气相中双取代苯在丙酮离子体系中的加合反应研究

研究了11双取代苯在丙酮离子体系中的离子－分子反应特性及加合离子的碎裂反应特性,发现推电子基有利于加合反应的发生而吸电子基不利于加合反应的发生。双取代异构体的加合产物相对强度可以反映出它们取代基的位置及其性质的差异。邻苯二胺与乙酰基离子形成的加合离子在碎裂反应过程中可以发生与液相中胺的还原烷基化反应相类似的碎裂反应。     

Strategies for generating peptide radical cations via ion/ion reactions

Several approaches for the generation of peptide radical cations using ion/ion reactions coupled with either collision induced dissociation (CID) or ultraviolet photo dissociation (UVPD) are described here. Ion/ion reactions are used to generate electrostatic or covalent complexes comprised of a peptide and a radical reagent. The radical site of the reagent can be generated multiple ways. Reagents containing a carbon–iodine (C―I) bond are subjected to UVPD with 266‐nm photons, which selectively cleaves the C―I bond homolytically. Alternatively, reagents containing azo functionalities are collisionally activated to yield radical sites on either side of the azo group. Both of these methods generate an initial radical site on the reagent, which then abstracts a hydrogen from the peptide while the peptide and reagent are held together by either electrostatic interactions or a covalent linkage. These methods are demonstrated via ion/ion reactions between the model peptide RARARAA (doubly protonated) and various distonic anionic radical reagents. The radical site abstracts a hydrogen atom from the peptide, while the charge site abstracts a proton. The net result is the conversion of a doubly protonated peptide to a peptide radical cation. The peptide radical cations have been fragmented via CID and the resulting product ion mass spectra are compared to the control CID spectrum of the singly protonated, even‐electron species. This work is then extended to bradykinin, a more broadly studied peptide, for comparison with other radical peptide generation methods. The work presented here provides novel methods for generating peptide radical cations in the gas phase through ion/ion reaction complexes that do not require modification of the peptide in solution or generation of non‐covalent complexes in the electrospray process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cyclic peptide as reference system for b ion structural analysis in the gas phase

Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy and hydrogen/deuterium exchange methods are used to confirm the macrocylic structure of a b(6) peptide fragment by direct comparison with a synthetically made cyclic peptide. The acetylation of the peptide N-terminus results in the inhibition of the macrocyclic formation, supporting the "head-to-tail" cyclization mechanism. Differences in hydrogen/deuterium exchange rates for macrocyclic and oxazalone structure peptide fragments are interpreted to be a result of the complex interplay of multiple basic sites in the peptide fragment, supporting the relay mechanism for deuterium exchange with CH(3)OD.     

Proton transfer in aqueous urea solutions

The rates of proton dissociation from the first excited state of aromatic alcohols (8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate and -naphthol-6-sulfonate) were measured by steady-state fluorimetry in aqueous solutions as a function of urea concentration. The measured acid dissociation rate constants (k _off ^/* ) of the probes were independent of urea concentration up to 3M. These results, together with the decrease of k _off ^/* with salt and other additives, demonstrate that the changes in k _off ^/* are not related unequivocally with the activity of water. A urea-H₂O cluster of properties similar to pure water is proposed to account for the observed results.     

环丙烷衍生物在CD3OD离子体系中的H/D交换反应

研究了环丙烷衍物生物在CD3OD离子体系中的H/D交换反应产物离子[M 1]^*,[M 2]^ 和[M 3]^*的碰撞诱民碎裂(CID)反应特征,实验结果表明这些产物离子是由反应物与试剂离子之间生H/D交换反应生成的,获得了环丙烷衍生物结构中活泼氢位置及其数量的信息.     

Gas-phase peptide fragmentation: how understanding the fundamentals provides a springboard to developing new chemistry and novel proteomic tools

This tutorial provides an overview of the evolution of some of the key concepts in the gas-phase fragmentation of different classes of peptide ions under various conditions [e.g. collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD)], and then demonstrates how these concepts can be used to develop new methods. For example, an understanding of the role of the mobile proton and neighboring group interactions in the fragmentation reactions of protonated peptides has led to the design of the 'SELECT' method. For ETD, a model based on the Landau-Zener theory reveals the role of both thermodynamic and geometric effects in the electron transfer from polyatomic reagent anions to multiply protonated peptides, and this predictive model has facilitated the design of a new strategy to form ETD reagent anions from precursors generated via ESI. Finally, two promising, emerging areas of gas-phase ion chemistry of peptides are also described: (1) the design of new gas-phase radical chemistry to probe peptide structure, and (2) selective cleavage of disulfide bonds of peptides in the gas phase via various physicochemical approaches.     

傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱进展

综述了傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱（ＦＴＩＣＲＭＳ）仪器特点和各种新技术。主要对紫外光解离技术、红外多光子解离技术、表面诱导解离、黑体红外辐射离、电子捕获解离等离子解离新方法进行了介绍。此外,应用多次激发碰撞活化技术、超低能量激发技术、持续偏共振激发、存储波形逆傅立叶变换技术等离子再测量技术能提高源内离子碰撞诱导解离效率,更好的实现ＭＳ＾n的产技术。文章最后阐述了ＦＴＭＳ在生物分析及气相分子离子反应     

Detection of tyrosine phosphorylated peptides via skimmer collision-induced dissociation/ion trap mass spectrometry

Phosphorylation of proteins is an important post-translational protein modification in cellular response to environmental change and occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Identification of the amino acid on individual proteins that become phosphorylated in response to extracellular stimulus is essential for understanding the mechanisms involved in the intracellular signals that these modifications facilitate. Most protein kinases catalyze the phosphorylation of proteins on serine, threonine or tyrosine. Although tyrosine phosphorylation is often the least abundant of the three major phosphorylation sites, it is important owing to its role in signal pathways. Currently available methods for the identification of phosphorylation sites can often miss low levels of tyrosine phosphorylations. This paper describes a method for the identification of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides using electrospray ionization on an ion trap mass spectrometer. Skimmer-activated collision-induced dissociation (CID) was used to generate the phosphotyrosine immonium ion at m/z 216. This method is gentle enough that the protonated molecule of the intact peptide is still observed. In-trap CID was employed for the verification of the phosphotyrosine immonium ion. Using this technique, low levels of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides can be identified from peptide mixtures separated by nanoflow micro liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.     

Electron transfer dissociation versus collisionally activated dissociation of cationized biodegradable polyesters

Biodegradable polyesters were ionized by electrospray ionization and characterized by tandem mass spectrometry using collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) as activation methods. The compounds studied include one homopolymer, polylactide and two copolymers, poly(ethylene adipate) and poly(butylene adipate). CAD of [M+2Na]²⁺ ions from these polyesters proceeds via charge‐remote 1,5‐H rearrangements over the ester groups, leading to cleavages at the (CO)O–alkyl bonds. ETD of the same precursor ions creates a radical anion at the site of electron attachment, which fragments by radical‐induced cleavage of the (CO)O–alkyl bonds and by intramolecular nucleophilic substitution at the (CO)–O bonds. In contrast to CAD, ETD produces fragments in one charge state only and does not cause consecutive fragmentations, which simplifies spectral interpretation and permits conclusive identification of the correct end groups. The radical‐site reactions occurring during ETD are very similar with those reported for ETD of protonated peptides. Unlike multiply protonated species, multiply sodiated precursors form ion pairs (salt bridges) after electron transfer, thereby promoting dissociations via nucleophilic displacement in addition to the radical‐site dissociations typical in ETD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sensing the ortho Positions in C6Cl6 and C6H4Cl2 from Cl2− Formation upon Molecular Reduction

The geometrical effect of chlorine atom positions in polyatomic molecules after capturing a low-energy electron is shown to be a prevalent mechanism yielding Cl₂⁻. In this work, we investigated hexachlorobenzene reduction in electron transfer experiments to determine the role of chlorine atom positions around the aromatic ring, and compared our results with those using ortho-, meta- and para-dichlorobenzene molecules. This was achieved by combining gas-phase experiments to determine the reaction threshold by means of mass spectrometry together with quantum chemical calculations. We also observed that Cl₂⁻ formation can only occur in 1,2-C₆H₄Cl₂, where the two closest C–Cl bonds are cleaved while the chlorine atoms are brought together within the ring framework due to excess energy dissipation. These results show that a strong coupling between electronic and C–Cl bending motion is responsible for a positional isomeric effect, where molecular recognition is a determining factor in chlorine anion formation.     

