免疫算法: 一种新的多组分重叠色谱信号的解析方法

色谱及其联用技术的快速发展使其成为复杂样品分析的重要手段,但在复杂样品分析中仍难以避免多组分色谱信号的重叠。化学计量学利用数学方法对复杂重叠信号进行解析,为复杂样品的色谱分析提供了新的手段。本文对免疫算法研究的近期进展进行了总结,并以具体的实例介绍了其在多组分重叠色谱信号解析方面的应用。     

Automation in the chemical analysis of suspect arson samples by GC/MS. A systematic approach

A method ist described that permits direct comparison of ion chromatograms between an isolate from a suspect fire debris sample and corresponding accelerant profiles. The system is highly automated and produces a diagnostic one page summary report for each sample. Side by side comparison of ion profiles is carried out between 4 common fuel types, e. g. gasoline, naphthenic type charcoal lighter fluid, mineral spirits, and kerosene, and the sample. Both qualitative and semiquantitative information is available. An on-line search can also be carried out in which mass spectra are compared between components in a suspect sample and standards that are contained in an accelerant library. The system is flexible and requires only minimal interaction with the analyst.     

Use of small diameter WCOT columns for ultra-high resolution GC/MS

For clinical and environmental analyses utilizing capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), increased sensitivity and speed of analysis are highly desirable. These performance advantages are realized using a WCOT column of 100 μm i.d. as compared to the more conventional 200 μm i.d. capillary columns. The improved sensitivity of capillary direct GC/MS with the 100 μm i.d. column for the confirmation of drugs of abuse will be demonstrated. For environmental analysis, the superior efficiency and resolution of the 100 μm i.d. column can be employed for the separation of priority pollutants. This approach is more amenable to capillary direct GC/MS providing a more effective interface to the mass spectrometer. As a result improved sensitivity and a considerable decrease in analysis time is achieved over that obtained with the larger diameter environmental specialty phase columns.     

Extractionless GC/MS analysis of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone with trifluoroacetic anhydride and heptafluoro-1-butanol from aqueous samples

gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a DEA Schedule I drug of abuse commonly spiked into beverages to incapacitate victims of sexual assault. GHB is a challenging drug for analysis by GC/MS because of its small size, charged nature, low volatility, and intramolecular esterification leading to gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). In this work an extractionless technique has been developed that allows for the use of an aqueous sample for direct derivatization. The technique uses a solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butanol (HFB) to derivatize the active hydrogens of GHB. The conversion of GBL into GHB can be forced under alkaline conditions by diluting the sample in 10 mM borate buffer, pH 12. GBL found in beverages intended for human consumption is treated as a Schedule I control substance analogue. Spikes of the two compounds into several beverage matrices gave quantitative recovery of GHB by GC/MS. The derivatization produces higher molecular mass products whose fragmentation pattern provides multiple peaks for confirmation and quantification. The concentration of GBL can also be indirectly determined by the method developed. Therefore, this extractionless technique is rapid, sensitive, and selective for the confirmation of the presence of GHB and GBL in commercial beverages.     

两种萃余煤的双氧水氧化产物的GC/MS分析

煤的氧化是研究煤的组成结构和从煤中获取有机化学品的重要手段 [ 1~4 ],包括过氧化氢氧化、氧化性酸氧化、氧气氧化、空气氧化、风化、干氧化和液相氧化等 [ 5~9 ]。迄今的有关研究基本上对原煤进行氧化,通过分析所得可溶物的量和组成推测煤的组成结构和氧化降解反应的机理。由于原煤本身存在可溶成分,以原煤作为反应物进行氧化反应时难以判断所得可溶成分是原煤固有的还是反应生成的。本研究以双氧水作为氧化剂,在比较温和的条件下对萃余煤进行氧化反应,通过GC/MS分析考察了反应混合物的组成结构。1　实验部分1.1　仪器与试剂　DZF…     

