On ferroelectric crystals with engineered domain configurations

This paper examines the engineered domain configurations and the macroscopic properties of ferroelectric crystals using an energy minimization theory. The energy minimizing domain configurations have been constructed, and their macroscopic properties have been calculated and compared well with experiments. The optimal domain configurations have also been identified.     

铁电材料的疲劳失效行为

在航空航天、核能发电等重大装备技术领域, 作为高温传感/驱动/能量收集器件的敏感材料——铋层状结构铁电(BLSF)陶瓷在复杂载荷环境下的疲劳失效问题严重限制着器件寿命和可靠性的提高. 本文以BLSF陶瓷的应用需求为背景, 围绕铁电材料的疲劳裂纹扩展与电畴极化翻转及其相互作用机制等关键问题, 综述了铁电材料在热、力、电三种载荷及其耦合作用下疲劳失效行为的研究现状, 并根据当前铁电材料的一些新发展、新应用对其未来研究方向进行了展望, 旨在为高性能、长寿命铁电/压电器件设计提供参考.      

Continuum thermodynamics of ferroelectric domain evolution: Theory, finite element implementation, and application to domain wall pinning

A continuum thermodynamics framework is devised to model the evolution of ferroelectric domain structures. The theory falls into the class of phase-field or diffuse-interface modeling approaches. Here a set of micro-forces and governing balance laws are postulated and applied within the second law of thermodynamics to identify the appropriate material constitutive relationships. The approach is shown to yield the commonly accepted Ginzburg-Landau equation for the evolution of the polarization order parameter. Within the theory a form for the free energy is postulated that can be applied to fit the general elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of a ferroelectric material near its spontaneously polarized state. Thereafter, a principle of virtual work is specified for the theory and is implemented to devise a finite element formulation. The theory and numerical methods are used to investigate the fields near straight 180° and 90° domain walls and to determine the electromechanical pinning strength of an array of line charges on 180° and 90° domain walls.     

Obtaining Fourier series graphically from large amplitude oscillatory shear loops

Large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) flow has been used to characterize the nonlinear viscoelasticity of polymer melts and solutions. Results are frequently reported with shear stress versus strain loops, or with shear stress versus shear rate loops. A Fourier analysis of the stress response to LAOS is often desired for comparison with theory, or for quantitative comparison between resins. A method is presented which employs the discrete Fourier transform to obtain the Fourier series coefficients from LAOS loops.     

PZT压电陶瓷高温变形与失效的实验研究

随着工业设备集成化进程的加快,PZT压电陶瓷获得越来越广泛的应用,其工作环境也越来越复杂.例如,新一代节能环保型发动机中起致动作用的压电陶瓷叠层驱动器,工作时要承受力-热-电载荷的共同作用.因此,研究PZT压电陶瓷在高温下的变形与失效行为,对工业设计具有重要的指导意义.为此,本文利用自行搭建的压电陶瓷高温下电滞回线、蝶形回线和应力退极化曲线的测试装置,研究了PZT压电陶瓷在不同温度下的电致变形和应力退极化行为,得到了材料在不同温度下的电滞回线、蝶形回线、应力电位移曲线和应力应变曲线.实验结果表明,随着温度的升高,由电滞回线测得的剩余极化逐渐减小,蝶形回线逐渐变扁;由应力退极化产生的剩余极化和剩余应变也逐渐减小.极化量的改变是由材料的热释电效应(自发极化随温度的升高而减小)造成的,而应变量的变化是由晶胞畸变随着温度升高而减小所致.     

Electromechanical deformation and fracture of piezoelectric/ferroelectric materials

This review presents the progress and current status of the investigation on electromechamical deformation and fracture of piezoelectric/ferroelectric materials. An attempt is made to summarize a few fundamental aspects, which include electromechanical constitutive relations, piezoelectric micromechanics and electric fracture and fatigue, instead of describing all technological backgrounds, basic physics, experimental findings, and theoretical developments. A number of open questions and future prospective are presented. It is hoped that this review will encourage people to joint the exploration of this important and interesting field. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (100025209)     

Displacement fields and self-energies of circular and polygonal dislocation loops in homogeneous and layered anisotropic solids

