电子对的动量(能量)的单一性得到优化;电场宽度不仅影响正负电子对动量分布的峰谷高度差,还会改变其在动量空间峰值的展宽;根据能量守恒定律,电场频率的增大使得产生粒子对的动量随之变大.因此,通过选择合适电场参数可以抑制或加强特定动量分布的正负电子对,这为今后的实验设计提供了重要的理论指导.     

5层介质波导中的场分布研究

研究５层介质平板波导中的场分布。推导两种情况下的场分布表达式及色散方程，并对结果进行数值模拟。解决由探测器拾取到的信号来推知波导层中导波的传输状态这一问题。     

黑夜天空中的铁元素

在没有月亮与星辰的夜晚,天空也不完全是黑的,这是因为在高空大气层内进行的化学反应能发射出微弱的光线,这种现象在天文学上称为气辉.对气辉谱线的研究已持续有100多年.大多数的辐射均来自于氧分子、氢氧基团、钠原子等,而在高纬度区域还有二氧化氮分子的作用.除去上述原子分子的谱线后,在低纬度区气辉的谱线内还有一个未被注意到的宽谱     

混沌信号在光纤传输过程中的非线性演化

对光纤混沌传输理论及混沌信号与光纤传输媒介相互作用的物理机制进行了理论研究. 通过耦合激光混沌系统和光纤传输信道，提出光纤混沌信号传输的非线性演化物理模型. 着重分析光纤自相位调制对激光混沌信号传输与演化的作用. 结果表明：自相位调制不影响混沌信号脉冲的形状，但能产生非线性相移使混沌信号频谱展宽；自相位调制不影响混沌信号脉冲的功率分布和场强分布，但能影响混沌信号脉冲的功率频谱分布，影响混沌信号光场以及慢变场的变化. 提出混沌信号在光纤传输中的非线性演化频率啁啾和形式，数值模拟了混沌信号在光纤传输过程中的相位、频谱、场以及场的慢变部分的相空间等演化形式和特点. 关键词： 混沌 光纤 传输 演化     

部分空间相干和部分光谱相干厄米-高斯脉冲光束的焦场的相干特性

从部分相干光的传输理论出发,采用傅里叶变换法,推导出聚焦部分空间相干部分光谱相干厄米一高斯脉冲光束的光谱和光谱相干度的解析表达式,并用以研究了聚焦场的相干特性．研究结果表明,聚焦光束的光谱相干度与空间相关长度、时间相干长度和光束阶数有关．时间相干长度的减小将引起光谱相干度的减小,但光谱相干度的空间分布特性不受影响．随着光束阶数的增大,光谱相干度会出现振荡,且光束阶数越大,空间相关长度越小,振荡越明显．     

Comparison of the variations in the intensity of global electromagnetic resonance and ground surface temperature

We compare the dynamics of the intensity of the global electromagnetic (Schumann) resonance monitored in Japan with the global ground surface temperature (GST) over the period from November 1998 to May 2002. It is shown that the Schumann resonance (SR) intensity varies coherently with the ground surface temperature at mid-latitudes: the relevant cross-correlation coefficient exceeds 0.8. The linear correlation of data decreases with a decreasing latitude interval. We applied the principal component analysis (PCA) to distinguish inter-annual trends (anomalies) in the records from the periodic annual and semi-annual variations. The annual component of the SR intensity behaves similarly to the mid-latitude GST, while the inter-annual variations in the electromagnetic data are similar to those of the GST in the tropics. The regression analysis allowed us to obtain the analytical expressions relating the SR intensity with both the mid-latitude and low-latitude GST. Application of these equations allowed us to retrieve the observed SR pattern from the ground surface temperature and to “reconstruct” the variations in the tropical GST from recorded SR intensity. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 51, No. 12, pp. 1035–1050, December 2008.     

A statistical dynamics approach to the study of human health data: Resolving population scale diurnal variation in laboratory data

Statistical physics and information theory is applied to the clinical chemistry measurements present in a patient database containing 2.5 million patients' data over a 20-year period. Despite the seemingly naive approach of aggregating all patients over all times (with respect to particular clinical chemistry measurements), both a diurnal signal in the decay of the time-delayed mutual information and the presence of two sub-populations with differing health are detected. This provides a proof in principle that the highly fragmented data in electronic health records has potential for being useful in defining disease and human phenotypes.     

