数学课上的延时评价

课堂上,老师和学生始终面对面地共同构成教学活动的能动因素.居于主导地位的老师,自然会充分利用评价的手段对课堂活动进行掌握与调控.我们会看到:老师或表扬或批评、或肯定或否定、或诱导或劝止,学生的情绪、课堂的气氛、教学的速度与强度也就随之而或高昂或沉寂、或热烈或平淡、或飞流直下或缓缓而行,展现着波澜起伏、色彩纷呈动人的画卷.关于评价,各种流派的教育学专著都告诫我们,     

超市保安的最少安排问题

1　问题提出考虑一个有m行 ,n列个通道的超级市场或展览馆 ,如下图所示 :1 2…………n - 1n12m货架或展区货架或展区货架或展区货架或展区货架或展区货架或展区货架或展区货架或展区货架或展区货架或展区货架或展区货架或展区货架或展区货架或展区货架或展区货架或展区货架     

“正“”误”例说类比思想的运用

类比是根据两个(或两类)对象之间具有(不具有)某些相同或相似的性质,而且其中一个(或一类)还具有(或不具有)另一性质,由此推出另一个(或另一类)对象也具有(或不具有)这一性质,类比法是研究数学问题的重要方法,也是掌握知识的好方法,正如玻利亚所言:"类比是     

用测量法求平面封闭区域之面积及空间封闭区域之体积

怎样用测量的方法来分别求由无解析表达式或由积分法很难求面积或体积的已知表达式的平面封闭曲线或空间封闭曲面所围的面积或体积?本文分别给出了简单易行的求面积的“改进了的方格法”及求体积的“立方体分割法”,并且证明了对于满足一定条件的平面封闭曲线或空间封闭曲面,当测量所用单位(平面小正方形的边长或空间小立方体的边长)充分小时,所测得的面积或体积与实际的面积或体积之差的绝对值是所用单位的二阶无穷小.并且,当曲线或曲面的某些性质已知或至少可以估计出其范围的情况下,本文给出了为使测量结果达到任意精度,应当使用多大的测量单位.     

用赋值法简解两道联赛题

我们知道,赋值法是指对题目给出的函数表达式（或代数式或恒等式或方程）中的某个变量（或字母）取具体的值或赋予代数式,通过运算推理,从而达到便于解决问题的一种解题方法,赋值法的理论依据是：一个结论在一般情形下成立,在特殊情形下必成立．     

分球入盒问题的探讨

在计数或者概率问题中经常遇到把相同或不同的球按一定的规则放入相同或不同的盒子的计数问题,即分球入盒问题.对于球或盒子数目较少时,会有一些特殊的解法(甚至可以采取枚举出所有情形的方法).本文对于球或盒子数目较大甚至任意数目时,给出球或盒子在相同或不同以及是否允许有空盒共8种情形下的一般结果,并尽可能给出多种解法.     

利用位似图形解作图题一例

位似图形所有对应点的连线所在直线相交于一点,这一交点或在两图形的同侧,或在两图形之间,或在图形之内,或在图形的边上及顶点上,利用这一性质可以解决某些作图问题.     

极大全控点临界图

图G的点集S如果满足:VG-S(或VG)中每个点相邻于S中的某个点(或而不是它本身),则称点集S是一个控制集(或全控制集).图G的所有控制集(或全控制集)中最小基数的控制集(或全控制集)中的点数,称为控制数(或全控数),记为γ(G)(或γt(G)).在这篇文章中我们特征化γt-临界图且满足γt(G)=n-Δ(G)的图特征,这回答了Goddard等人提出的一个问题.     

立体几何中的辅助平面和辅助直线——兼与几何中的向量法唱点反调

辅助线又被称之为"几何的生命线".在平面几何中,正确地作出辅助线是问题解决的关键;同样地,在立体几何中,正确地作出辅助平面或辅助直线也是问题解决的关键.平面几何中的辅助线一般难于寻找,相比之下,作出或找出立体几何中的辅助平面或辅助直线则容易多了.要作出辅助平面或辅助直线,首先要搞清楚在什么情况情形下需要作辅助平面或辅助直线.     

