Heat transfer in falling laminar-wavy liquid films

Heat transfer in the laminar-wavy film of liquid falling over the heated plate is studied numerically. To describe the wavy film flow the integral model is applied. Calculation results demonstrate the effect of physical properties of liquid and wavy flow parameters on heat transfer intensification by stationary running waves.     

NMR velocimetry of falling liquid films

First results on NMR velocimetry of falling liquid films are presented. A film of average thickness 1 mm and width 40 mm is sustained by a continuous flow of silicon oil over a vertical plate made from PMMA. The spatial distribution of velocities is measured using a double spin--echo imaging pulse sequence supplemented by a bipolar velocity encoding gradient. Spin density and velocity images as well as two-dimensional velocity maps of different situations, i.e., undisturbed and disturbed falling film flow, are discussed. Experimental and theoretical velocity data for undisturbed film flow are compared.     

Numerical simulation of wave formation in the falling liquid films

The process of wave formation in the falling films of liquid nitrogen was simulated numerically in the framework of the hydrodynamic model of Kapitsa — Shkadov. The typical wave characteristics were calculated for different inlet Reynolds numbers. The effect of parameters of small initial perturbations on wave formation was studied. Satisfactory agreement of numerical simulation results and experimental data is shown.     

Study on the temperature distribution of heated falling liquid films

A 2-D theoretical model was derived to present the temperature distribution of falling liquid films flowing over a vertical heated/cooled plate with constant temperature. And the temperature gradients for different flow rates and fluids were also discussed for different liquid films. The temperature distributions for liquid films of water, ethanol aqueous solutions and glycerol aqueous solutions were experimentally investigated with a sensitive thermal imaging system. It is found that the surface temperature of a film flowing over a vertical heated solid plate has a characteristic relationship with the film flow distance. A lower flow rate of the film or a higher temperature of the wall generally leads to a higher surface temperature in the film inception. For films of glycerol aqueous solutions under the same heating conditions, a lower glycerol concentration causes a higher surface temperature of the film, due to the decrease of the liquid viscosity, whereas the ethanol concentration is found to have little influence on the temperature distribution of the film surface. Comparisons of the experimental data and the theoretical model show that the model can adequately describe the surface temperature distribution of a heated falling liquid film.     

Crisis phenomena in falling liquid films at periodic heat loads

Experimental results on development of crisis phenomena in a falling film of cryogenic liquid at alternating pulse heat release are presented. Experimental data on local temperature evolution along a heat releasing surface are obtained. It is shown that amplitude of heater temperature pulsations depends significantly on the heat flux density and coordinates along the liquid film flow. New experimental data on the critical heat fluxes corresponding to formation of stable dry spots and drying crisis are presented depending on duration of heat release pulses. It is shown that parameters of the forming metastable regular structures and critical drying parameters of the heat-releasing surface are determined by dynamics of the movable boundaries of wetting during self-organization of a system.     

Dry spot growth criterion for isothermal liquid films on a horizontal substrate

A criterion was elaborated for the phenomenon of dry spot evolution in isothermal liquid films on a horizontal substrate. The formulas are presented for gravity force and surface tension acting upon an element of the rim around the dry spot. The forces balance gives the evolution of initial dry spot: to expand or to contract.     

Heat transfer and crisis phenomena with intense boiling in the falling wave liquid films

Experimental data on heat transfer with intense evaporation in the falling films of liquid nitrogen were analysed. According to data generalization, heat transfer at evaporation becomes more intense under the precrisis modes at high heat fluxes for two studied boundary conditions on the heat-releasing surface: T _w ≈ const and q _w ≈ const. The relative contributions of conductive and convective components of heat transfer for different heat fluxes were estimated due to statistical treatment of the wave characteristics carried out by the capacitance probes for measurement of the local liquid film thickness. It was found out that heat transfer intensification is mainly caused by a drastic decrease in thermal resistance of the local zones with intensely evaporating residual layer between large waves. At that, the convective component of heat transfer related to wave perturbations on a free surface of a liquid film decreases significantly with a rise of heat fluxes. New data on pulsations of the local temperature of the heat-releasing surface were obtained at different points along the flow with the modes of “dry spot” formation. The work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant No. 03-02-04027-NNIO-a) and DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, project Nos. Re-463-37-1 and SFB-540).     