The extremely cold 2009–2010 winter and its relationship with the Arctic oscillation

The Northern-Hemisphere high-latitude continents experienced extremely cold weathers in winter 2009 2010. In the present paper, we show that the cold winter was associated with the activity of tile Arctic oscillation （AO）, which demonstrated the strongest negative polarity over the past six decades and persisted from December, 2009 to March, 2010. It is found that variations of the surface AO was closely linked to stratospheric polar vortex anomalies, and that the surface AO phases followed downward propagation of stratospheric Northern-Hemisphere Annular mode （NAM） anomalies during the winter. The case of 2009-2010 winter provides us with a typical example that anomalous stratospheric signals can be used to improve skills of long-range weather forecast and intra-seasonal climate prediction in winter time. We also show that the E1 Nifio event, which started developing from May 2009, might contribute the formation of exceptionally negative and persistent AO and stratospheric NAM, particularly over North Pacific and North America.     

Blind dereverberation in the deep sea

Experimental data are presented on the blind dereverberation of the noise-type signal generated by a sound source moving in the deep sea. The noise emitted by a towed source is received by a drifting hydrophone with a high excess of the signal over the ambient noise, which results in a stable interference pattern of high contrast. The observed interference structure indicates that the signal arrives at the receiver along different paths. With the use of the blind dereverberation technique for the signal processing and without any a priori information on the properties of the propagation channel, the parameters (the delay, the amplitude, and the phase) of each of the seven interfering signals are determined. From the data obtained, the frequency response of the filter that provides a strong suppression of the reverberation is calculated and the spectrum of the received signal is obtained without any interference distortions.     

Acoustic emission monitoring of high speed grinding of silicon nitride

Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring of a machining process offers real-time sensory input which could provide tool condition and part quality information that is critical to effective process control. However, the choice of sensor, its placement, and how to process the data and extract useful information are challenging application-specific questions which researchers must consider. Here we report an effort to resolve these questions for the case of high speed grinding of silicon nitride using an electroplated single-layered diamond wheel. A grinding experiment was conducted at a wheel speed of 149 m s-1 and continued until the end of the useful wheel life. AE signal data were then collected for each complete pass at given grinding times throughout the useful wheel life. We found that the amplitude of the AE signal monotonically increases with wheel wear, as do grinding forces and energy. Furthermore, the signal power contained in the AE signal proportionally increases with the associated grinding power, which suggests that the AE signal could provide quantitative information of wheel wear in high-speed grinding, and could also be used to determine when the grinding wheel needs replacement.     

天然源超低频频谱的曲波分解与分析

由于天然源超低频电磁探测仪器接收的是宽频段多源信号,如何进行信号的分解以将干扰信号滤除,是利用天然源超低频电磁探测技术进行实际探测应用的关键。北京大学自主研发的天然源超低频电磁探测仪器,以山西沁水盆地煤层气探测数据为研究对象,将曲波变换的方法应用在超低频电磁探测频谱的分解上。分解结果表明,曲波变换分解出的高频信息主要是探测仪器直接接收的大气层雷电产生的干扰信号,而低频信息层则主要包含了地下的探测目标信息。基于此,以低频信息为基础重构后的探测频谱曲线相对于原始探测曲线来说,更有利于探测目标的解释。但是对于由于人工工频所引起的干扰信号,该方法并不能有效去除,在实际应用中需要结合其他数据处理方法一同进行。     

Fisher information analysis of volcano-related advanced, very-high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) thermal products time series

The Fisher information measure (FIM) analysis, a powerful tool to investigate complex and nonstationary signals, was performed on a long time series (1995-2005) of advanced very-high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite thermal data, recorded over Mt. Etna (southern Italy) volcanic area. The time evolution of FIM calculated for the signal reveals a significant pattern associated with the Etna volcanic activity.     

