凹凸棒石负载Cu-Fe-Co基催化剂组合体系用于CO加氢制备低碳醇

采用浸渍法(IM)和浸渍燃烧法(IMSC)制备了凹凸棒石(ATP)及凹凸棒石-多孔硅胶微球混合物(ATPS)负载CuFe-Co基改性费托催化剂,通过N_2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、H_2-程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)和CO_2-程序升温脱附(CO_2-TPD)等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并将它们应用于CO加氢制备低碳醇反应。结果表明,IMSC较IM制备催化剂更有利于CuO的负载、分散和还原,促进H_2和CO与Cu活性位的接触,但两者的最佳低碳醇合成温度均为280℃。通过对ATP和ATPS负载Cu-Fe-Co基催化剂(CFCK/ATP、CFCK/ATPS)与Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3(CZA)甲醇催化剂的组合体系的优化,获得较理想的低碳醇合成催化剂组合体系CZA║CFCK/ATPS-IMSC。利用它们之间的"产物转化耦合效应",实现CO转化率为46.3%,低碳醇选择性为39.6%,C_(2+)醇含量为22.7%。     

XPS study of potassium-promoted molybdenum carbides for mixed alcohols synthesis via CO hydrogenation

The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to investigate the surface characteristic of potassium-promoted or un-promoted both β-Mo_2C and α-MoC_(1-x) pretreated by syngas at different temperatures, and the promotional effect of potassium on the catalytic performance was also studied. XPS results revealed that the content of surface Mo and its valence distribution between β-Mo_2C and α-MoC_(1-x) were quite different. Promoted by potassium, the remarkable changes were observed for surface composition and valence of Mo distribution over β-Mo_2C. Potassium had strong electronic effect on β-Mo_2C, which led to a higher Mo~(4+) content. On the contrary, potassium had little electronic effect on α-MoC_(1-x), and K-Mo interaction was weak. Therefore, Mo~0 and Mo~(2+) became the dominant species on the catalyst surface, and the Mo~(4+) content showed almost no increase as the pretreatment temperature enhanced. In terms of catalytic performance of molybdenum carbides, the increase in Mo~0 most likely explained the increase in hydrocarbon selectivity, yet Mo~(4+) might be responsible for the alcohols synthesis.     

Mechanism and kinetics of the hydrogenation of CO to saturated hydrocarbons and alcohols on supported bimetallic catalysts containing rhodium

The mechanism of the simultaneous formation of methane, ethane, propane, methanol, ethanol, and propanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen over supported bimetallic catalyst, Rh-M/Al₂O₃, has been established on the basis of kinetic and adsorption data. The experimental data are described quantitatively by kinetic and thermodynamic parameters calculated using the kinetic model.L. V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, Ukraine National Academy of Sciences, Ukraine, 252039 Kiev, Nauki Prosp. 31. D. V. Sokol'skii Institute of Organic Catalysis and Electrochemistry, Kazakhstan National Academy of Sciences, Kazakhstan, 480110 Alma Ata, D. Kunaev Street, 142. Translated from Teoreticheskeskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 97–101, March–April, 1996. Original article submitted May 23, 1995.     

Ruthenium-catalyzed reduction of allylic alcohols: an efficient isomerization/transfer hydrogenation tandem process

A simple and highly efficient method for the selective reduction of the C=C bond in allylic alcohols has been developed using the ruthenium(II) catalyst [{RuCl(mu-Cl)(eta(6)-C(6)Me(6)}2].     

Homogeneous hydrogenation of ketones to alcohols with ruthenium complex catalysts

A number of ruthenium triphenylphosphine complexes catalyse the reduction of ketones to their corresponding alcohols in the presence of water. The most convenient catalyst precursors are carbonyl containing complexes which do not promote decarbonylation of the substrate. The hydrogenation of acetone with hydridochlorocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium is first order with respect to the substrate concentration, the catalyst concentration, the hydrogen pressure and the water concentration. Turnover numbers up to 15,000 have been achieved with this catalyst. Other ketones are also reduced by RuHCl(CO)(PPh₃)₃ and the rate of the reaction is dependent on the nature of the substrate.     

Heterogeneous selective catalytic hydrogenation of aryl ketones to alcohols without additives

A selective hydrogenation of different aryl ketones can be obtained by using a heterogeneous copper catalyst under very mild experimental conditions, namely 90 °C and 1 atm of hydrogen, without using any kind of additive or poisoning agent.     

