局域体全息光栅的衍射特性

基于三维耦合波理论，研究了两束有限宽度的任意偏振平面波干涉产生的局域体全息光栅的衍射问题。以单位均匀振幅的任意偏振平面波为例，给出了透射波和衍射波振幅的主分量和交叉分量的解析表达式，讨论了记录过程和再现过程中入射的参考光波的偏振角对透射波和衍射波振幅的影响。计算结果表明，记录过程中的偏振角越小，形成的光栅内的耦合越强，衍射效率越高，但光束质量越差；再现过程中不同的偏振角，由于入射波和衍射波的电矢量的不同方向的耦合强弱不同，透射波和衍射波振幅的主分量和交叉分量的振幅变化行为不同。     

用频谱分析法测量声光驻波调制器的调制度

从调制的基本概念出发，指出声光驻波调制器件为宽带频率调制型。讨论了调制度概念的成立条件和适用范围。理论上求出其成立条件为ｖ＜０．９（ｖ＝２πＬ△ｕ／λ为衍射光强Ｉ（θ，ｔ）中的自变量）。鉴于一般驻波型声光器件都是含有一定的行波成份，但行波声场和驻波声场在拉曼－奈斯衍射范围内衍射角均遵从ｓｉｎθｍｉ＝土ｍλ／，故两者在空间上是无法分开的。文中给出了从频域上测量调制度Ｍ的一种新方法。并给出了零级和一般衍射光的测量值。     

Transformation of optical-vortex beams by holograms with embedded phase singularity

Spatial characteristics of diffracted beams produced by the “fork” holograms from incident circular Laguerre-Gaussian modes are studied theoretically. The complex amplitude distribution of a diffracted beam is described by models of the Kummer beam or of the hypergeometric-Gaussian beam. Physically, in most cases its structure is formed under the influence of the divergent spherical wave originating from the discontinuity caused by the hologram’s groove bifurcation. Presence of this wave is manifested by the ripple structure in the near-field beam pattern and by the power-law amplitude decay at the beam periphery. Conditions when the divergent wave is not excited are discussed.The diffracted beam carries a screw wavefront dislocation (optical vortex) whose order equals to algebraic sum of the incident beam azimuthal index and the topological charge of the singularity imparted by the hologram. The input beam singularity can be healed when the above sum is zero. In such cases the diffracted beam can provide better energy concentration in the central intensity peak than the Gaussian beam whose initial distribution coincides with the Gaussian envelope of the incident beam. Applications are possible for generation of optical-vortex beams with prescribed properties and for analyzing the optical-vortex beams in problems of information processing.     

Image reconstruction from a dielectric volume hologram

The phenomenon of image reconstruction from an absorptionless volume hologram is analyzed using coupled-wave diffraction theory. Reconstruction efficiency formulas are derived, which apply when the hologram intermodulation component is negligible and when no extraneous diffracted orders of significant amplitude are generated. Both transmission and reflection holograms are considered, and the analysis is developed for diffraction geometries in which polarization effects are appreciable.     

Visualization of acoustic wavefronts by means of acoustic stroboscopy

The amplitude and phase distributions of a progressive acoustic wave are visualized simultaneously by means of acoustic stroboscopy. Two methods are described: (i) modulation of a laser beam by a progressive acoustic wave; (ii) modulation by a stationary wave. Spatial filtering of diffracted orders enables the progressive wavefronts to be seen as if they were stationary.     

光盘光学系统的矢量衍射理论分析

本文以完整的矢量衍射理论分析了光盘光学系统。首先将入射的聚焦光束分解为平面波谱 ,得到每个平面波的振幅矢量 ;然后计算光盘对每个平面波的衍射 ,得到衍射波的振幅矢量 ,从而得到了整个衍射波场的空间频谱 ;最后计算物镜光瞳上的能通量 ,得到光盘系统的读出信号。在衍射计算中 ,光盘被定义为二维金属光栅 ,根据信息符的不同模型 ,选用坐标变换方法、耦合波方法或模态方法。对于典型的 DVD光学系统来说 ,矢量理论的结论与标量理论相差甚远 ,要得到正确的结果就必须采用矢量衍射理论     

Polarization properties of the acousto-optical interaction in a planar layer

Polarization features of the Bragg diffraction of light on ultrasound in a planar layer are studied. It is shown that the rotation of the polarization plane of the diffracted wave is determined by Fresnel reflection of the s and p components of the incident light and by anisotropy of the photoelastic effect in the crystalline layer perturbed by the ultrasound. It is established that the inclusion of an analyzer into the scheme of the acousto-optical interaction allows one to transform the rotation of the polarization plane of the diffracted wave transmitted through and reflected from the layer into the amplitude modulation of light.     

