Understanding the Effect of the Exchange-Correlation Functionals on Methane and Ethane Formation over Ruthenium Catalysts

Density functional theory (DFT) has been established as a powerful research tool for heterogeneous catalysis research in obtaining key thermodynamic and/or kinetic parameters like adsorption energies, enthalpies of reaction, activation barriers, and rate constants. Understanding of density functional exchange-correlation approximations is essential to reveal the mechanism and performance of a catalyst. In the present work, we reported the influence of six exchange-correlation density functionals, including PBE, RPBE, BEEF+vdW, optB86b+vdW, SCAN, and SCAN+rVV10, on the adsorption energies, reaction energies and activation barriers of carbon hydrogenation and carbon-carbon couplings during the formation of methane and ethane over Ru(0001) and Ru(1011) surfaces. We found the calculated reaction energies are strongly dependent on exchange-correlation density functionals due to the difference in coordination number between reactants and products on surfaces. The deviation of the calculated elementary reaction energies can be accumulated to a large value for chemical reaction involving multiple steps and vary considerably with different exchange-correlation density functionals calculations. The different exchange-correlation density functionals are found to influence considerably the selectivity of Ru(0001) surface for methane, ethylene, and ethane formation determined by the adsorption energies of intermediates involved. However, the influence on the barriers of the elementary surface reactions and the structural sensitivity of Ru(0001) and Ru(1011) are modest. Our work highlights the limitation of exchange-correlation density functionals on computational catalysis and the importance of choosing a proper exchange-correlation density functional in correctly evaluating the activity and selectivity of a catalyst.     

Theoretical Investigations of the Activation of CO_2 on the Transition Metal-doped Cu(100) and Cu(111) Surfaces

Periodic density functional theory calculations have been performed to investigate the chemisorption behavior of CO_2 molecule on a series of surface alloys that are built by dispersing individual middle-late transition metal(TM) atoms(TM = Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Os, Ir, Pt, Au) on the Cu(100) and Cu(111) surfaces. The most stable configurations of CO_2 chemisorbed on different TM/Cu surfaces are determined, and the results show that among the late transition metals, Co, Ru, and Os are potentially good dopants to enhance the chemisorption and activation of CO_2 on copper surfaces. To obtain a deep understanding of the adsorption property, the bonding characteristics of the adsorption bonds are carefully examined by the crystal orbital Hamilton population technique, which reveals that the TM atom primarily provides d orbitals with z-component, namely d_z~2, d_(xz), and d_(yz) orbitals to interact with the adsorbate.     

NO在Rh(100),Rh(111)面上吸附与直接分解的密度泛函理论研究

本文应用第一性原理的密度泛函(DFT)方法,使用DMol³计算程序,对NO在Rh(100)和Rh(111)面上的吸附与分解进行量化计算,力图解决NO在Rh(100)和Rh(111)面上的优选吸附位、直接分解的过渡态和活化能等重要问题.     

Configurational correlations in the coverage dependent adsorption energies of oxygen atoms on late transition metal fcc(111) surfaces

The coverage dependence of oxygen adsorption energies on the fcc(111) surfaces of seven different transition metals (Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Au, and Ag) is demonstrated through density functional theory calculations on 20 configurations ranging from one to five adsorption sites and coverages up to 1 ML. Atom projected densities of states are used to demonstrate that the d-band mediated adsorption mechanism is responsible for the coverage dependence of the adsorption energies. This common bonding mechanism results in a linear correlation that relates the adsorption energies of each adsorbate configuration across different metal surfaces to each other. The slope of this correlation is shown to be related to the characteristics of the valence d-orbitals and band structure of the surface metal atoms. Additionally, it is shown that geometric similarity of the configurations is essential to observe the configurational correlations.     

NO Chemisorption on Pt(111), Rh/Pt(111), and Pd/Pt(111)

The chemisorption of NO on clean Pt(111), Rh/Pt(111) alloy, and Pd/Pt(111) alloy surfaces has been studied by first principles density functional theory (DFT) computations. It was found that the surface compositions of the surface alloys have very different effects on the adsorption of NO on Rh/Pt(111) versus that on Pd/Pt(111). This is due to the different bond strength between the two metals in each alloy system. A complex d-band center weighting model developed by authors in a previous study for SO2 adsorption is demonstrated to be necessary for quantifying NO adsorption on Pd/Pt(111). A strong linear relationship between the weighted positions of the d states of the surfaces and the molecular NO adsorption energies shows the closer the weighted d-band center is shifted to the Fermi energy level, the stronger the adsorption of NO will be. The consequences of this study for the optimized design of three-way automotive catalysts, (TWC) are also discussed.     