Direct hydrogenation of amides to alcohols and amines under mild conditions

The selective, direct hydrogenation of amides to the corresponding alcohols and amines with cleavage of the C-N bond was discovered. The expected products of C-O cleavage are not formed (except as traces in the case of anilides). The reaction proceeds under mild pressure and neutral, homogeneous conditions using a dearomatized, bipyridyl-based PNN Ru(II) pincer complex as a catalyst. The postulated mechanism involves metal-ligand cooperation by aromatization-dearomatization of the heteroaromatic pincer core and does not involve hydrolytic cleavage of the amide. The simplicity, generality, and efficiency of this environmentally benign process make it attractive for the direct transformations of amides to alcohols and amines in good to excellent yields.     

Transfer hydrogenation of cellulose to sugar alcohols over supported ruthenium catalysts

Ru/C catalysts are active for the conversion of cellulose using 2-propanol or H(2) of 0.8 MPa as sources of hydrogen, whereas the Ru/Al(2)O(3) catalyst is inactive in both reactions, indicating that the Ru/C catalysts are remarkably effective for the cellulose conversion.     

CuFe@SiO_2催化剂的制备及其在CO加氢合成低碳醇中的应用

采用共还原-原位包覆法制备一系列SiO_2包覆铜铁双金属纳米颗粒的催化剂(CuFe@SiO_2),借助N_2物理吸附、XRD、TEM、SEM-EDS、XPS和H_2-TPR等手段对不同Cu/Fe物质的量比的CuFe@SiO_2催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征,并考察了催化剂在CO加氢合成低碳醇中的催化反应性能。结果表明,所制得的催化剂均为孔分布处于介孔范围的SiO_2包覆的铜铁纳米颗粒。随着Cu/Fe物质的量比降低,铜铁以复合氧化物存在的比例、总醇及C_(2+)OH选择性先增大后减小。其中,总醇及C_(2+)OH选择性在Cu/Fe物质的量比为1时达到最大,这是由于此时催化剂存在较多的CuFe_2O_4复合氧化物,铜铁协同作用较强,同时催化剂也呈现较大的比表面积及孔容,有利于所生成的醇更快扩散至催化剂表面而避免二次加氢生产烃类。     

Aqueous-phase asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones--a greener approach to chiral alcohols

Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) has emerged as a practical, powerful alternative to asymmetric hydrogenation for the production of chiral alcohols, one of the most valuable intermediates in chemical synthesis. In the last a few years, ATH in neat water has proved to be viable, affording chiral alcohols in fast rates, high productivity and high enantioselectivity. The reduction can be carried out with unmodified or tailor-made catalysts by using mild, readily available formate salt as reductant with no organic solvents required, thus providing a simple, economic and green pathway for alcohol production. This Feature Article attempts to present an account of the progress made on aqueous-phase transfer hydrogenation (TH) reactions, with a focus on ATH. The coverage includes a brief background of the chemistry, TH and ATH reactions in water, and the mechanistic aspects of the aqueous-phase reduction.     

Selective hydrogenation of tetrahydrofuryl acetylenic alcohols and acetates

Hydrogenation of tetrahydrofuryl acetylenic alcohols and acetates in the presence of a supported Pd-containing catalyst has been revealed to proceed at high rate and selectivity to compounds with internal triple bonds. Selectivity in olefin production is 98–99% at the complete conversion of the substrate, the activity of the catalyst varies from 1700 to 13,100 mol/g-at. Pd'h at 20°C and P_{H 2}=0.1 MPa.

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. . , . 98–99% , 1700–13 100 /-. Pd' 20°C 0,1 .

     