Plane-wave analysis of the near field of light diffracted by ultrasound.

Although the phenomenon of light diffraction by ultrasound has been studied very extensively during the last 40 years, almost all investigations were concentrated on the individual far field (Fraunhofer) diffraction orders. In the present paper, the basic theory is developed for studying the near field (Fresnel region) of light diffracted by an arbitrary plane ultrasonic wave and the fundamental periodicity properties are stated. The general plane-wave theory of Raman-Nath has been taken as a starting point. From the analysis, the near field of the diffracted light is seen to be highly sensitive to variations of the ultrasonic amplitude and this feature provides a useful technique for observing weak ultrasonic waves. In particular, for the specific case of Raman-Nath-type diffraction, a procedure is presented allowing the reconstruction of the time waveform of the ultrasonic wave from the diffracted light intensity signal.     

Diffraction of light by an acoustic wave with three frequency components

Collinear light diffraction by three-frequency sound is investigated theoretically. The amplitude distributions of transmitted and diffracted light waves along the cell are calculated for different amplitudes of sound signals. The dependence of the intensity of principal diffraction peaks on the frequency difference between acoustic signal components is studied for different amplitude ratios of these components. It is shown that the character of this dependence for a wave being in synchronism differs substantially from that for two other waves characterized by detuning. The dependence of the amplitudes of principal and parasitic diffraction peaks on the efficiency of acoustooptical interaction is investigated. It is demonstrated that parasitic sideband components in diffracted light can play a considerable role if the diffraction efficiency is sufficiently high and exceeds 80%.     

Effect of Airy disk on schlieren diffraction interferometer

Schlieren is among the oldest and widely used optical techniques for detection of change in refractive index in transparent media. Present work demonstrates the effect of the position of schlieren element in the Airy pattern on the schlieren interferogram. It has been shown that the amplitude of the diffracted wave, starting from schlieren element and serving as an inbuilt reference beam for the schlieren diffraction interferometer, becomes maximum when schlieren element diffracts light from the Airy disk. Effect of F-number of the optical system on schlieren pattern is also demonstrated via observations on the amplitude of diffracted light.     

Wide-angle diffraction of the laser beam by a sharp edge

Using a rigorous theory of diffraction, we explain the origin and analyze the structure of a wide-angle illuminated area observed when a limited beam is diffracted by the sharp edge of an opaque screen. It is shown that the formed plume has the structure of a cylindrical wave traveling from the screen edge and its amplitude is proportional to the beam amplitude at this edge. The observed structure is Young’s boundary wave produced by diffraction of the limited beam.     

Edge diffraction of a Laguerre light beam

The phenomenon of transverse diffusion of ray amplitude along two principal orthogonal directions on the cylindrical surface of a diffracted boundary wave is observed in the diffraction of a Laguerre laser beam by the straight sharp edge of a planar safety-razor blade.     

Direct visualization of Young’s boundary diffraction wave

Experimental investigations on Young’s boundary diffraction wave are presented where a wavefront division interferometric scheme is used on diffracted wavefront to generate two-beam interference fringes in the geometrically shadow region. These fringes have good visibility and are observable in the whole space, strongly advocating the physical existence of Young’s boundary diffraction wave as a separate entity. Analysis of these fringes may provide vital information about the structure and nature of boundary diffraction wave e.g. existence in whole space, dependence of amplitude on obliquity factor etc.     

Diffraction efficiency of sequentially stored gratings in reflection volume holograms

On the basis of the theory of coupled waves the amplitudes of the first-order diffracted waves and the diffraction efficiency is calculated for sequentially superposed phase gratings stored in dielectric reflection holograms. The investigations are restricted to the case of a fixed reference wave during recording and Bragg-angle incidence.By analogy to the transmission volume grating the coupling effects which appear between incident beams and diffracted waves give the possibility of building up beam-couplers and -splitters with certain coupling parameters determined by the recording process. Moreover, reflection gratings allow a favourable combination between coupling and reflecting properties and avoid the diffraction efficiency oscillations that are characteristic of transmission gratings. The performance of the reconstruction process with several waves simultaneously allows the tuning of the intensities of diffracted waves with dependence on amplitude or phase differences between incident beams.     

