FORCED WAVE PROPAGATION IN VISCOELASTIC CABLE WITH SMALL SAG

Based on the linear viscoelastic differential constitutive law and cable structural model, the coupled longitudinal-transverse waves that propagate along a viscoelastic cable with small curvature is investigated. A mathematical model is presented that describes the three-dimensional nonlinear response of a viscoelastic cable. An asymptotic form of this model is obtained for the linear response of cables having small equilibrium curvature. The spectral relation governing the propagating waves is derived using transform methods. The spectral relation is employed in deriving a Green's function that is then used to construct solutions for in-plane response under distributed harmonic excitation. Analysis of forced response reveals the existence of two types of periodic waves that propagate through the cable, one characterizing extension-comprehensive deformation and the other characteristic transverse deformation. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 59635140).     

Three-dimensional oscillations of suspended cables involving simultaneous internal resonances

The near resonant response of suspended, elastic cables driven by planar excitation is investigated using a three degree-of-freedom model. The model captures the interaction of a symmetric in-plane mode with two out-of-plane modes. The modes are coupled through quadratic and cubic nonlinearities arising from nonlinear cable stretching. For particular magnitudes of equilibrium curvature, the natural frequency of the in-plane mode is simultaneously commensurable with the natural frequencies of the two out-of-plane modes in 1:1 and 2:1 ratios. A second nonlinear order perturbation analysis is used to determine the existence and stability of four classes of periodic solutions. The perturbation solutions are compared with results obtained by numerically integrating the equations of motion. Furthermore, numerical simulations demonstrate the existence of quasiperiodic responses.A portion of this work was presented at the 1992 ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA.     

Random excitation of coupled oscillators with single and simultaneous internal resonances

The primary objective of this paper is to examine the random response characteristics of coupled nonlinear oscillators in the presence of single and simultaneous internal resonances. A model of two coupled beams with nonlinear inertia interaction is considered. The primary beam is directly excited by a random support motion, while the coupled beam is indirectly excited through autoparametric coupling and parametric excitation. For a single one-to-two internal resonance, we used Gaussian and non-Gaussian closures, Monte Carlo simulation, and experimental testing to predict and measure response statistics and stochastic bifurcation in the mean square. The mean square stability boundaries of the coupled beam equilibrium position are obtained by a Gaussian closure scheme. The stochastic bifurcation of the coupled beam is predicted theoretically and experimentally. The stochastic bifurcation predicted by non-Gaussian closure is found to take place at a lower excitation level than the one predicted by Gaussian closure and Monte Carlo simulation. It is also found that above a certain excitation level, the solution obtained by non-Gaussian closure reveals numerical instability at much lower excitation levels than those obtained by Gaussian and Monte Carlo approaches. The experimental observations reveal that the coupled beam does not reach a stationary state, as reflected by the time evolution of the mean square response. For the case of simultaneous internal resonances, both Gaussian and non-Gaussian closures fail to predict useful results, and attention is focused on Monte Carlo simulation and experimental testing. The effects of nonlinear coupling parameters, internal detuning ratios, and excitation spectral density level are considered in both investigations. It is found that both studies reveal common nonlinear features such as bifurcations in the mean square responses of the coupled beam and modal interaction in the neighborhood of internal resonances. Furthermore, there is an upper limit for the excitation level above which the system experiences unbounded response in the neighborhood of simultaneous internal resonances.     

Nonlinear vibration of viscoelastic sandwich plates under narrow-band random excitations

The effect of the narrow-band random excitation on the non-linear response of sandwich plates with an incompressible viscoelastic core is investigated. To model the core, both the transverse shear strains and rotations are assumed to be moderate and the displacement field in the thickness direction is assumed to be linear for the in-plane components and quadratic for the out-of-plane components. In connection to the moderate shear strains considered for the core, a non-linear single-integral viscoelastic model is also used for constitutive modeling of the core. The fifth-order perturbation method is used together with the Galerkin method to transform the nine partial differential equations to a single ordinary integro-differential equation. Converting the lower-order viscoelastic integral term to the differential form, the fifth-order method of multiple scale is applied together with the method of reconstitution to obtain the stochastic phase-amplitude equations. The Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov equation corresponding to these equations is then solved by the finite difference method, to determine the probability density of the response. The variation of root mean square and marginal probability density of the response amplitude with excitation deterministic frequency and magnitudes are investigated and the bimodal distribution is recognized in narrow ranges of excitation frequency and magnitude.     