固相微萃取/气相色谱/质谱联用测定水中的2,4-二硝基苯酚

研究了水中痕量2,4-二硝基苯酚的固相微萃取（SPME）方法,得到了2,4-二硝基苯酚的SPME最佳萃取条件：水溶液调pH2,并用NaCl他和,在室温下直接萃取30min,气相色谱／质谱分析时,纤维探针在270℃下脱附3min。所建立的方法适于快速、方便地测定水中2,4-二硝基苯酚,不需浓缩和预处理。     

Application of neural networks with novel independent component analysis methodologies for the simultaneous determination of cadmium,copper, and lead using an ISE array

The paper introduces a novel chemometric strategy based on independent component analysis (ICA) coupled with a back‐propagation neural network. In this approach, one of the most popular ICA methods, the fast fixed‐point algorithm for ICA (fastICA), was implemented by the genetic algorithm (geneticICA) to avoid the local maxima problem commonly observed with fastICA. As a case study, an ion‐selective electrode (ISE) array, consisting of three working electrodes and one reference electrode, was used for the simultaneous determination of three heavy metals (cadmium, copper, and lead) in aqueous solutions, which are normally prone to severe interferences. The robustness and appropriateness of the approach were assessed using the average mean of relative error (MRE) of triplicated external validation. After configuration and optimization, the average MRE for Cu was <5%. For the determination of Cd and Pb, whose ISEs normally cannot tolerate Cu ions even at the microgram per liter levels, the MREs were 8%. This article demonstrated that this approach can be applied to the detection of heavy metal contamination in industrial wastewater with prediction accuracies comparable with other popular quantitative chemometric neural network methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cross validation and uncertainty estimates in independent component analysis

A data analysis tool, known as independent component analysis (ICA), is the main focus of this paper. The theory of ICA is briefly reviewed, and the underlying statistical assumptions and a practical algorithm are described. This paper introduces cross validation/jack-knifing and significance tests to ICA. Jack-knifing is applied to estimate uncertainties for the ICA loadings, which also serve as a basis for significance tests. These tests are shown to improve ICA performance, indicating how many components are mixed in the observed data, and also which parts of the extracted sources that contain significant information. We address the issue of stability for the ICA model through uncertainty plots. The ICA performance is compared to principal component analysis (PCA) for two selected applications, a simulated experiment and a real world application.     

纤维素酶前处理没药挥发油成分的GC/MS分析

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法分别从未处理和纤维素酶前处理的没药中提取挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)联用技术对其挥发油成分进行分析。从中分别鉴定出38种和34种化学成分,用峰面积归一法通过数据处理系统得出各化学成分在挥发油中的质量分数,占挥发油总成分的67.95%和70.05%。     

Analysis of turkish lignite tar by coupled LC/GC,GC/MS,and capillary SFC

This work describes the analysis of a pyrolysis product of a lignite sample obtained from the Turkish Goynuk reserve. The aliphatic, aromatic and polar compounds present in the tar are separated and identified by various chromatographic techniques: Capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), on-line high performance microbore liquid chromatography/capillary gas chromatography (LC/GC) and capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The suitability of each technique for this particular application is discussed, and semi-quantitative results are presented for the major components detected.     

GC/MS combined with chemometrics methods for quality control of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq: Determination of essential oils

A simple and rapid gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis method was developed for the determination of essential oils in the crude extract of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq (Sch.t.Briq). Five major volatiles (menthone, pulegone, 2-hydroxy-2-isopropenyl-5-methylcylohexanone, cis-pulegone oxide, and schizonal) were extracted and isolated from Sch.t.Briq as marker compounds for use in the quality control of herbal medicines. Various extraction techniques, such as solvent immersion, mechanical shaking, and sonication, were evaluated, and the greatest efficiency was observed with sonication extraction using petroleum ether. The dynamic range of the GC/MS method depended on the specific analyte; acceptable quantification was obtained between 10 and 1000 μg/mL for menthone and pulegone, and between 2.5 and 75.0 μg/mL for 2-hydroxy-2-isopropenyl-5-methylcylohexanone, cis-pulegone oxide, and schizonal. The method was deemed satisfactory by inter- and intra-day validation and exhibited both high accuracy and precision, with a relative standard deviation < 10%. Overall limits of detection were approximately 0.40–0.50 μg/mL, with a standard deviation (σ)-to-calibration slope (s) ratio (σ/s) of 3. The limit of quantitation in our experiments was approximately 2.5 μg/mL at a σ/s of 10. On the basement of method validation, 21 samples of Sch.t.Briq collected from markets in Korea were monitored for the quality control. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were performed on the analytical data of 21 different Sch.t.Briq samples in order to classify samples that were collected from different regions.     