There are large classes of materials problems that involve the solutions of stress, displacement, and strain energy of dislocation loops in elastically anisotropic solids, including increasingly detailed investigations of the generation and evolution of irradiation induced defect clusters ranging in sizes from the micro- to meso-scopic length scales. Based on a two-dimensional Fourier transform and Stroh formalism that are ideal for homogeneous and layered anisotropic solids, we have developed robust and computationally efficient methods to calculate the displacement fields for circular and polygonal dislocation loops. Using the homogeneous nature of the Green tensor of order −1, we have shown that the displacement and stress fields of dislocation loops can be obtained by numerical quadrature of a line integral. In addition, it is shown that the sextuple integrals associated with the strain energy of loops can be represented by the product of a pre-factor containing elastic anisotropy effects and a universal term that is singular and equal to that for elastic isotropic case. Furthermore, we have found that the self-energy pre-factor of prismatic loops is identical to the effective modulus of normal contact, and the pre-factor of shear loops differs from the effective indentation modulus in shear by only a few percent. These results provide a convenient method for examining dislocation reaction energetic and efficient procedures for numerical computation of local displacements and stresses of dislocation loops, both of which play integral roles in quantitative defect analyses within combined experimental–theoretical investigations.     

Numerical Simulation of a CT-Scanned Counter-Current Flow Experiment

Counter-current flow occurs in many reservoir processes and it is important to understand and model these processes in order to operate them effectively. Both drainage and imbibition processes exist simultaneously during counter-current flow. It has thus proven difficult to model this type of flow using conventional techniques because of the impossibility of assigning a single capillary pressure curve applicable over the entire sample. In the current paper, a new saturation-history-dependent approach has been developed to simulate a counter-current flow experiment done with an X-ray CT scanner. Hysteresis in both capillary pressure and relative permeabilities is considered during simulation. Capillary hysteresis loop and relative permeabilities are extracted through history matching and a family of scanning curves is constructed connecting the two branches of the capillary hysteresis loop. Each gridblock of the sample is assigned a different scanning curve according to the local saturation history. History-dependent modeling of the experiment reproduced two-dimensional saturation distributions over time with good accuracy, which cannot be obtained with traditional simulation using only one capillary pressure curve.     

Electrically excitable purely mechanical resonances in piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials - geometrical considerations

Mechanical displacements of electrically excited specimens of piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials are determined using a displacement laser interferometer system. It is found that purely mechanical resonances can exist in these specimens independent of any detectable electrical disturbance, including virgin and depoled specimens of ferroelectric ceramics. For specimens of the ceramic PZT8 it is shown that the number of purely mechanical resonances increases with decreasing specimen thicknesses, but there seems to be no other correlation between the resonances and the geometries of the specimens. Preliminary experimental evidence indicates that for the case of ferroelectric ceramics occurrence of the resonances may be due to the coupling of the driving voltage to the unit cell dipoles of the domains - this is suggestive of a dependence of domain structure.     

Forced Vibration of Continuous System with Unsymmetrical Collision Characteristics

This paper deals with steady-state response of a continuous system with nonlinear boundary conditions which are motion-limiting constraint. An analytical method of approximate solution for the continuous system with unsymmetrical collision characteristics in which the beam end collides with a stop once in one period of its vibration is presented. Some numerical results of the approximate solution are shown. Contrary to the case of continuous system with symmetrical collision characteristics, the resonance curves of nonlinear response of approximate solution are shown as discontinuous line. Some numerical results of a continuous system with no hysteresis damping are compared with those of a continuous system with hysteresis damping and a single-degree-of-freedom system.     

确定σ_（0．2）的一种新途径

高精度试验机绘出的材料拉伸试验曲线，往往没有明显的初始直线段，用Ｅ－平行线法求得的σ１．２常常具有较大误差。为了降低误差，采用拉伸曲线上０．１Ｆｂ和０．５Ｆｂ两点连线作基准，再以平行线法求σ０．２，这样得到的σ０．２非常接近用“逐步逼近法”［１］得到的σ０．２这种简易方法不仅适合手工图解，而且适合新式试验机，如岛津ＡＧ—Ｅ的计算机图解。     

MODIFICATION OF ONE-DIMENSION COUPLED HYSTERESIS MODEL FOR GMM WITH THE DOMAIN FLEXING FUNCTION

This paper focuses on eliminating the unphysical negative susceptibility which ap- pears when magnetic field is at unsaturated excitation level and reduces from extremity of the hysteresis loop in one-dimension coupled hysteresis model. The domain flexing function c （H） is used to replace the domain flexing constant c in one-dimension coupled hysteresis model. The fea- sibility and rationality of proposed modification are convinced by comparing the magnetization and magnetostriction curves with experimental data and another typical modification results. The effects of pre-stress and temperature on magnetic-elastic-thermal coupling property and hysteresis behavior are investigated.     