Analysis of photorefractive volume holographic lenses with different recording and read-out wavelengths

The photorefractive volume holographic lenses for converting a plane wave to a lateral-spread spherical wave with different recording and reconstructing wavelength has been studied. Using the coupled-wave theory, the half-analytical solutions for the amplitudes of the space harmonics of the field inside the transmission geometry are presented. The values of the off-Bragg parameter at the reconstructed process and the diffracted beam's amplitude distribution are analyzed. In addition, the dependences of diffraction properties on the focal length of recording spherical wave and on the geometrical dimensions of the grating are discussed. Furthermore, the focusing properties of this photorefractive holographic lens are analyzed.     

Higher-order extremely asymmetrical scattering

Extremely asymmetrical scattering (EAS) is a type of Bragg scattering in periodic gratings, that occurs when the diffracted order satisfying the Bragg condition (scattered wave) propagates parallel to the grating boundaries. Previous studies were concerned only with first-order EAS that was shown to be a highly unusual type of scattering, characterised by a strong resonant increase of the scattered wave amplitude (i.e. the amplitude of the first diffracted order). In this paper, a rigorous numerical study of higher-order EAS is presented for the case of bulk TE electromagnetic waves in planar holographic gratings of various amplitudes and widths. In particular, it is demonstrated that typical scattered wave amplitudes in higher-order EAS are significantly smaller than those in first-order EAS, and display strongly different dependencies on grating width, grating amplitude, distance from the front grating boundary, etc. Similar to first-order EAS, second-order EAS is shown to be strongly sensitive to small variations of mean structural parameters at the grating boundaries. EAS in non-sinusoidal gratings is investigated in detail with special focus on the transition between first-order EAS and second-order EAS in such gratings. Tolerance of second-order EAS to the presence of the second grating harmonic is analysed. The effect of phase of the second grating harmonic on transitional EAS is investigated. Physical explanation of the predicted effects is presented.     

On the convergence of the amplitude of the diffracted nonstationary wave in scattering by wedges

We make more precise the Limiting Amplitude Principle in the two-dimensional scattering of an incident plane harmonic wave by a wedge. We find the long-time asymptotic regime of convergence of the amplitude of the cylindrical wave diffracted by the vertex of a wedge to the limiting amplitude of the solution to the corresponding stationary problem. The asymptotics turns out to be uniform on compacta and depends on the magnitude of the wedge and the profile of the incident wave. The cases of Dirichlet-Dirichlet and Dirichlet-Neumann boundary conditions are considered.     

Far-field divergence of a vectorial plane wave diffracted by a circular aperture from the vectorial structure

Based on the vectorial structure of an electromagnetic wave, the analytical and concise expressions for the TE and TM terms of a vectorial plane wave diffracted by a circular aperture are derived in the far-field. The expressions of the energy flux distributions of the TE term, the TM term and the diffracted plane wave are also presented. The ratios of the power of the TE and TM terms to that of the diffracted plane wave are examined in the far-field. In addition, the far-field divergence angles of the TE term, the TM term and the diffracted plane wave, which are related to the energy flux distribution, are investigated. The different energy flux distributions of the TE and TM terms result in the discrepancy of their divergence angles. The influences of the linearly polarized angle and the radius of the circular aperture on the far-field divergence angles of the TE term, the TM term and the diffracted plane wave are discussed in detail. This research may promote the recognition of the optical propagation through a circular aperture.vspace1mm     

Lineshape and polarization mode dispersion of waves diffracted by apodized and chirped fiber Bragg gratings in reflection

The amplitude and phase of a light wave propagating in an apodized and chirped Bragg grating is given by the superposition of two orthogonal coupled wave functions that are the solution of a non-linear Riccati equation. An analytical solution, in the form of an integral transform, that predicts the amplitude, phase, and intensity profile of the light diffracted by grating, in which the local Bragg wavelength is asymmetric, and the forward and counter propagating modes are non-degenerate is presented. For even apodization and odd chirp the lineshape has an asymmetrical Gaussian form the result of mixing of the real and imaginary components of the apodized grating wave function. The effect of chirping is to shift the resonance wavelength, increase the grating bandwidth and polarization mode dispersion. The dependence of linewidth and dispersion on parameters that alter apodization and chirp after fabrication, is also discussed.     

Application of the model of an edge dislocation in the form of a uniformly charged filament for description of light diffraction from alkali halide and covalent crystals

The interaction of an optical electromagnetic wave with a system of parallel charged edge dislocations in alkali halide and covalent crystals is studied. The optical activity of dislocations is associated with the existence of shielding clouds of mobile point defects with a radius of the order of the wavelength of incident light. Expressions relating the amplitude of the diffracted wave to the parameters of crystal defects (the density of point defects and the density and linear charge of dislocations) are obtained. Methods for the experimental estimation of defect parameters from the characteristics of the diffraction pattern are proposed.