光声法测量材料热膨胀系数的实验研究

本文对光声技术测量材料热膨胀系数的原理和实验方法进行了研究,设计了传声腔结构和测试系统,该方法不仅能够测量材料横向、纵向的热膨胀系数,而且还能测量常规仪器所不能测量的一任一方向的热膨胀系数,并用该方法对复合材料Al2O3/Al的热膨胀系数进行了测量,通过已有的理论结果对该方法的测试结果的准确性进行了验证,证明了该检测方法的可靠性。     

细观结构对复合材料热膨胀系数的影响研究

基于应力为未知量的通用单胞模型改进算法在保证计算精度的前提下，可以提高计算效率，本文利用该方法计算了纤维细观结构对纤维增强复合材料热膨胀系数的影响。计算结果表明，热膨胀系数随体积比的增加而减小，纵向热膨胀系数受纤维的形状和排列方式的影响不大，而横向热膨胀系数受纤维形状以及排列方式的影响较为明显。复合材料的纵向热膨胀系数并不是随温度上升而上升的．它与各组分的弹性模量和热膨胀系数等有关．     

粘弹性树脂基三维编织复合材料的热膨胀性能研究

首先利用均匀化理论并结合有限元法研究了三维编织复合材料的粘弹性效应,根据松弛模量的计算结果研究了材料热膨胀系数随时间的变化关系,在此基础上,给出了编织结构和工艺参数(编织角、纤维体积比)对材料初始热膨胀系数的影响规律,计算结果与实验值吻合较好。本文工作为深入研究三维编织复合材料的热粘弹性能提供了基础。     

基于细观力学方法的混凝土热膨胀系数预测

建立混凝土材料的有效性质与微结构参数之间的关系,是混凝土材料优化设计的基础。本文用细观力学方法对复合材料宏观有效热膨胀系数进行研究,得到了含有一球形夹杂物的无限大介质在均匀变温作用下的应力场。假定混凝土为由骨料和砂浆基质组成的二相复合材料,根据混凝土宏观体积热膨胀量与组成混凝土的各相介质细观体积热膨胀量相等的原则,采用基于Mori-Tanaka方法的混凝土宏观有效剪切模量,推导出混凝土有效热膨胀系数的解答。对稀疏解法、自洽方法和有限单元数值试验结果的比较说明,本文提出的基于自洽方法的混凝土宏观有效热膨胀系数的理论公式能够较好的描述混凝土的热学特性,该方法可以推广到多相复合材料宏观有效热膨胀系数的预测中。     

热力联合作用下不同材料参数圆薄板的大挠度弯曲

采用由Berger方法和伽辽金方法导出的圆板大挠度弯曲的挠度解析解和ANSYS程序，对均布横向力和均匀温升作用下板中心挠度wc随温度升及横向力的变化规律进行了解析和有限元计算，讨论了板材弹性模量和热膨胀系数不同时，板中温度膜力NT和材料参数（弹性模量E，泊松比μ和热膨胀系数σ）的温度相关性对板大挠度弯曲变形的不同影响规律及温升与横向力联合对圆板大挠度弯曲的不同作用机制。     

圆柱基体热障涂层制备工艺中的残余应力分析

由于基体和热障涂层各层材料的热膨胀系数不同,在温度变化时各部分变形大小也不同,从而导致涂层内部产生残余应力。本文利用过盈配合模型求解圆柱形基体上热障涂层的残余应力,计算了涂层的厚度、弹性模量和热膨胀系数对残余应力的影响,并从应力角度探讨热障涂层的剥落失效。     

超导磁体等效材料参数的有限元预测

HT—7U超导托卡马克装置中纵场超导磁体是由多种材料组成的且具有周期性分布的大型复杂的重要结构，对其宏观等效材料参数的准确掌握在其结构设计阶段是十分重要的。本文着重介绍了利用小参数展开的渐近均匀化方法对其进行等效处理的过程，并采用有限元方法预测出其等效弹性模量与热膨胀系数等，这些都为纵场磁体结构的力学计算与传热分析提供了必要的参数。     

锡青铜网增强锡青铜基自润滑复合材料的机械和摩擦学性能研究

采用粉末冶金工艺制备了锡青铜网增强的锡青铜基自润滑复合材料，考察了锡青铜网对复合材料机械性能和摩擦学性能的影响．研究表明：锡青铜网对研制材料的增强作用主要是由于锡青铜网与基体界面相容性良好，热膨胀系数相近，界面结合强度高，从而减少了增强体与基体之间的裂纹或空隙，且网状金属丝间的筋结与支撑提高了材料的断裂能所致；加入一定量的金属网片提高了材料的耐磨性，但金属网片含量过高会导致转移膜的破坏，从而增大摩擦系数，降低复合材料的强度和耐磨性能．     