Phase-field modeling of crack propagation in piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials with different electromechanical crack conditions

We present a family of phase-field models for fracture in piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials. These models couple a variational formulation of brittle fracture with, respectively, (1) the linear theory of piezoelectricity, and (2) a Ginzburg–Landau model of the ferroelectric microstructure to address the full complexity of the fracture phenomenon in these materials. In these models, both the cracks and the ferroelectric domain walls are represented in a diffuse way by phase-fields. The main challenge addressed here is encoding various electromechanical crack models (introduced as crack-face boundary conditions in sharp models) into the phase-field framework. The proposed models are verified through comparisons with the corresponding sharp-crack models. We also perform two dimensional finite element simulations to demonstrate the effect of the different crack-face conditions, the electromechanical loading and the media filling the crack gap on the crack propagation and the microstructure evolution. Salient features of the results are compared with experiments.     

Damage model for flexural strength variation of ferroelectric materials induced by electric field

Ferroelectric material is being used widely in aerospace related applications, namely active control of large flexible space trusses, structure acoustics and helicopter rotary blades. Degradation of material properties affects the safety and reliability of these structural members. In particular, the flexural strength of ferroelectric materials tend to reduce when they are exposed to electric field. Experimentation cannot always explain the underlying reasons of these physical phenomena. To that end, a damage model is presented to study the switching process induced by applied electric field that might be the cause of damage. Furthermore, evolution of internal damage is considered using irreversible thermodynamics. Two relations are assumed to associate the flexural strength with the damage variable. Available test data for three-point-bend test are used to test the model for a PZT material exposed to electric field. The results reveal the validity of the present damage model while the critical strain energy density criterion led to a more reasonable correlation.     

TC25钛合金低周疲劳特性与断口分析

对TC25钛合金进行不同应力幅值下的低周疲劳试验,测试钛合金的低周疲劳寿命.在分析钛合金的低周疲劳应力应变迟滞回线的基础上,利用试验特性和应力应变本构关系,推导简化的Manson-Coffin公式,获取钛合金的应力-寿命曲线.最后,应用SEM对钛合金试样断口进行形貌观测,分析低周疲劳的断裂机理.结果表明,TC25钛合金的低周疲劳塑性变形,主要产生在加速断裂阶段.钛合金试样断面存在多处剪切唇,瞬时断裂由剪应力主导.钛合金的低周疲劳断裂以解理形核形成疲劳源,裂纹扩展存在多种模式,瞬断为准脆性断裂.     

基于气体吸附法和压汞法对页岩孔隙结构的研究1)

四川盆地威远、渝西地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩广泛发育,为定量研究该区页岩孔隙结构特征,以威远、渝西地区页岩样品为例,运用二氧化碳吸附、低温氮吸附和高压压汞等实验技术,研究了目标储层的孔隙结构及孔径分布特征。结果表明,微孔发育主要集中于0.45 ~ 0.65 nm之间,介孔发育主要集中于2 ~5 nm之间,宏孔发育相对较差且分布不均匀;比表面积与微孔成正相关性,主要孔隙类型是细颈广体的墨水瓶孔等无定形孔隙,并含有一定量四周开放的平行板孔。     

Loading and unloading split hopkinson pressure bar pulse-shaping techniques for dynamic hysteretic loops

Pulse-shaping techniques are developed for both the loading and unloading paths of a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiment to obtain valid dynamic stress-strain loops for engineering materials. Front and rear pulse-shapers, in association with a momentum trap, are used to precisely control the profiles of the loading and unloading portions of the incident pulse. The modifications, ensure that the specimen deforms at the same constant strain rate under dynamic stress equilibrium during both loading and unloading stages of an experiment so that dynamic stress-strain loops can be accurately determined. Dynamic stress-strain loops with a constant strain rate for a nickel-titanium shape memory alloy and polymethyl methacrylate are determined using the modified SHPB. The modified momentum trap prevents repeated loading on a specimen without affecting the amplitude of the desired loading pulse and without damaging the bar at high stress levels.