Kinetics Study on Reaction of Atenolol with Singlet Oxygen by Directly Monitoring the 1O2 Phosphorescence

The pharmaceutically active compound atenolol, a kind of $\beta$-blockers, may result in adverse effects both for human health and ecosystems if it is excreted to the surface water resources. To effectively remove atenolol in the environment, both direct and indirect photodegradation, driven by sunlight play an important role. Among indirect photodegradation, singlet oxygen (¹O₂), as a pivotal reactive species, is likely to determine the fates of atenolol. Nevertheless, the kinetic information on the reaction of atenolol with singlet oxygen has not been well investigated and the reaction rate constant is still ambiguous. Herein, the reaction rate constant of atenolol with singlet oxygen is investigated directly through observing the decay of the ¹O₂ phosphorescence at 1270 nm. It is determined that the reaction rate constant between atenolol and ¹O₂ is 7.0×10⁵ (mol/L)$^{-1}\cdot$s^-1 in D₂O, 8.0×10⁶ (mol/L)$^{-1}\cdot$s^-1 in acetonitrile, and 8.4×10⁵ (mol/L)$^{-1}\cdot$s^-1 in EtOH, respectively. Furthermore, the solvent effects on the title reaction were also investigated. It is revealed that the solvents with strong polarity and weak hydrogen donating ability are suitable to achieve high rate constant values. These kinetics information on the reaction of atenolol with singlet oxygen may provide fundamental knowledge to the indirect photodegradation of $\beta$-blockers.     

Kinetics Study on Reaction between Dihydroartemisinic Acid and Singlet Oxygen: An Essential Step to Photochemical Synthesis of Artemisinin

Artemisinin is an excellent antimalarial drug widely used in clinical medicine. However, due to the limitation of natural source of artemisinin, the chemical synthesis of artemisinin has achieved substantial attention. Dihydroartemisinic acid is a key precursor for the synthesis of artemisinin. The reaction of dihydroartemisinic acid with singlet oxygen to form peroxide is a pivotal step in the photochemical preparation of artemisinin. Nevertheless, the reaction kinetics of dihydroartemisinic acid with singlet oxygen has not been investigated previously. Herein, we report the rate constants of the reaction between dihydroartemisinic acid and singlet oxygen. By directly detecting the luminescence decay kinetics of singlet oxygen at 1270 nm at room temperature, the reaction rate constants of singlet oxygen and dihydroartemisinic acid in different solvents are obtained to be 1.81\begin{document}$\times$\end{document}10\begin{document}$^5$\end{document} (mol/L)^-1·s^-1 in CCl\begin{document}$_4$\end{document}, 5.69\begin{document}$\times$\end{document}10\begin{document}$^5$\end{document} (mol/L)^-1·s^-1 in CH\begin{document}$_3$\end{document}CN, and 3.27\begin{document}$\times$\end{document}10\begin{document}$^6$\end{document} (mol/L)^-1·s^-1 in DMSO, respectively. It is found that the reaction rate constants of dihydroartemisinic acid with singlet oxygen increase as polarity of the solvent increases among the three solvents. These results provide fundamental knowledge to optimize experiment conditions of photochemical synthesis of artemisinin for improving the yields of artemisinin.     

Interaction of singlet oxygen with biomolecules, 2.1O2 quenching by glycirrhizic acid derivatives

Overall constants for the singlet oxygen quenching rate by β-glycirrhizic acid derivatives (ether, amide, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, urethane, glycopeptide) are determined. Introduction of substituents in the β-glycirrhizic acid molecule decreases the rate constant by 1–3 orders of magnitude. Part 1:Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci., Div. Chem. Sci.,46, 49 (1996)     