用云纹干涉法研究金属焊点的热变形问题

本文采用现代光测力学的云纹干涉法，对铜－可伐焊接件热应变问题进行了实验研究，确定了焊层的热应变特征，结果表明：由于热膨胀系数不匹配、焊层存在复杂的应力状态，它不仅受到焊板材料对它的剪切作用，而且受到纵向拉伸、挤压作用。这对于认识微电子封装芯片焊层的热疲劳失效机理有重要意义     

电子封装技术中金属基板结构的热失效行为研究

本文将电子散斑干涉与有限元数值计算相结合，对金属基板结构的热失效行为进行了研究。获得了低维氧化物绝缘薄膜的热失效温度，以及失效过程中基板表面的变形分布；测定了25μm厚度绝缘氧化薄膜的热膨胀系数，室温下弹性模量和失效应力等三个重要的材料常数；结合实验所测定的材料常数和研究的基板结构及性能，用有限元数值方法，模拟计算了绝缘氧化薄膜在不同缺陷形状时的失效过程。并给出了不同温度下绝缘氧化薄膜的最大应力集中值。     

A novel implementation algorithm of asymptotic homogenization for predicting the effective coefficient of thermal expansion of periodic composite materials

Asymptotic homogenization (AH) is a general method for predicting the effective coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of periodic composites. It has a rigorous mathematical foundation and can give an accurate solution if the macrostructure is large enough to comprise an infinite number of unit cells. In this paper, a novel implementation algorithm of asymptotic homogenization (NIAH) is devel-oped to calculate the effective CTE of periodic composite materials. Compared with the previous implementation of AH, there are two obvious advantages. One is its implemen-tation as simple as representative volume element (RVE). The new algorithm can be executed easily using commercial finite element analysis (FEA) software as a black box. The detailed process of the new implementation of AH has been provided. The other is that NIAH can simultaneously use more than one element type to discretize a unit cell, which can save much computational cost in predicting the CTE of a complex structure. Several examples are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new implementation. This work is expected to greatly promote the widespread use of AH in predicting the CTE of periodic composite materials.     

Planar lattices with tailorable coefficient of thermal expansion and high stiffness based on dual-material triangle unit

The unexpected thermal distortions and failures in engineering raise the big concern about thermal expansion controlling. Thus, design of tailorable coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is urgently needed for the materials used in large temperature variation circumstance. Here, inspired by multi-fold rotational symmetry in crystallography, we have devised six kinds of periodic planar lattices, which incorporate tailorable CTE and high specific biaxial stiffness. Fabrication process, which overcame shortcomings of welding or adhesion connection, was developed for the dual-material planar lattices. The analytical predictions agreed well with the CTE measurements. It is shown that the planar lattices fabricated from positive CTE constituents, can give large positive, near zero and even negative CTEs. Furthermore, a generalized stationary node method was proposed for aperiodic lattices and even arbitrary structures with desirable thermal expansion. As an example, aperiodic quasicrystal lattices were designed and exhibited zero thermal expansion property. The proposed method for the lattices of lightweight, robust stiffness, strength and tailorable thermal expansion is useful in the engineering applications.     

电子封装、QFP和MCM热变形的实验及数值分析

0Introduction Anelectronicpackageisgenerallyconstructedwithanactivesiliconchip,mountisland,gold wires,leadframesandsoldersasshowninFig.1(a).Toprotectfromtheenvironment,thesilicon chipisusuallyencapsulatedinresin.SincethesematerialshavedifferentCTE(coeffic…     

Thermo-elastic properties of heterogeneous materials with imperfect interfaces: Generalized Levin's formula and Hill's connections

We study the thermo-elastic properties of heterogeneous materials containing spherical particles or cylindrical fibres. The interface between the matrix and second-phase inhomogeneity is imperfect with either the displacement or the stress experiencing a jump across it. We relate the effective coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) to the effective elastic moduli and thereby generalize Levin's formula, and reveal two connections among the effective elastic moduli, thereby generalizing Hill's connections. In contrast to the classical results, the effective CTE in the presence of an imperfect interface is strongly dependent on the size of the inhomogeneity, besides the interface elastic and thermo-elastic properties. This size dependence has been accurately captured by simple scaling laws.     

Thin and Thermally Stable Periodic Metastructures

We design, fabricate, and test thin thermally stable metastructures consisting of bi-metallic unit cells and show how the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of these metastructures can be finely and coarsely tuned by varying the CTE of the constituent materials and the unit cell geometry. Planar and three-dimensional finite element method modeling (FEM) is used to drive our design and inform experiments, and predict the response of these metastructures. We develop a robust experimental fabrication procedure in order to fabricate thermally stable samples with high aspect ratios. We use digital image correlation (DIC) and an infrared camera to experimentally measure displacement and temperature during testing and compute the CTE of our samples. The samples, composed of an aluminum core and an external titanium frame, exhibit a CTE of 2.6 ppm/°C, which is significantly lower than either constituent. These unit cells can be assembled over a large area to create thin low-CTE foils. Finally, we demonstrate how the approach developed in this work can be used to fabricate metastructures with CTE’s ranging from ?3.6 ppm/°C to 8.4 ppm/°C.     