Low-dimensional models for vertically falling viscous films

Long wave evolution on free falling viscous films is described using a new evolution equation. The scaling proposed here brings in the viscous and pressure correction terms that are missing in the existing long-wave equations. Small amplitude expansion of the equation gives a dissipative form of the Kuromoto-Sivashinsky equation. Improved accuracy of the new equation over existing equations is demonstrated by comparison of neutral curves with Orr-Sommerfeld equations and experimental data.     

Experimental investigation of thermal structures in regular three-dimensional falling films

The European Physical Journal Special Topics - Interfacial waves on the surface of a falling liquid film are known to modify heat and mass transfer. Under non-isothermal conditions, the wave...     

落球法测液体粘度实验的改进

采用光电计时装置,对落球法测定液体粘度实验作了改进,减少了由手控计时引起的误差,提高了实验的准确度,扩大了测量范围．     

动态聚焦中小焦斑的波前判据

在直接驱动中, 由于靶丸在内爆过程中不断压缩变小, 激光束的初始焦斑与压缩后的靶丸不再匹配, 导致能量从靶丸边缘流失. 光学动态聚焦是指在靶丸压缩变小的过程中, 动态减小辐照焦斑的尺寸, 这对提高光束与靶丸的耦合效率有着非常重要的意义. 靶丸压缩后期小焦斑的实现条件是解决光学动态聚焦的首要问题. 根据光的全频段传输规律, 本文采用构造低频和中高频波前畸变源的方法, 在不同目标焦斑的束匀滑条件下, 分别给出了小焦斑尺寸与低频波前、中高频波前的定标关系, 作为小焦斑实现方式的波前判据. 根据波前判据即可找出要实现不同的小焦斑需对低频和中高频波前畸变矫正控制的范围. 关键词： 直接驱动 光学动态聚焦 波前畸变 焦斑尺寸     

Identification criterion for the mechanisms of orientation instability of cholesteric liquid crystals in ultrasonic fields

An identification criterion is proposed and experimentally substantiated for the two independent acoustic mechanisms (vortex and relaxation ones) governing the formation of a system of two-dimensional domains in a planar layer of a cholesteric liquid crystal in the frequency range where the sound wavelength is greater than the step of the cholesteric circuit. The results of measuring the critical compression amplitude in mesophase layers with thicknesses from 40 to 240 μm are presented for frequencies lower and higher than the frequency equal to the inverse relaxation time of the orientation order parameter in a cholesteric liquid crystal. The data are obtained for diluted solutions of cholesterilchloride in a nematic liquid crystal with a circuit step varied from 2 to 30 μm. The concept of the binary nature of the acoustic mechanism that causes destabilization of the planar texture of a cholesteric liquid crystal in the frequency range under consideration is experimentally verified.     

Lasing in liquid crystal thin films

A lasing condition is formulated in matrix form for optically anisotropic thin films. Lasing behavior of liquid-crystal slabs is analyzed. In particular, it is shown that if the spatial extent of a liquid crystal slab is much larger than its thickness, then laser emission is feasible not only along the normal to the slab, but also in the entire angular sector. The generated laser light can be observed experimentally as a spot or as concentric rings on a screen. The lowest lasing threshold corresponds to in-plane sliding modes leaking into the substrate. The feedback required for lasing is provided by reflection from the interfaces, rather than edges, of the liquid-crystal slab operating as a planar Fabry-Perot cavity. For cholesteric liquid crystals, it is shown that energy loss to the sliding modes leaking into the substrates and escaping through their edges is a key factor that limits the efficiency of band-edge emission along the normal to the slab.