咪唑与单线态氧(1O2)1,2-环加成反应的理论研究

采用较新的半经验分子轨道方法Austin Model 1(简称AM1方法), 辅以Berny梯度优化方法, 对单线态氧(~1O_2)与咪唑的1,2-环加成反应,进行了理论研究。计算获得实验尚未检测到的4,5-二氧环丁烷(4,5-dioxetane)的结构, 并在反应势能面上找到单重态双自由基中间体及通过该中间体的两步反应的过渡态。通过对过渡态的结构特征、虚振动方向以及对反应过程的电荷分布情况、轨道相互作用等的分析, 说明该反应是经由单重态双自由基中间体的分步反应。两步反应的活化势垒分别为39.2 kJ·mol~(-1)和150.5 kJ·mol~(-1)。     

CH3NO2和CH3自由基吸氢反应途径和变分速率常数计算

采用MP2(full)/6-311G(d, p)从头算方法,优化了硝基甲烷和甲基自由基吸氢反应的过渡态结构,经QCISD(T)方法进行能量校正,得出该反应的正逆向反应的活化位垒分别是58.21 kJ•mol－1和67.17 kJ•mol－1.沿IRC分析指出该反应是氢转移协同反应,而且在反应途径上存在一个引导反应进行的振动模式,这一反应模式引导反应进行的区间在反应坐标S的-0.9～1.0(amu)1/2bohr之间;在温度为800～2600 K范围内,运用改进的变分过渡态理论(ICVT),计算了该反应的速率常数,并与实验类比所得的速率常数随温度的变化趋势进行了比较.     

CCl2自由基与H2O分子反应动力学研究

用213 nm激光光解CCl4产生CCl2自由基，用LP LIF技术测定了室温下基态CCl2自由基与H2O分子的反应速率常数为(5.45±0.95)×10－14 cm3•molecule－1•s－1.在G2MP2理论水平上计算了CCl2＋H2O反应的最低单重态势能面，揭示了插入与加成 消除两种反应机理，得到了三个可能的产物通道:HCl＋HClCO、HCl＋trans ClCOH以及HCl＋cis ClCOH.并用RRKM TST和传统过渡态理论计算了这三个通道的分支比及其温度效应.结果说明在低温下（273 K），插入机理的产物通道的分支比远大于加成 消除机理的产物通道， HCl＋HClCO是主要产物，分支比为77.4％，其次是HCl＋cis ClCOH，分支比为22.6％.而在高温下（3000 K），加成 消除机理的反应通道大于插入机理， HCl＋trans ClCOH分支比为82.3％.     

Capacity of Tea Scavenging Singlet Oxygen Studied by Means of 1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran as Fluorescence Probe

1 Introduction In recent years, the effects of reactive oxygen species(ROS) generated in the course of biological metabolism, such as superoxide(O_2~(-.)), hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2), hydroxyl radical(HO~.) and singlet oxygen(~1O_2) on the human health have received more attention due to their vital roles in physiological functions. Normally, antioxidant molecules, superoxide dismutase and catalase in biological organism can scavenge excessive free radicals by a series of chemical reactions to keep the cells in a state of redox homeostasis[1].     

Singlet methylene kinetics: Direct measurements of removal rates of ã1A1 and b̃1B1 CH2 and CD2

Rate constants for collisional removal of ã¹A₁ and b?¹B₁ CH₂ and CD₂ have been directly measured, using IR laser induced multiple photon dissociation to prepare the radicals, and time resolved laser induced fluorescence to observe them. For CH₂(ã¹A₁) removal by He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, N₂, H₂, O₂, CO and CH₄, rate constants of 3.1, 4.2, 6.0, 7.0, 16, 8.8, 130, 30, 56 and 73 × 10^?12 cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1 were found respectively. These represent significant increases over the previously accepted values. Essentially no isotope effect is observed in the removal of CD₂(ã¹A₁) by the rare gases. The rate determining step in removal by the rare gases and N₂ is thought to be singlet—triplet intersystem crossing controlled by long range attractive forces, and the results are discussed in terms of both isolated and mixed state theoretical models of these processes. For the other molecular collision partners, bimolecular chemical removal channels are possible, and may account for the relatively fast rates observed. Radiative lifetimes of five Σ vibronic levels of CH₂(b?¹B₁) and three Σ vibronic levels of CD₂(b?¹B₁) have been measured and found to lie in the range 2.5–6.0 μs, and collisional quenching rates for CH₂(b?¹B₁) are found to be of the order of the gas kinetic collisional frequency.     