Two-to-one resonant multi-modal dynamics of horizontal/inclined cables. Part I: Theoretical formulation and model validation

This paper is first of the two papers dealing with analytical investigation of resonant multi-modal dynamics due to 2:1 internal resonances in the finite-amplitude free vibrations of horizontal/inclined cables. Part I deals with theoretical formulation and validation of the general cable model. Approximate nonlinear partial differential equations of 3-D coupled motion of small sagged cables – which account for both spatio-temporal variation of nonlinear dynamic tension and system asymmetry due to inclined sagged configurations – are presented. A multi-dimensional Galerkin expansion of the solution of nonplanar/planar motion is performed, yielding a complete set of system quadratic/cubic coefficients. With the aim of parametrically studying the behavior of horizontal/inclined cables in Part II [25], a second-order asymptotic analysis under planar 2:1 resonance is accomplished by the method of multiple scales. On accounting for higher-order effects of quadratic/cubic nonlinearities, approximate closed-form solutions of nonlinear amplitudes, frequencies and dynamic configurations of resonant nonlinear normal modes reveal the dependence of cable response on resonant/nonresonant modal contributions. Depending on simplifying kinematic modeling and assigned system parameters, approximate horizontal/inclined cable models are thoroughly validated by numerically evaluating statics and non-planar/planar linear/non-linear dynamics against those of the exact model. Moreover, the modal coupling role and contribution of system longitudinal dynamics are discussed for horizontal cables, showing some meaningful effects due to kinematic condensation.     

A new study of chaotic behavior and the existence of Feigenbaum’s constants in fractional-degree Yin–Yang Hénon maps

hing dynamics in a square tank are numerically investigated when the tank is subjected to horizontal, narrowband random ground excitation. The natural frequencies of the two predominant sloshing modes are identical and therefore 1:1 internal resonance may occur. Galerkin’s method is applied to derive the modal equations of motion for nonlinear sloshing including higher modes. The Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate response statistics such as mean square values and probability density functions (PDFs). The two predominant modes exhibit complex phenomena including “autoparametric interaction” because they are nonlinearly coupled with each other. The mean square responses of these two modes and the liquid elevation are found to differ significantly from those of the corresponding linear model, depending on the characteristics of the random ground excitation such as bandwidth, center frequency and excitation direction. It is found that the direction of the excitation is a significant factor in predicting the mean square responses. The frequency response curves for the same system subjected to equivalent harmonic excitation are also calculated and compared with the mean square responses to further explain the phenomena. Changing the liquid level causes the peak of the mean square response to shift. Furthermore, the risk of the liquid overspill from the tank is discussed by showing the three-dimensional distribution charts of the mean square responses of liquid elevations.     

随机窄带参激下二自由度非线性系统

研究了带平方二自由度非线性系统在随机窄带参数激励下，用多尺度法分离了系统的快变项，讨论了系统的各参数对响应的影响。在一定条件下，系统具有两个均方响应值，具有跳跃现象和饱和现象，数值模拟表明提出的方法是有效的。     

谐和与窄带随机噪声联合作用下Duffing系统的参数主共振

研究了Ｄｕｆｉｎｇ振子在谐和与窄带随机噪声联合激励下的参数主共振响应和稳定性问题．用多尺度法分离了系统的快变项，并求出了系统的最大Ｌｙａｐｕｎｏｖ指数．本文还分析了失稳及跳跃现象，及系统的阻尼项、非线性项、随机项、确定性参激强度对系统响应的影响．数值模拟表明本文提出的方法是有效的．     

Numerical simulations of jump phenomena in stable Duffing systems

In this paper the jump phenomena in quasilinear Duffing systems under sinusoidal and narrow band random excitations are examined by numerical simulations. The simulation results for sinusoidal excitations agree very well with analytical solutions obtained by the equivalent linearization method. The results showing the sensitivity of the periodic responses to the initial conditions are believed to be the first published in the literature. The simulation results for narrow band random excitations confirm that multi-level mean square responses can occur for mono-level excitations, but only for very narrow bandwidth excitations. The multi-level random responses are also sensitive to initial conditions. As the bandwidth of the excitation broadens, the multi-level responses merge into a single level one.     