吡啶与Rh(111)面相互作用的EHMO研究

吡啶作为加氢脱氮的模型化合物,与过渡金属Pt(111),Ni(100),Pd(110,111),Mo(110),Rh(111)面的吸附作用已有大量的实验研究,所采用的技术基本上是LEED,TDS,XPS,HREELS等,然而吡啶与Rh(111)面作用的理论研究尚未见报道.本文用EHMO法研究了吡啶与Rh(111)面的吸附作用,得到了最优吸附构型、结合能、集居数以及电荷分布和转移等,为新的脱氮催化剂开发提供了理论依据. 计算采用EHMO法,其中非对角矩阵元采用MWH近似:     

DFT study of gas-phase adsorption of benzotriazole on Cu(111), Cu(100), Cu(110), and low coordinated defects thereon

The adsorption of benzotriazole--an outstanding corrosion inhibitor for copper--on Cu(111), Cu(100), Cu(110), and low coordinated defects thereon has been studied and characterized using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We find that benzotriazole can either chemisorb in an upright geometry or physisorb with the molecular plane being nearly parallel to the surface. While the magnitude of chemisorption energy increases as passing from densely packed Cu(111) to more open surfaces and low coordinated defects, the physisorption energy is instead rather similar on all three low Miller index surfaces. It is pointed out that due to a large dipole moment of benzotriazole the dipole-dipole interactions are rather important. For perpendicular chemisorption modes the lateral repulsion is very long ranged, extending up to the nearest-neighbor distance of about 60 bohrs, whereas for parallel adsorption modes the lateral interactions are far less pronounced and the molecules experience a weak attraction at distances ?25 bohrs. The chemisorption energies were therefore extrapolated to zero coverage by a recently developed scheme and the resulting values are -0.60, -0.73, and -0.92 eV for Cu(111), Cu(100), and Cu(110), respectively, whereas the zero-coverage physisorption energy is about -0.7 eV irrespective of the surface plane. While the more densely packed surfaces are not reactive enough to interact with the molecular π-system, the reactivity of Cu(110) appears to be at the onset of such interaction, resulting in a very stable parallel adsorption structure with an adsorption energy of -1.3 eV that is ascribed as an apparent chemisorption+physisorption mode.     

Applicability of density functional theory in reproducing accurate vibrational spectra of surface bound species

The structural equilibrium parameters, the adsorption energies, and the vibrational frequencies of the nitrogen molecule and the hydrogen atom adsorbed on the (111) surface of rhodium have been investigated using different generalized‐gradient approximation (GGA), nonlocal correlation, meta‐GGA, and hybrid functionals, namely, Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE), Revised‐RPBE, vdW‐DF, Tao, Perdew, Staroverov, and Scuseria functional (TPSS), and Heyd, Scuseria, and Ernzerhof (HSE06) functional in the plane wave formalism. Among the five tested functionals, nonlocal vdW‐DF and meta‐GGA TPSS functionals are most successful in describing energetics of dinitrogen physisorption to the Rh(111) surface, while the PBE functional provides the correct chemisorption energy for the hydrogen atom. It was also found that TPSS functional produces the best vibrational spectra of the nitrogen molecule and the hydrogen atom on rhodium within the harmonic formalism with the error of ?2.62 and ?1.1% for the N? N stretching and Rh? H stretching frequency. Thus, TPSS functional was proposed as a method of choice for obtaining vibrational spectra of low weight adsorbates on metallic surfaces within the harmonic approximation. At the anharmonic level, by decoupling the Rh? H and N? N stretching modes from the bulk phonons and by solving one‐ and two‐dimensional Schrödinger equation associated with the Rh? H, Rh? N, and N? N potential energy we calculated the anharmonic correction for N? N and Rh? H stretching modes as ?31 cm^?1 and ?77 cm^?1 at PBE level. Anharmonic vibrational frequencies calculated with the use of the hybrid HSE06 function are in best agreement with available experiments. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Adsorption properties and vibrational spectra of propyne adsorbed on Rh(111). Comparison with other (111) metal surfaces

We have studied the adsorption properties of propyne on the Rh(111) surface by means of the generalized gradient approach of density functional theory using periodic slab models. The simulation of the vibrational spectra has permitted us to corroborate and complete the experimental band assignment and to confirm the adsorption site preference. Propyne prefers to sit on a 3-fold hollow site, with the C[triple bond]C axis parallel to a Rh-Rh bond and the molecular plane tilted away from the surface normal. The comparison between the adsorption behaviour of propyne on Rh(111) and on other (111) metal surfaces allows one to provide an explanation for the different reactivity observed experimentally.     

