G.P.汤姆孙对电子衍射的实验研究

介绍了G．P．汤姆孙完成电子衍射实验,证明了德布罗意提出的物质波理论的研究经历从中可以看到注意研究选题的先进性,注重理论的先导作用和科学的研究方法的重要性。     

著名物理学家——萨本栋

萨本栋先生是我国物理学界学成较早的一位著名物理学家、电机工程专家和教育家.他一生从事科学研究和大学教育,成绩斐然.本文简要介绍萨本栋家世及其生平简历,较详细地叙述了萨本栋在科学研究和大学教育方面所作出的重大贡献,以及他的科学观点、教育思想和教育风范.     

A Physicist for All Seasons: Part II

The second part of this interview covers Frank Oppenheimer’s move to the University of California at Berkeley and wartime work at the Westinghouse Research Laboratories in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, at the electromagnetic-separation plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and at Los Alamos, New Mexico (1941–1945); his postwar research at Berkeley (1945–1947); his appointment at the University of Minnesota in 1947 and firing two years later after being required to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee; his decade as a rancher in Colorado (1949–1959) and high-school science teacher toward the end of this period; his research at the University of Colorado in Boulder after 1959; his year as a Guggenheim Fellow at University College London in 1965; and his founding of the Exploratorium in San Francisco. California, in 1969. He also discusses his wartime relations with his older brother Robert and postwar events in Robert’s life, including his Hearings before the Personnel Security Board of the Atomic Energy Commission in 1954.     

德拜对多晶X射线衍射的研究

简述了德拜的生平,回顾了他在多晶X射线衍射研究过程中所作的工作,并分析了他取得成功的因素,展现了他独特的人格魅力.     

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1913: The Highest Honor for the Lowest Temperatures

One century ago this year the Dutch experimental physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853–1926) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work in low-temperature physics, in particular for his production of liquid helium. I trace the route to his Nobel Prize within the context of his and his colleagues’ research in his laboratory at the University of Leiden, and in light of his nominators and the nominations he received in the five years 1909–1913.     

In Appreciation¶A Lifetime of Connections: Otto Herbert Schmitt, 1913 - 1998

Otto H. Schmitt was born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1913. As a youth, he displayed an affinity for electrical engineering but also pursued a wide range of other interests. He applied his multi-disciplinary talents as an undergraduate and graduate student at Washington University, where he worked in three departments: physics, zoology, and mathematics. For his doctoral research, Schmitt designed and built an electronic device to mimic the propagation of action potentials along nerve fibers. His most famous invention, now called the Schmitt trigger, arose from this early research. Schmitt spent most of his career at the University of Minnesota, where he did pioneering work in biophysics and bioengineering. He also worked at national and international levels to place biophysics and bioengineering on sound institutional footings. His years at Minnesota were interrupted by World War II. During that conflict - and the initial months of the Cold War to follow - Schmitt carried out defense-related research at the Airborne Instruments Laboratory in New York. Toward the end of his career at Minnesota, Schmitt coined the term biomimetics. He died in 1998. RID="*" ID="*"Jon M. Harkness received his Ph.D. degree in the history of science from the University of Wisconsin in 1996. During the spring of 2002, he is an adjunct assistant professor of the history of medicine at the University of Minnesota.     

The Politics of Forgetting: Otto Hahn and the German Nuclear-Fission Project in World War II

As the co-discoverer of nuclear fission and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, Otto Hahn (1879–1968) took part in Germany‘s nuclear-fission project throughout the Second World War. I outline Hahn’s efforts to mobilize his institute for military-related research; his inclusion in high-level scientific structures of the military and the state; and his institute’s research programs in neutron physics, isotope separation, transuranium elements, and fission products, all of potential military importance for a bomb or a reactor and almost all of it secret. These activities are contrasted with Hahn’s deliberate misrepresentations after the war, when he claimed that his wartime work had been nothing but “purely scientific” fundamental research that was openly published and of no military relevance.     

My Journey Into the Physics of David Finkelstein

David Finkelstein was a co-pioneer of the use of topology and solitons in theoretical physics. The author reflects on the great impact Finkelstein had on his research throughout his career. The author provides an application of one of Finkelsteins idea pertaining to the fusion of quantum theory with relativity by utilizing techniques from Loop Quantum Gravity.     