新型四倍频光生毫米波矢量信号调制技术

提出一种基于双并联马赫-曾德尔调制器(MZM)的新型四倍频光生毫米波技术,并用于矢量信号调制。传统的四倍频调制技术,由于数据信号同时调制到+2,-2阶边带上,拍频检测后两个边带上数据信号会产生相位叠加,只适用于不归零码(NRZ)等强度调制格式。提出的矢量信号调制技术将数据信号调制在一个-1阶边带上,另一个+3阶边带不携带数据,在拍频检测后幅度和相位信息被正确保留。同时,四倍频模块降低了传输过程中对电和光器件的带宽需求。理论分析和仿真结果表明,通过此方法产生的携带在60GHz载波上的6.25×108 symbol/s的四相相移键控(QPSK)信号,经过20km单模光纤传输后,误差向量幅度(EVM)损耗可以忽略。     

Phase vs. magnitude information in functional magnetic resonance imaging time series: toward understanding the noise

Although it has been shown that the phase of the MR signal from the brain is particularly prone to variation due to respiration, the overall physiological information contained in phase time series is not well understood. Here, we explore the different physiological processes contributing to the phase time series noise, identify their spatiotemporal characteristics and examine their relationship to BOLD-related and non-BOLD-related physiological noise in the magnitude time series. This was performed by manipulating the contribution of physiological noise to the total signal variance by modulating the TE and voxel volume, and using a short TR in order to adequately sample physiological signal fluctuations. The phase and magnitude signals were compared both before and after removal of signal fluctuations at the primary respiratory and cardiac frequencies with RETROICOR. We found that the temporal phase noise increased with TE at a faster rate than predicted by 1/TSNR as a result of physiological noise. As suggested by previous studies, the primary contributor to phase physiological noise was respiration-related effects which were manifested at a large scale (>1 cm). Notably, RETROICOR removed respiration-related large-scale artifacts and this resulted in considerable improvements in the temporal phase stability (7–90%). Physiological noise in the magnitude time series after RETROICOR consisted of low-frequency BOLD-related fluctuations (<0.13 Hz) localized to gray matter and the vasculature, and fluctuations in the vasculature correlated with slow (<0.1 Hz) variations in respiration volume and cardiac rhythm. Physiological noise in the phase signal after RETROICOR also occurred in frequencies below 0.13 Hz and was consistent with (1) residual large-scale magneto-mechanical effects correlated with slow variations in respiration volume and cardiac rhythm over time, and (2) local scale (<1 cm) effects localized in gray matter and vasculature most likely due to vascular dephasing mediated by a BOLD susceptibility change. While BOLD-related magnitude noise exhibited a TE dependence similar to BOLD, the ‘BOLD-related’ noise in the phase data increased with increasing TE and thus caused the overall phase noise to increase at a faster rate with TE than predicted by 1/TSNR. Interestingly, the spatial specificity of this effect was more evident for the higher resolution phase data, as opposed to the magnitude data, suggesting that at a higher spatial resolution the phase signal may contain more information on physiological processes than the magnitude signal.     

Investigating tumor perfusion and metabolism using multiple hyperpolarized (13)C compounds: HP001, pyruvate and urea

The metabolically inactive hyperpolarized agents HP001 (bis-1,1-(hydroxymethyl)-[1-(13)C]cyclopropane-d(8)) and urea enable a new type of perfusion magnetic resonance imaging based on a direct signal source that is background-free. The addition of perfusion information to metabolic information obtained by spectroscopic imaging of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate would be of great value in exploring the relationship between perfusion and metabolism in cancer. In preclinical normal murine and cancer model studies, we performed both dynamic multislice imaging of the specialized hyperpolarized perfusion compound HP001 (T(1)=95 s ex vivo, 32 s in vivo at 3 T) using a pulse sequence with balanced steady-state free precession and ramped flip angle over time for efficient utilization of the hyperpolarized magnetization and three-dimensional echo-planar spectroscopic imaging of urea copolarized with [1-(13)C]pyruvate, with compressed sensing for resolution enhancement. For the dynamic data, peak signal maps and blood flow maps derived from perfusion modeling were generated. The spatial heterogeneity of perfusion was increased 2.9-fold in tumor tissues (P=.05), and slower washout was observed in the dynamic data. The results of separate dynamic HP001 imaging and copolarized pyruvate/urea imaging were compared. A strong and significant correlation (R=0.73, P=.02) detected between the urea and HP001 data confirmed the value of copolarizing urea with pyruvate for simultaneous assessment of perfusion and metabolism.