Theoretical study of CO and NO chemisorption on RhCu(111) surfaces

A systematic density functional theory study using periodic models is presented concerning the chemisorption of CO and NO on various sites of RhCu(111) surfaces. The properties of the adsorbed molecules on various mono- and bimetallic sites of these alloy surfaces have been obtained and compared to those corresponding to the pure Rh(111) and Cu(111) surfaces. It is shown that that the interaction of small probe molecules such as CO or NO on RhCu alloys is essentially dominated by the atomic nature of the surface active site with little influence of the rest of the metallic system. Moreover, it is suggested that it is possible to control the adsorption site of these molecules by appropriate choice of the surface composition.     

Experimental and theoretical study of the adsorption of fumaramide [2]rotaxane on Au(111) and Ag(111) surfaces

Thin films of fumaramide [2]rotaxane, a mechanically interlocked molecule composed of a macrocycle and a thread in a "bead and thread" configuration, were prepared by vapor deposition on both Ag(111) and Au(111) substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy were used to characterize monolayer and bulklike multilayer films. XPS determination of the relative amounts of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen indicates that the molecule adsorbs intact. On both metal surfaces, molecules in the first adsorbed layer show an additional component in the C 1s XPS line attributed to chemisorption via amide groups. Molecular-dynamics simulation indicates that the molecule orients two of its eight phenyl rings, one from the macrocycle and one from the thread, in a parallel bonding geometry with respect to the metal surfaces, leaving three amide groups very close to the substrate. In the case of fumaramide [2]rotaxane adsorption on Au(111), the presence of certain out-of-plane phenyl ring and Au-O vibrational modes points to such bonding and a preferential molecular orientation. The theoretical and experimental results imply that the three-dimensional intermolecular configuration permits chemisorption at low coverage to be driven by interactions between the three amide functions of fumaramide [2]rotaxane and the Ag(111) or Au(111) surface.     

水分子和二氧化铈(111)表面相互作用的DFT+U研究

采用引入Hubbard参数U修正的密度泛函理论(DFT+U)方法, 对水分子在二氧化铈(111)表面的吸附作用进行了研究. 计算结果表明: 在氧化的二氧化铈(111)表面, 水分子以单氢键构型吸附在二氧化铈表面, 但是不能自发解离; 在还原的二氧化铈(111)表面, 水分子或化学吸附在衬底上, 或自发解离成表面羟基结构. 与氢气在氧化的二氧化铈(111)表面上物理吸附体系的总能相比, 羟基化表面构型是能量更低的构型, 所以羟基解离形成氢气, 从而使表面被氧化的过程需要有外部条件, 反应不能自发进行. 因此, 水分子在还原的二氧化铈(111)表面有两个可能的状态, 即无氢键结构的化学吸附和表面羟基结构的解离吸附. 在一定的外部条件下, 表面羟基结构进一步解离形成氢气, 并使还原的二氧化铈(111)表面得以氧化.     

First Principles Study of Atomic Adsorption on (111) and (100) Surfaces of Iridium

We have investigated the adsorption of nine different adatoms on the (111) and (100) surfaces of Iridium (Ir) using first principles density functional theory. The study explores surface functionalization of Ir which would provide important information for further study of its functionality in catalysis and other surface applications. The adsorption energy, stable geometry, density of states and magnetic moment are some of the physical quantities of our interest. The study reveals that the three-/four- fold hollow site is energetically the most favorable adsorption site on the (111)/(100) surface of Ir. The investigation on a wide range of coverages (from 0.04 to 1 monolayer) reveals the strong coverage dependence of adsorption energy of the adsorbate atoms. The adsorption energy is found to increase as the coverage increases, implying a repulsive interaction between the adsorbates. Strong hybridization between the adsorbates and the substrate electronic states is revealed to impact the adsorption, while the magnetic moment of the adsorbates is found to be suppressed. The Bader analysis reveals significant amount of charge transfers between the adsorbate atoms and the substrate. The binding of adsorbate atoms on the (100) surface is observed to be moderately stronger as compared to that on the (111) surface.     

In-Au(111)和Ir-Au(111)合金表面的性质及其对巴豆醛的吸附比较

采用密度泛函理论研究了M（M=In,Ir）原子修饰的M-Au（111）合金表面的稳定性,并选其最优模型探讨了合金表面的活性及其对巴豆醛的吸附。合金的几何构型、形成能和结合能等性质表明,In-Au（111）面的稳定性随In原子的间距增大而提高,Ir-Au（111）面的稳定性随Ir原子的间距增大而降低。对于巴豆醛在MAu（111）面上的吸附,当其通过C＝O吸附于合金表面的Top_M位时,吸附能最大,吸附构型最稳定。从巴豆醛的结构变化、态密度、差分电荷密度以及Mulliken电荷布居等分析可以看出,稳定吸附构型的巴豆醛分子形变较大,电荷转移明显。其中,位于-7.04 eV至费米能级处的p、d轨道杂化,对体系的吸附具有重要贡献。分析比较In-Au（111）面与Ir-Au（111）面,发现后者的配体效应更佳,不仅具有更高的稳定性和活性,而且对于巴豆醛具有更强的吸附力。此外,相比于改性前的Au（111）面,M原子的修饰明显提升了金属表面的稳定性及吸附能力。     