NO2和HSO反应的机理及动力学研究

本文采用CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ方法构建了NO2 + HSO反应的单、三重态势能面,并对主通道速率常数进行了计算。研究结果表明,该反应在单[R1(HN(O)O + 1SO)、R2(cis-HONO + 1SO)和R3 (trans-HONO + 1SO)]、三重态[R6(HN(O)O + 3SO)、R7(cis-HONO + 3SO)和R8(trans-HONO + 3SO)]均存在3条抽氢反应通道,在单[R4(NO + HS(O)O)和R5(H + SO2 + NO)]、三重态[R9(HS(O)O + NO)和R10(H + SO2 + NO)]均存在两条抽氧通道,其中单重态抽氢通道R2 (cis-HONO + 1SO)是NO2 + HSO反应主通道。利用传统过渡态理论(TST)并结合Wigner校正,计算了上述10条通道在200 ~ 1000 K温度范围内的速率常数。计算结果表明,NO2 + HSO反应主通道在298 K时的速率常数(7.78×10-13cm3?molecule-1?s-1)与实验值(9.6×10-12 cm3?molecule-1?s-1)相吻合。此外,水分子影响主通道R2(cis-HONO + 1SO)经历了NO2 + H2O…HSO和 NO2 + H2O…HSO(HSO + NO2…H2O)两条反应通道,且两条通道的能垒分别比R2升高了49.97和20.43 kcal?mol-1,说明在实际大气环境中水分子对NO2 + HSO反应几乎没有影响。     

Theoretical Study on Mechanism of Reaction of OH with HO2NO2

The reaction of HO2NO2 (peroxynitric acid, PNA) with OH was studied by the hybrid density functional B3LYP and CBS-QB3 methods. Based on the calculated potential energy surface, five reaction channels, H2O+NO2+O2, HOOH+NO3, NO2+HO3H, HO2+HONO2 and HO2+HOONO, were examined in detail. The major reaction channel is PNA+OH→M1→TS1→H2O+NO2+O2. Taking a pre-equilibrium approximation and using the CBS-QB3 energies, the theoretical rate constant of this channel was calculated as 1.13×10-12 cm3/(molecule s) at 300 K, in agreement with the experimental result. Comparison between reactions of HOONO2+OH and HONO2+OH was carried out. For HOR+OH reactions, the total rate constants increase from R=NO2 to R=ONO2, which is consistent with experimental measurements.     

Generation of 1O2 and the mechanism of internal conversion in 9,10-diphenylanthracene

Laser photolysis techniques have been employed show that the quenching of the excited electronic states of 9,10-di-phenylanthracene involve an energy transfer mechanism resulting in generation of singlet oxygen from both the lowest singlet and triplet states of the hydrocarbon. Internal conversion from the excited singlet of the 9,10-diphenylanthracene is enhanced by oxygen as well. This process is attributed to formation of sterically hindered conformers. The temperature dependence of internal conversion of 9,10-diphenylanthracene was also examined.     

光引发BrC2F4Br+C2F4调聚反应的光强影响

实验发现，在光引发BrC2F4Br＋C2F4调聚反应中，光强（或光功率密度）能影响产品分布。提出了反应机理：此反应由加成反应与复合反应组成，而链转移反应可忽略．由此进行了动力学计算，为与实验结果吻合，拟合得的加成反应BrC2F4＋C2F4的速率常数为（2±1）×107cm3•mol-1•s-1，Br（C2F4）n≧2＋C2F4的速率常数为（1．2±0．4）×107Cm3•mol-1•s-1     

Ultrafast Dynamics of Defect-Assisted Carrier Capture in MoS2 Nanodots Investigated by Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