Combining UV photodissociation with electron transfer for peptide structure analysis

The combination of near‐UV photodissociation with electron transfer and collisional activation provides a new tool for structure investigation of isolated peptide ions and reactive intermediates. Two new types of pulse experiments are reported. In the first one called UV/Vis photodissociation–electron transfer dissociation (UVPD‐ETD), diazirine‐labeled peptide ions are shown to undergo photodissociation in the gas phase to form new covalent bonds, guided by the ion conformation, and the products are analyzed by electron transfer dissociation. In the second experiment, called ETD‐UVPD wherein synthetic labels are not necessary, electron transfer forms new cation–peptide radical chromophores that absorb at 355 nm and undergo specific backbone photodissociation reactions. The new method is applied to distinguish isomeric ions produced by ETD of arginine containing peptides. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Charge transfer mechanism in N4+ + He and B3+ + He/H2 ion–atom/molecule collisions

Ab initio potential energy curves and coupling matrix elements of the molecular states involved in the collision of the N⁴⁺(2s)²S and B³⁺(1s²)¹S multicharged ions on the helium atom or molecular hydrogen have been determined by means of configuration interaction methods. The total and partial electron capture cross-sections have been evaluated in the frame of a semiclassic approach in the 1- to 100-keV laboratory energy range and compared to experimental data. A comparative study of both targets is performed in the case of the B³⁺ ion. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002     

Comparison of CID versus ETD‐based MS/MS fragmentation for the analysis of doubly derivatized steroids

Electrospray ionization coupled with collision‐induced dissociation (CID) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a commonly used technique to analyze the chemical composition of steroids. However, steroids are structurally similar compounds, making it difficult to interpret their product‐ion spectra. Electron transfer dissociation (ETD), a relatively new technique for protein and peptide fragmentation, has been shown to provide more detailed structural information. In this study, we compared the ability of CID with that of ETD to differentiate between eight 3,20‐dioxosteroids that had been derivatizated with a quaternary ammonium salt, Girard reagent P (GirP), at room temperature or after exposure to microwave irradiation to generate doubly charged ions. We found that the derivatization of steroid with GirP hydrazine occurred in less than 10 min when the reaction was carried out in the presence of microwave irradiation compared to 30 min when the reaction was carried out at room temperature. According to the MS/MS spectra, CID provided rich, structurally informative ions; however, the spectra were complex, thereby complicating the peak assignment. In contrast, ETD generated simpler spectra, making it easier to recognize individual peaks. Remarkably, both CID and ETD were allowed to differentiate of steroid isomers, 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) and deoxycorticosterone (DOC), but the signature ions obtained from CID were less intense than those generated by ETD, which generated much clearer spectra. These results indicate that ETD in conjunction with CID can provide more structural information for precise characterization of steroids. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Formation of [b(n) + 17 + Ag]+ product ions from Ag+ cationized native and acetylated peptides

We compared the tandem mass spectra of a range of native and acetylated Ag(+) cationized peptides to determine the influence of the derivatization step on the abundance of the [b(n) + 17 + Ag](+) product ions. Using tripeptides, the smallest for which the mechanisms to generate [b(2) - 1 + Ag](+) and [b(2) + 17 + Ag](+) products are both operative, we found that in most cases acetylation causes an increase in the abundance of the C-terminal rearrangement ion, [b(2) + 17 + Ag](+), relative to the rival N-terminal rearrangement ion, [b(2) - 1 + Ag](+). The presence of a free amino group to bind to the metal ion significantly influences the relative abundances of the product ions. We propose a mechanism for the formation of the [b(n) + 17 + Ag](+) that is based on the formation of a five-membered oxazolidin-5-one and tetrahedral carbon intermediate that may collapse to a peptide upon release of CO and an imine, aided by the fact that the ring formed during C-terminal rearrangement is both a hemiacylal and hemiaminal. We also identified an influence of amino acid sequence on the relative abundances of the [b(n) + 17 + Ag](+) and [b(n) - 1 + Ag](+) product ions, whereby bulky substituents located on the alpha-carbon of the amino acid to the C-terminal side of the cleavage site apparently promote the formation of the [b(n) + 17 + Ag](+) product over [b(n) - 1 + Ag](+) when the amino acid to the N-terminal side of the cleavage site is glycine. The latter ion is the favored product, however, when the bulky group is positioned on the alpha-carbon of the amino acid to the N-terminal side of the cleavage site.     