减裁三策

或仓促应对,或主动调整,或保守平均,每个企业裁员降薪的方式,不仅仅和当时的经营状况有关,更涉及到发展背景、文化特色等等诸多复杂的因素。     

有资格限制的指派问题的求解方法

在实际的指派工作中，常会遇到某个人有没有资格去承担某项工作的问题，因此，本建立了有资格限制的指派问题的数学模型。在此数学模型中，将效益矩阵转化为判定矩阵，由此给出了判定此种指派问题是否有解的方法；在有解的情况下，进一步将效益矩阵转化为求解矩阵，从而将有资格限制的指派问题化为传统的指派问题来求解。最后给出了一个数值例子来说明这样的处理方法是有效的。     

Galois Structure of K-Groups of Rings of Integers

N/Kbe a Galois extension of number fields with finite Galois group G.We describe a new approach for constructing invariants of the G-module structure of the K groups of the ring of integers of N in the Grothendieck group of finitely generated projective Z[G]modules. In various cases we can relate these classes, and their function field counterparts, to the root number class of Fröhlich and Cassou-Noguès.     

Estimation of the number of components of finite mixtures of multivariate distributions

An estimator of the number of components of a finite mixture ofk-dimensional distributions is given on the basis of a one-dimensional independent random sample obtained by a transformation of ak-dimensional independent random sample. A consistency of the estimator is shown. Some simulation results are given in a case of finite mixtures of two-dimensional normal distributions.     

Extreme values of the sum of squares of degrees of bipartite graphs

In this paper we determine the minimum and maximum values of the sum of squares of degrees of bipartite graphs with a given number of vertices and edges.     

碾压混凝土坝施工层面变形分析模型

针对碾压混凝土坝施工层面对大坝变形产生显著影响的问题,深入研究了施工层面的变化性质及规律,提出了层面不同阶段变形的模拟方法,建立了施工层面有厚度和无厚度分析模型,提出的模型能反映层面的弹性变形、衰减蠕变、不可逆变形以及加速蠕变等变形状态．实例分析表明:所提出的碾压混凝土坝施工层面有厚度和无厚度分析模型能较客观地模拟大坝的结构变化形态,尤其是施工层面有厚度分析模型较完整地模拟了层面的渐变规律,其计算结果与原位监测成果吻合较好．同时,提出的方法和建立的分析模型可推广应用于常规混凝土坝,特别是坝基内断层和夹层等变形规律的分析．     

Variational analysis of functions of the roots of polynomials

The Gauss-Lucas Theorem on the roots of polynomials nicely simplifies the computation of the subderivative and regular subdifferential of the abscissa mapping on polynomials (the maximum of the real parts of the roots). This paper extends this approach to more general functions of the roots. By combining the Gauss-Lucas methodology with an analysis of the splitting behavior of the roots, we obtain characterizations of the subderivative and regular subdifferential for these functions as well. In particular, we completely characterize the subderivative and regular subdifferential of the radius mapping (the maximum of the moduli of the roots). The abscissa and radius mappings are important for the study of continuous and discrete time linear dynamical systems. Dedicated to R. Tyrrell Rockafellar on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Terry is one of those rare individuals who combine a broad vision, deep insight, and the outstanding writing and lecturing skills crucial for engaging others in his subject. With these qualities he has won universal respect as a founding father of our discipline. We, and the broader mathematical community, owe Terry a great deal. But most of all we are personally thankful to Terry for his friendship and guidance. Research supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant DMS-0203175. Research supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Research supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant DMS-0412049.     

Convergence of densities of some functionals of Gaussian processes

The aim of this paper is to establish the uniform convergence of the densities of a sequence of random variables, which are functionals of an underlying Gaussian process, to a normal density. Precise estimates for the uniform distance are derived by using the techniques of Malliavin calculus, combined with Stein?s method for normal approximation. We need to assume some non-degeneracy conditions. First, the study is focused on random variables in a fixed Wiener chaos, and later, the results are extended to the uniform convergence of the derivatives of the densities and to the case of random vectors in some fixed chaos, which are uniformly non-degenerate in the sense of Malliavin calculus. Explicit upper bounds for the uniform norm are obtained for random variables in the second Wiener chaos, and an application to the convergence of densities of the least square estimator for the drift parameter in Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes is discussed.     

一类柔性臂机器人的稳定性

本文研究了一类柔性臂机器人的控制问题,且柔性臂的弯曲振动与扭转振动的耦合作用表现在边界方程中。本文运用算子谱理论、算子半群理论等,得到系统的主算子生成的C0-半群的具体表示式,并证明了半群的解析性、非紧性及非一致指数稳定性。     

Choice of the best alternative in case of a continuous set of states of nature-application of fuzzy numbers

On the basis of a known application of an order weighted averaging operator to the decision making in the case of a discrete set of states of nature, a general approach to the case of a continuous set of states of nature is proposed. The general approach encompasses various types of attitudes of the decision maker, expressed in the form of fuzzy numbers.     

Number of connected components of groups of real points of adjoint groups

We present a unified approach to compute the number of connected components in the group of real points of adjoint almost simple real algebraic groups.