RHEOLOGICAL FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF CABLE BY CONSIDERING THE SECOND ORDER EFFECTS OF RANDOM SLACK

In this paper,we consider the cable as a bundle consisting of n sub-bundles,with mparallel tension members per sub-bundle,and the tension members themselves are polymeric yarns im-pregnated with a resin matrix.The nonfailed members at any instant must share an applied system loadaccording to some rule,since there is a clearly expressed dependence of the fracture on the durationand character of the loading.So then,the fracture of cable is a process of nonlinear dynamic evolu-tion,which accommodates to the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of irreversible processes by itself.Let us assume that the polymeric yarns are as viscoelastic solid,under certain probabilistic assump-tions,according to the principles of theology of bodies with defects,the relationship between the singlemember loading and failure and the bundle loading are investigated.It can be shown that the bundlefailure time is asymptotically normally distributed as the number of members grows large.After astudy of the second order effects of random slack,it is known that the asymptotic mean and varianceare functions of the parameters of loading and single member rhcological behavior.Hence the loss inthe asymptotic bundle strength mean brought about by random member and sub-bundle slack,L.,andthe loss in the asymptotic bundle strength variance caused by random member slack,Δ_(?),are deter-mined.And finally,it is known that the asymptotic time of failure can make up a considerable part ofthe fracture of cable,and the fracture of cable is a time-dependent process of rheological fracture.     

Random excitation of nonlinear coupled oscillators

This paper presents the experimental results of random excitation of a nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom system in the neighborhood of internal resonance. The random signals of the excitation and response coordinates are processed to estimate the mean squares, autocorrelation functions, power spectral densities, and probability density functions. The results are qualitatively compared with those predicted by the Fokker-Planck equation together with a non-Gaussian closure scheme. The effects of system damping ratios, nonlinear coupling parameter, internal detuning ratio, and excitation spectral density level are considered in both studies except the effect of damping ratios is not considered in the experimental investigation. Both studies reveal similar dynamic features such as autoparametric absorber effect and stochastic instability of the coupled system. The experimental results show that the autocorrelation function of the coupled system has the feature of ultra narrow band process and degenerates to a periodic one as the internal detuning departs from the exact internal resonance condition. The measured probability density functions of the response of the main system suggests that the Gaussian representation is sufticient as long as the excitation level is relatively low in the neighborhood of the system internal resonance condition.     

An equivalent nonlinearization method for analysing response of nonlinear systems to random excitations

I.IntroductionInthelasttwodecades,theresponseofstochasticallyexcitednonlinearsystemshavebeenresearcheddeeplyandwidely.Manyexactandapproximatemethodsofpredictingtheresponseofnonlinearsystemstorandomexcitationshavebeenprop0sedl']'l21.Becauseofv4riousreasons…     

Stability of elastic and viscoelastic systems under a random perturbations of their parameters

Summary The present paper is concerned with the investigation of the almost sure stability of elastic and viscoelastic systems, when their parameters assume a random wide-band stationary process. The parameters are parametric loads, characteristics of external damping and material viscosity. With the help of Liapunov's direct method, the sufficient condition of the almost sure asymptotic stability for distributed parameter systems with respect to perturbations of initial conditions of an arbitrary form is obtained. It is shown that, in some cases, this condition coincides with a similar condition derived from the assumption that the form of sure and required perturbations coincides with the first eigenfunction of system oscillations. However, an example is given for the stability of a viscoelastic rod, when the perturbations of initial conditions are more dangerous, if their form differs from the first eigenfunction.This research was sponsored by the Russian Foundation of Fundamental Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences under Grant 94-01-01522.     

Nonlinear oscillations of suspended cables containing a two-to-one internal resonance

The near-resonant response of suspended, elastic cables driven by planar excitation is investigated using a two degree-of-fredom model. The model captures the interaction of a symmetric in-plane mode and an out-of-plane mode with near commensurable natural frequencies in a 2:1 ratio. The modes are coupled through quadratic and cubic nonlinearities arising from nonlinear cable stretching. The existence and stability of periodic solutions are investigated using a second order perturbation analysis. The first order analysis shows that suspended cables may exhibit saturation and jump phenomena. The second order analysis, however, reveals that the cubic nonlinearities and higher order corrections disrupt saturation. The stable, steady state solutions for the second order analysis compare favorably with results obtained by numerically integrating the equations of motion.     

DYNAMIC STABILITY OF A BEAM-MODEL VISCOELASTIC PIPE FOR CONVEYING PULSATIVE FLUID

The dynamic stability in transverse vibration of a viscoelastic pipe for conveying pulsative fluid is investigated for the simply-supported case.The material property of the beam- model pipe is described by the Kelvin-type viscoelastic constitutive relation.The axial fluid speed is characterized as simple harmonic variation about a constant mean speed.The method of mul- tiple scales is applied directly to the governing partial differential equation without discretization when the viscoelastic damping and the periodical excitation are considered small.The stability conditions are presented in the case of subharmonic and combination resonance.Numerical results show the effect of viscosity and mass ratio on instability regions.     