MoS₂ nanodots are emerging as promising semiconductor materials for optoelectronic devices. However, most of the recent attention is focused on the fabrication of MoS₂ nanodots, and the survey for exciton dynamics of MoS₂ nanodots remains less explored. Herein, we use femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to investigate the carrier dynamics of MoS₂ nanodots. Our results show that defect-assisted carrier recombination processes are well consistent with the observed dynamics. The photo-excited carriers are captured by defects with at least two different capture rates via Auger scattering. Four processes are deemed to take part in the carrier relaxation. After photoexcitation, carrier cooling occurs instantly within ~0.5 ps. Then most of carriers are fast captured by the defects, and the corresponding time constant increases from ~4.9 ps to ~9.2 ps with increasing pump fluence, which may be interpreted by saturation of the defect states. Next a small quantity of carriers is captured by the other kinds of defects with a relatively slow carrier capture time within ~65 ps. Finally, the remaining small fraction of carriers relaxes via direct interband electron-hole recombination within ~1 ns. Our results may lead to deep insight into the fundamentals of carrier dynamics in MoS₂ nanodots, paving the way for their further applications.     

Pt（111）电极上O2与OHad的吸脱附及氧还原反应动力学

研究了Pt（111）电极在0．1mol／LHClO4溶液中O2吸附与OHad脱附及氧还原反应的动力学．研究发现OHad的可逆吸脱附速率很快;在氧还原的动力学或动力学与传质混合控制区,恒电位下氧还原的电流随反应时间缓慢衰减,在转速较大,扫速较慢的情形下正向扫描过程中氧还原的电流总是明显低于逆向扫描的电流;Pt／0．1mol／LHClO4从无O2切换到O2饱和时,其开路电位迅速从0．9V增加到1．0V．结果表明,Pt（111）电极上O2解离生成OHad速率很快,ORR过程中OHad会在表面缓慢积累,氧还原反应的动力学主要由反应 OHad＋H^＋＋e→←H2O的平衡热力学决定．     

Solvent effect on 1O2 yield and the mechanism of polycyclic hydrocarbon triplet-state quenching by oxygen

The yield of singlet oxygen (φ_1O2) in quenching of the triplets of 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene, 1,2-benzanthracene, anthracene, pyranthrene and duroquinone by oxygen has been studied using the laser photolysis technique. It was found that in toluene φ_1O2 = 1.0 ± 0.1 and the quenching occurs via the energy transfer mechanism on account of an exchange interaction in the encounter complex. In benzonitrile the charge transfer contributes to a significant extent, leading to a considerable decrease in φ_1O2.     

Generation of 1O2 from O2 quenching of the lowest excited singlet and triplet states of 9,10-diphenylanthracene

Measurements of the quantum yield for photoperoxidation of 9,10-diphenylanthracene as a function of dissolved oxygen concentration in toluene at 20°C. are consistent with generation of ¹O₂ from both the lowest singlet and triplet states of the hydrocarbon.     

XAS/EXAFS studies of Ge nanoparticles produced by reaction between Mg2Ge and GeCl4

We present results of an XAS and EXAFS study of the synthesis of Ge nanoparticles formed by a metathesis reaction between Mg₂Ge and GeCl₄ in diglyme (diethylene glycol dimethyl ether). The progress of the formation reaction and the products formed at various stages in the processing was characterised by TEM and optical spectroscopy as well as in situ XAS/EXAFS studies using specially designed reaction cells.     

CH2(X 3B1)自由基与O2的反应

用时间分辨富里叶红外发射谱仪（ＴＲ－ＦＴＩＲＳ）研究了ＣＨ２（Ｘ＾３Ｂ１）自由基与Ｏ２反应的通道及产物的振动动态布居，基电子态自由基ＣＨ２（Ｘ＾３Ｂ１）由３５１ｎｍ紫外激光光解ＣＨ２ＣＯ生成，观测到振动发态反应产物ＣＯ（ｖ≤１０），ＣＯ２（ｖ３≤７）ＯＨ（Ｈ２Ｏ）和Ｈ２ＣＯ的红外发射，证实存在生成Ｈ２ＣＯ的通道，由光谱拟合得到不同时刻ＣＯ（ｖ）和ＣＯ２（ｖ３）的相对振动布居，发现ｖ＝４能级的布居数