Out-of-Plane CTE Measurement Method for Freestanding Thin Films

An out-of-plane linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) measurement method was developed to overcome the difficulty in measuring the in-plane deformation of freestanding thin films with a thickness of less than 1 μm. The out-of-plane profile measurement was relatively easy with the added advantage of simplicity, easy specimen preparation, and a simple test setup. White light interferometry was used for determining the out-of-plane thermal deformation as a function of temperature. Two types of supporting substrates, silicon and ZERODUR®, were used to account for the substrate effect on the CTE measurement. Attempts were made to fit the measured profiles using several peak functions and then find the optimal one. The test procedures were demonstrated using a freestanding 530-nm-thick aluminum film that was used in a previous in-plane measurement method. The calculated CTE value of this aluminum film was 23.7 ppm/°C, which was in good agreement with the in-plane measurement result. The out-of-plane CTE measurement method incorporating a zero CTE substrate was shown to be the most convenient and straightforward method.     

EFFECTIVE SPECIFIC HEATS OF SPHERICAL PARTICULATE COMPOSITES WITH INHOMOGENEOUS INTERPHASES

基于细观力学复合球模型研究了含非均匀界面相粒子填充复合材料的有效热弹性性质,重点讨论了界面相性质的径向分布对有效比热的影响. 首先,将非均匀界面相沿径向离散为多个同心球壳,每个球壳内的材料性质假设是均匀的. 基于上述离散模型,利用含界面相的复合球模型,推导了复合材料的有效体积模量、有效热膨胀系数及有效比热的数值求解表达式;进一步,假设界面相的性质沿径向连续变化,建立了一组微分方程,上述有效性质依赖于该微分方程组的解. 特别地,当界面相杨氏模量为幂次分布时,通过求解该微分方程组得到了有效比热等热弹性性质的解析解. 算例结果表明,应用此方法预测的有效热膨胀系数与实验结果吻合良好;界面相热膨胀系数的径向分布对有效比热和有效热膨胀系数均有显著的影响,而界面相弹性模量的径向分布对有效比热有显著的影响,对有效热膨胀系数的影响相对较小.     

热障涂层弹性模量和残余应力测试研究

采用数字图像相关法实验研究了热喷涂制作的热障涂层的弹性模量和残余应力。首先,采用三点弯测试方法对热障涂层试件进行加载,并利用二维数字图像相关方法对热障涂层试件加装过程中的弯曲变形进行了精确的测量,进而获得了热障涂层在受拉和受压两种状态下的弹性模量,结果表明,受拉时热障涂层试件陶瓷层的弹性模量为31GPa,而受压时其弹性模量为34GPa。其次,基于内力平衡,推导了考虑曲率变化的涂层残余应力计算公式;利用三维数字图像相关法测量了喷涂前后基体曲率的变化,进而获得了涂层残余应力的大小,结果表明,热喷涂后的热障涂层残余应力为压应力,大小为-86^-70MPa。     

Effect of Oxidation-Induced Material Parameter Variation on the High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Nickel

In high temperature oxidation environment, the oxidation reaction will induce variations in material parameters, such as Young's modulus, thermal expansion coefficient(CTE),coefficient of oxygen diffusion(COD), etc. The oxidation-induced material parameter variations should be considered in high temperature mechanical analysis. In this paper, high temperature oxidation behavior of an oxide film/metal substrate system was investigated through a modified phase field approach. The oxidative stress and oxidation weight gain induced by high temperature oxidation were studied. Effects of Young's modulus, COD and CTE on oxidative stress in the oxide film were studied particularly. The simulation results showed that a better agreement with the experimental results could be obtained when considering the oxidation-induced material parameter variations in the high temperature mechanical analysis of oxide film/metal substrate system. The simulation results demonstrated that oxidative stress and oxidation weight gain were more sensitive to the variation of Young's modulus than to the variations of COD and CTE.     

含非均匀界面相粒子填充复合材料的有效比热

基于细观力学复合球模型研究了含非均匀界面相粒子填充复合材料的有效热弹性性质,重点讨论了界面相性质的径向分布对有效比热的影响. 首先,将非均匀界面相沿径向离散为多个同心球壳,每个球壳内的材料性质假设是均匀的. 基于上述离散模型,利用含界面相的复合球模型,推导了复合材料的有效体积模量、有效热膨胀系数及有效比热的数值求解表达式;进一步,假设界面相的性质沿径向连续变化,建立了一组微分方程,上述有效性质依赖于该微分方程组的解. 特别地,当界面相杨氏模量为幂次分布时,通过求解该微分方程组得到了有效比热等热弹性性质的解析解. 算例结果表明,应用此方法预测的有效热膨胀系数与实验结果吻合良好;界面相热膨胀系数的径向分布对有效比热和有效热膨胀系数均有显著的影响,而界面相弹性模量的径向分布对有效比热有显著的影响,对有效热膨胀系数的影响相对较小.