Theoretical development and closed-form solution of nonlinear vibrations of a directly excited nanotube-reinforced composite cantilevered beam

The nonlinear equations of motion of planar bending vibration of an inextensible viscoelastic carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced cantilevered beam are derived. The viscoelastic model in this analysis is taken to be the Kelvin–Voigt model. The Hamilton principle is employed to derive the nonlinear equations of motion of the cantilever beam vibrations. The nonlinear part of the equations of motion consists of cubic nonlinearity in inertia, damping, and stiffness terms. In order to study the response of the system, the method of multiple scales is applied to the nonlinear equations of motion. The solution of the equations of motion is derived for the case of primary resonance, considering that the beam is vibrating due to a direct excitation. Using the properties of a CNT-reinforced composite beam prototype, the results for the vibrations of the system are theoretically and experimentally obtained and compared.     

The probability stability of viscoelastic plates

The almost sure stability of homogeneous viscoelastic plates subjected to a random wide-band stationary in-plane load is investigated. The viscoelastic behavior of the plate is described in terms of the Boltzmann superposition principle, the relaxation kemels of which are represented by the sums of exponents. On the assumption that the in-plane load is random wide-band stationary process, sufficient conditions for almost sure stability of viscoelastic plates are obtained by the applications of Lyapunov's direct method. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 59635140) and the National Postdoctoral Foundation.     

Nonlinear dynamic response of axially moving,stretched viscoelastic strings

The dynamical response of axially moving, partially supported, stretched viscoelastic belts is investigated analytically in this paper. The Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic material model is considered and material, not partial, time derivative is employed in the viscoelastic constitutive relation. The string is considered as a three part system: one part resting on a nonlinear foundation and two that are free to vibrate. The tension in the belt span is assumed to vary periodically over a mean value (as it occurs in real mechanisms), and the corresponding equation of motion is derived by applying Newton’s second law of motion for an infinitesimal element of the string. The method of multiple scales is applied to the governing equation of motion, and nonlinear natural frequencies and complex eigenfunctions of the system are obtained analytically. Regarding the resonance case, the limit-cycle of response is formulated analytically. Finally, the effects of system parameters such as axial speed, excitation characteristics, viscousity and foundation modulus on the dynamical response, natural frequencies and bifurcation points of system are presented.     

Nonlinear Random Response of Ocean Structures Using First- and Second-Order Stochastic Averaging

This paper deals with the dynamic response of nonlinear elastic structure subjected to random hydrodynamic forces and parametric excitation using a first- and second-order stochastic averaging method. The governing equation of motion is derived by using Hamilton's principle, taking into account inertia and curvature nonlinearities and work done due to hydrodynamic forces. Within the framework of first-order stochastic averaging, the system response statistics and stability boundaries are obtained. Unfortunately, the effects of nonlinear inertia and curvature are not reflected in the final results, since the contribution of these nonlinearities is lost during the averaging process. In the absence of hydrodynamic forces, the method fails to give bounded response statistics, and the analysis yields stability conditions. It is the second-order stochastic averaging which can capture the influence of stiffness and inertia nonlinearities that were lost in the first-order averaging process. The results of the second-order averaging are compared with those predicted by Gaussian and non-Gaussian closures and by Monte Carlo simulation. In the absence of parametric excitation, the non-Gaussian closure solutions are in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulation. On the other hand, in the absence of hydrodynamic forces, second-order averaging gives more reliable results in the neighborhood of stochastic bifurcation. However, under pure parametric random excitation, the stochastic averaging and Monte Carlo simulation predict the on-off intermittency phenomenon near bifurcation point, in addition to stochastic bifurcation in probability.     

NONLINEAR VIBRATIONS OF AXIALLY ACCELERATING VISCOELASTIC TIMOSHENKO BEAMS

研究了轴向加速黏弹性Timoshenko梁的非线性参数振动。参数激励是由径向变化张力和轴向速度波动引起的。引入了取决于轴向加速度的径向变化张力,同时还考虑了有限支撑刚度对张力的影响。应用广义哈密尔顿原理建立了Timoshenko梁耦合平面运动的控制方程和相关的边界条件。黏弹性本构关系采用Kelvin模型并引入物质时间导数。耦合方程简化为具有随时间和空间变化系数的积分-偏微分型非线性方程。采用直接多尺度法分析了Timoshenko梁的组合参数共振。根据可解性条件得到了Timoshenko梁的稳态响应,并应用Routh-Hurvitz判据确定了稳态响应的稳定性。最后通过一系列数值例子描述了黏弹性系数、平均轴向速度、剪切变形系数、转动惯量系数、速度脉动幅值、有限支撑刚度参数以及非线性系数对稳态响应的影响。