乐育英才、风范永存的吴在猷教授

文章叙述了杰出的物理学家、教育家吴大猷教授的生平事迹,包括他在物理学上的成就和在发展中国教育、科学事业上的贡献及他勘为师表的道德风范。     

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes: Master of Experimental Technique and Quantitative Research

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853-1926), born a century and a half ago, was a major protagonist in the so-called Second Golden Age of Dutch Science. He devoted his career to the emerging field of low-temperature physics. His particular concern was to test the theories of his older compatriot Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837-1923) by creating a style of research that was characterized by meticulous planning, precise measurement, and constant improvement of techniques and instruments. He made numerous contributions to low-temperature physics, but I focus on his liquefaction of helium, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1913, and on his discovery of superconductivity. He became known internationally as le gentleman du zéro absolu.     

质谱仪的发明者阿斯顿

英国实验物理学家阿斯顿因发明质谱仪分离同位素而获得1922年诺贝尔化学奖．他只拥有学士学位，这在诺贝尔奖的获得者中是不多见的．他是怎样取得成功的，又为何能取得成功？是值得我们去探究的．文章着重介绍了阿斯顿的研究历程，并分析其成功经验，以为今天所倡导的创新研究提供借鉴．     

An STM for molecules and wide-bandgap crystal

We are all influenced by Nicolai Delone’s research. Through much of his career, his influence reached Canada through his published papers. However, Professor Delone visited the National Research Council of Canada’s laboratories at least three times from about 1989 to 1995. At that time he was primarily interested in stabilization. Stabilization refers to the fact that, as the intensity of laser light illuminating an atom is increased, the ionization rate passes through a maximum, then falls. Surprisingly the atom becomes stable against ionization at very high intensities.     

In Memoriam

I sketch the rich life and multifaceted work of Philip Morrison (1915–2005), from his early life in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and higher education at the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the University of California at Berkeley, to his contributions to the Manhattan Project, his research at Cornell University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology after the war, his subsequent political activity on behalf of nuclear disarmament, his role in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, and his enormous influence as an educator, public speaker, and writer. A.P. French is Professor of Physics, Emeritus, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.     

著名物理学家约翰·巴丁及其两次中国之行

介绍著名物理学家巴丁两次获诺贝尔物理学奖的科学探索历程;回顾了巴丁对中国的两次访问和对中国科技、教育发展的关注与支持;从巴丁的科学精神和他善于发挥个人智慧与科学团队的集体创造力中汲取有益的启示与思考.     

Michel Besson's stay at Harvard

In this article, I shall recount the circumstances of Michel Besson's stay in my laboratory for one year, during which time he completed experiments on tuning the radiation from a PbSe laser diode continuously from 8 microns to 22 microns in the infrared.

The connection of this research to the program in my laboratory, especially the circumstance that his efforts were a continuation of the work that brought me to Harvard twelve years earlier, will be discussed.

The principal theme will be the role of this research in his doctoral thesis to the University of Paris, and in the genesis of the high pressure laboratory that is his legacy.     

Fizeau’s Research Program on Ether Drag: A Long Quest for a Publishable Experiment

Hippolyte Fizeaus research program on ether drag consisted of a sequence of optical experiments and theoretical considerations aimed at clarifying the interaction between the ether and moving matter to reveal the motion of the Earth through the ether. In addition to Fizeaus published papers, my reconstruction of his research program is based on his unpublished drafts, sketches, and experimental data.These reveal an increasingly complex interplay between his experimental setups,unexpected results, and theoretical convictions. I argue that publishing is an integral part of experimental research rather than a secondary activity undertaken after the true laboratory research has been completed. Accordingly, Fizeaus research program can best be understood as a long quest for a publishable experiment. I show that to Fizeau, to be publishable meant achieving an expected positive experimental result.This publication strategy deeply influenced the design of his experiments as well as what he and his audience regarded as successful experimental research.Jan Frercks received his Ph.D. degree in the history of physics at the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany, in 2001. He currently is a postdoctoral researcher in the Institute for History of Medicine, Science, and Technology at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany.     

巧妙的构想大胆的创新——劳厄与X射线衍射的实验

通过劳厄对X射线衍射的实验构想,来展现他的思维方法的独创性,从中得到对我们的科学研究工作的启迪.     

Critical Fields in High T c Superconductors

Using microwave methods one can determine upper critical fields which lie beyond the field of the laboratory magnet, and avoid ambiguities associated with the broadened transitions in high Tc superconductors.Antonijie Dulicic is Professor of Physics at the University of Zagreb and senior scientist at Ruder Boskovic Institute. He received his ph. D. in 1973 at the University of Zagreb. His postdoctoral research wa at edole polytechnique (paris), and later sabbatical visits included a Max planck Institute, Comell University, and the University of Stuttgart.Miroslaw Pozak is research associate at Ruder Boskovic Insititute, in Zagreb. He received his Ph. D. in 1992 at the University of Zagreb. As an alexander von Humboldt fellow, he carried out his postdoctoral research at the University of stuttgart.