GC/FT-IR: A unique choice for solvent analysis

The analysis of solvents for both purity and component identifications is routinely performed by gas chromatography (GC). Coupling it with the latest FT-IR systems results in a technique which yields ppm sensitivity and excellent library search results.     

基于高通量解析算法的复杂样品重叠气相色谱-质谱信号的快速分析

化学计量学算法为重叠气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)信号的解析提供了有效手段,但其在计算过程中一般需要将数据进行分段处理,然后只对信号的某些区间进行解析,难以实现真正意义上的高通量分析。该文结合移动窗口目标转换因子分析(MWTTFA)和非负免疫算法(NNIA),建立了一种高通量解析方法。首先,根据所有可能存在的目标组分的标准质谱信息,利用MWTTFA检验复杂信号中存在的组分,并确定目标组分的质谱信息和洗脱时间区域。以得到的质谱信息作为后续计算的输入值,利用NNIA解析得到相应的色谱信息。采用快速升温程序对17种和42种农药混合标准样品的GC-MS信号进行分析,利用所建立的方法可在10 min内得到全部组分的色谱和质谱信息。     

Resolving overlapping GC–MS signals with a multistep screening chemometric approach for the fast determination of pesticides

For the rapid analysis of multicomponent mixtures using GC–MS, a chemometric multistep screening approach was proposed to extract the signals of the components from the overlapping signals measured with a very fast temperature program. At first, independent component analysis was used to find all the possible mass spectra from the overlapping signal in the moving windows along the retention time, and iterative target transformation factor analysis was employed to validate the existence of the extracted spectra from each window. Then, identical signals in the validated spectra were excluded using match ratio as a criterion. Finally, the chromatographic profiles for each spectrum were calculated using non‐negative immune algorithm, and the spectra with a reasonable profile were taken as the identified components. A mixture of 53 pesticides was analyzed with a very fast temperature program of 7 min. A total of 48 pesticides and 16 interferences were identified from the overlapping GC–MS signal.     

Fused silica capillary column GC/MS for the analysis of priority pollutants

Operational characteristics have been determined for fused silica capillary column (FSCC) GC/MS as applied to “extractable” priority polutants. Chromatographic data show excellent relative retention time (RRT) intralaboratory precision and interlaboratory accuracy when multiple internal standards are empolyed. Potential chromatographic problems, such as column overload and “double peaking”, are addressed. Response factor relative standard deviations (RSD) at 50 ng for most of the extractable priority pollutants over the long term indicated precise determination (i.e. RSD generally ≤ 10%). Linearity was demonstrated over two orders of magnitude for FSCC GC/MS analysis of compounds with relatively low and high RF (response factor) values. Potential quantitative problems, such as saturation, are discussed. For certain aromatic priority pollutants interlaboratory RF agreement was observed. This was noted as perhaps the most important property of FSCC GC/MS analysis when the multiple internal standard approach is utilized. Determinations of extractable priority pollutants are directly compared for paced column GC/MS and FSCC GC/MS analysis of separate and composited extracts. For six extracts analyzed in triplicate, the latter configuration was shown to produce more consistent results. In view of the superior analysis logistics of composite extract FSCC GC/MS analysis, this approach was established as the preferred method for the analysis of priority pollutants classified as extractable.     

GC/MS 法测定超临界 CO2 萃取茼蒿籽油

利用GC/MS分析了超临界CO2萃取茼蒿籽油的成分组成,共检出32种成分。茼蒿籽油主要由亚油酸（含量68.32%)、棕榈酸（10.80%)、油酸(6.39%)和长碳链脂肪酸组成;茼蒿籽油还含甾类（4.76%)和丰富的维生素E（3.9mg/g);研究了茼蒿籽油的理化特征。