高效钴氧化物催化羧酸可控加氢制醇（英文）

羧酸选择加氢是合成醇的重要方法,廉价高效的催化体系仍然在探索中.我们利用地球上储量丰富的钴氧化物作为催化剂,通过控制催化反应过程,进而实现高选择性地催化羧酸加氢制备醇.一系列含有不同官能团的羧酸可以被选择加氢至相应的醇类化合物,反应选择性可以满足工业生产要求.通过一系列的谱学表征以及理论计算,我们证实了钴氧化物在羧酸选择加氢反应中的优选活性位点位为氧化亚钴,从而建立了催化剂与反应活性之间的构效关系,为催化剂的理性设计提供指导.首先,我们选取硬脂酸加氢反应作为模型反应,通过对地球上储量丰富的氧化镍、四氧化三铁和四氧化三钴的催化活性对比发现,四氧化三钴催化剂活性最高,在473 K,2 MPa氢气条件下,反应速率可以达到1.2 mmol/(h·g).对四氧化三钴催化剂进行不同温度的预还原处理,我们发现催化剂的活性得到显著提高,其中573 K还原的样品活性最高,反应速率可以达到7.3 mmol/(h·g),要远远高于贵金属催化剂Pd/C(0.6 mmol/(h·g))和Pt/C(1.8 mmol/(h·g)).XRD结果表明,随着还原处理温度的不断升高,催化剂由四氧化三钴变为氧化亚钴,最终变为金属态的钴.当还原温度为573 K时,催化剂的组成为单一相氧化亚钴.XPS测试结果表明,当还原温度为573 K时,样品中只含有Co~(2+)的信号峰,并且Co/O的比例为1/1,进一步证明样品是纯态的氧化亚钴.从TEM照片中可以发现,在原始的四氧化三钴样品中观察到晶面间距为0.467和0.244 nm,分别对应四氧化三钴的(111)和(311)晶面.而对于573 K还原的样品只观察到一种晶面间距(0.246 nm),对应氧化亚钴的(111)晶面.结合表征手段和硬脂酸催化加氢活性结果,我们得出氧化亚钴是573 K还原样品催化羧酸加氢反应的活性位点.理论计算结果进一步证实了这个实验结论.理论计算结果表明,在氧化亚钴(111)晶面,硬脂酸加氢转换为十八醇是非常快速和高效的,然而,对于氢解C-C键和C-O键,需要耗费更高的能量,能垒约为1.2 e V.因为硬脂酸的吸附远远强于十八醇的吸附,硬脂酸的存在会抑制十八醇氢解形成烯烃的反应,只有当硬脂酸酸完全转化为十八醇,才会发生随后的氢解反应.通过控制催化反应过程,可以实现在氧化亚钴(111)晶面高选择性催化酸加氢至醇,也就是反应控制催化过程.基于氧化亚钴在硬脂酸加氢制备十八醇上的优异催化性能,我们进一步研究了一系列含有不同官能团的羧酸化合物的催化加氢,发现氧化亚钴表现出良好的官能团容忍度,可以实现高效、广谱的酸选择加氢至醇反应.     

AlOOH在一氧化碳加氢反应中结构与性能的研究

采用沉淀水热法,通过调变水热过程中水与凝胶的质量比制备了不同的AlOOH,将其与工业甲醇催化剂C302混合形成复合催化剂,考察复合催化剂对一氧化碳加氢的影响,同时运用XRD、FT-IR、BET、NH_3-TPD-M S、TG-DTG和H_2-TPR等技术对不同AlOOH进行了表征。结果表明,水热过程中水与凝胶的质量比对AlOOH择优取向晶面、孔结构、表面酸强度等存在明显影响,进而导致复合催化剂产物中出现分布不同的低碳醇或二甲醚。其中,当水和凝胶的质量比为2∶1时,AlOOH的(020)和(120)晶面择优取向,孔容增大,且其表面具有适宜的强弱酸比例中心,复合催化剂呈现出较高的低碳醇选择性,表明AlOOH具有碳链增长的作用,这为合成气制取低碳醇催化剂提供了新的思路。     

Cascade catalysis for the homogeneous hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol

This communication demonstrates the homogeneous hydrogenation of CO(2) to CH(3)OH via cascade catalysis. Three different homogeneous catalysts, (PMe(3))(4)Ru(Cl)(OAc), Sc(OTf)(3), and (PNN)Ru(CO)(H), operate in sequence to promote this transformation.     

Nature of the catalytic cycle in iridium-complex catalysed hydrogenation of unsaturated alcohols

The $\text{endo}$ face specific reduction of $\text{endo}$-6-methylenebicyclo[2,2,2]octan-2-ol and $\text{endo}$-6-methy[bicyclo [2,2,2]-oct-5-en-2-ol with D₂ and iridium catalysts is accompanied by deep-seated isotopic redistribution through an intramolecular mechanism, although only two deuterium atoms are incorporated on average. Individual isotopomers of the product may be identified in the ¹³C N.m.r. spectrum at 125 MHz. and their ratio is generally consistent with a mechanism in which product is formed by breakdown of an alkyliridium trihydride. Iridium (and rhodium) catalysts part-isomerise the exocyclic olefin to its endocyclic isomer $\text{via}$ an Ir-allyl intermediate without incorporation of deuterium. The reduction of 3-methylcyclohex-2-enol is likewise accompanied by considerable scrambling, with isotopic enrichment occurring at C2, C3, C4 and C5 of the product, $\text{trans}$-3-methylcyclohexanol. Deuteration occurs exclusively on the hydroxyl-bearing face of the molecule.