Adsorption Behavior and Reaction Properties of NO and CO on Ir(111) and Rh(111)

Adsorption and reactions of NO over the clean and CO-preadsorbed Ir(111) and Rh(111) surfaces were investigated using infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Two NO adsorption states, indicative of hollow and atop sites, were present on Ir(111). Only NO adsorbed on hollow sites dissociated to N_a and O_a. The dissociated N_a desorbed as N₂ by recombination of N_a and by a disproportionation reaction between atop-NO and N_a. Preadsorbed CO inhibited atop-NO, whereas hollow-NO was not affected. Adsorbed CO reacted with O_a and desorbed as CO₂. NO adsorbed on the fcc-hollow, atop, and hcp-hollow sites in that order over Rh(111). The hcp-NO was inhibited by preadsorbed atop-CO, and fcc-NO and atop-NO were inhibited by CO preadsorbed on each type of the sites, indicating that NO and CO competitively adsorbed on Rh(111). From the Rh(111) surface-coadsorbed NO and CO, N₂ was produced by fcc-NO dissociation, and CO₂ was formed by reaction of adsorbed CO with O_a from dissociated fcc-NO.     

The relationship between formate adsorption energy and electronic properties: A first principles density functional theory study

First principles density functional theory calculations have been performed for the chemisorption of formate adsorption on some metal surfaces. For the most stable adsorption site of short-bridge, the calculated formate adsorption energy follows the order of Au(110) < Ag(110) < Cu(110) < Pd(110) < Pt(110) < Ni(110) < Rh(110) < Fe(100) < Mo(100), and a clear linear correlation exists between the adsorption energy and the corresponding heat of formation of metal oxides. Moreover, it has been found that the fo...     

Density functional study of ethylene oxidation on an Ag(111) surface

The mechanism of ethylene epoxidation on Ag surfaces has been investigated using the density functional method and Ag _n clusters (n = 3 to 10) modeling the Ag(111) surface. The adsorption energy of O₂ to the Ag clusters was strongly dependent on the HOMO level of the cluster, and the clusters with higher HOMO levels afforded larger O₂ adsorption energies. The energetics was investigated for both the molecular and atomic oxygen epoxidation mechanisms. For the atomic oxygen mechanism, epoxidation was found to proceed without an activation energy, whereas a small amount of activation energy (about 5 kcal/mol) was calculated for the molecular oxygen mechanism. Received: 2 July 1998 / Accepted: 9 September 1998 / Published online: 8 February 1999     

A theoretical study of the effects of transition metal dopants on the adsorption and dissociation of hydrogen on nickel clusters

The structure, stability, adsorption, and dissociation of H₂ on nickel clusters doped with late transition metals were investigated using density functional theory with the BP86 functional. Molecular hydrogen physisorption occurred at a vertex atom with a low coordination number. Charge transfer between clusters and the H₂ molecule stabilized the physisorption. The chemisorption of H₂ occurred at the bridge sites, without any structural or spin change of the clusters. Among the pentamer clusters, Cd, Zn, and Au had the lowest chemisorption energies, while Ir and Pt had higher chemisorption energies for hydrogen. The computed reaction energies and activation barriers for the dissociation mechanism showed that dopants such as Rh, Pd, Pt, and Au have endothermic reaction energies and low activation barriers. This facilitates the reversible adsorption/dissociation of the H₂ molecule on these metal‐doped clusters. The dopant atoms play a major role in modulating the physisorption, chemisorption, and dissociation mechanism of H₂ on nickel clusters. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A density-functional theory study of water on clean and hydrogen preadsorbed Rh(111) surfaces

We study the water bilayer on clean and hydrogen preadsorbed Rh(111) surfaces by means of density-functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation and the van der Waals density functional, to investigate the influence of adsorbed hydrogen on the adsorption state of water. We found that adsorbed hydrogen interacts repulsively with water through its 1b(1) and 4a(1) orbitals. The repulsion dominates at high hydrogen coverage, resulting in a hydrophobic Rh(111)-H surface.     

镍和铂单晶(111)面上氢解离的比较研究

镍和铂单晶（１１１）面上氢解离的比较研究周鲁，孙本繁，吕日昌，唐向阳，滕礼坚（中国科学院大连化学物理研究所分子反应动力学国家重点实验室，大连１１６０２３）关键词镍晶面，铂晶面，氢解离吸附，位能面，分子催化过渡金属镍和铂是催化加氢、脱氢以及临氢重整的重...