源内碰撞诱导解离质谱技术在农药残留分析中的应用

选择了两种难挥发、强极性及热不稳定农药（三嗪类除草剂－阿特拉津及有机磷类农药－二嗪农）进行了其碎片谱研究,６种农药（阿特拉津、西草净、西玛津,杀草净、涕戚、绿麦隆）混合物经过ＨＰＬＣ良好分离后实现了ＨＰＬＣ／ＡＰＣＩ／ＣＩＤＭＳ的测定,获得了各自的特征碎片谱,采用ＣＩＤ技术,既可得到待测物的分子量,又可得结构信息。     

脂肪胺分子离子及质子化脂肪胺分子的碎裂反应

应用碰撞诱导解离(CID)技术研究了电子轰击方法产生的脂肪胺分子离子和化学电离方法产生的质子化脂肪胺分子的碎裂反应。质子化脂肪胺碰撞活化后的主要碎裂通道包括丢失C_XH_(2X)、C_XH_(2X 1)、C_XH_(2X 2)单元及NH_3和生成[C_yH_(2y 1)]及CH_3CH=NH_2~ 离子。脂肪胺分子离子碰撞活化后的主要碎裂通道是丢失C_XH_(2X)、C_XH_(2X 1)及NH_3和生成[C_mH_(2m-1)]~ 、CH_2NH_2~ 及CH_3CHNH_2~ 离子。随着碰撞能的增加,远电荷碎裂反应和电荷诱导碎裂反应之间竞争引起产物离子的的分布发生变化,如[C_mH_(2m-1)]~ 和[C_yH_(2y 1)]~ 离子。自由基机理可以解释质子化脂肪胺分子的远电荷反应。分子内氢抽取可以解释脂肪胺分子离子的碎裂反应。     

Rapid screening and characterization of drug metabolites using a new quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer

The application of a new hybrid RF/DC quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer to support drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies is described. The instrument is based on a quadrupole ion path and is capable of conventional tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) as well as several high-sensitivity ion trap MS scans using the final quadrupole as a linear ion trap. Several pharmaceutical compounds, including trocade, remikiren and tolcapone, were used to evaluate the capabilities of the system with positive and negative turbo ionspray, using either information-dependent data acquisition (IDA) or targeted analysis for the screening, identification and quantification of metabolites. Owing to the MS/MS in-space configuration, quadrupole-like CID spectra with ion trap sensitivity can be obtained without the classical low mass cutoff of 3D ion traps. The system also has MS(3) capability which allows fragmentation cascades to be followed. The combination of constant neutral loss or precursor ion scan with the enhanced product ion scan was found to be very selective for identifying metabolites at the picogram level in very complex matrices. Owing to the very high cycle time and, depending on the mass range, up to eight different MS experiments could be performed simultaneously without compromising chromatographic performance. Targeted product ion analysis was found to be complementary to IDA, in particular for very low concentrations. Comparable sensitivity was found in enhanced product ion scan and selected reaction monitoring modes. The instrument is particularly suitable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis.     

Analysis of Fragmentation Pathways of Peptide Modified with Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Group as Ionization Enhancers

Peptide modification by a quaternary ammonium group containing a permanent positive charge is a promising method of increasing the ionization efficiency of the analyzed compounds, making ultra-sensitive detection even at the attomolar level possible. Charge-derivatized peptides may undergo both charge remote (ChR) and charge-directed (ChD) fragmentation. A series of model peptide conjugates derivatized with N,N,N-triethyloammonium (TEA), 1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (ABCO), 2,4,6-triphenylopyridinium (TPP) and tris(2,4,6-trimetoxyphenylo)phosphonium (TMPP) groups were analyzed by their fragmentation pathways both in collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron-capture dissociation (ECD) mode. The effect of the fixed-charge tag type and peptide sequence on the fragmentation pathways was investigated. We found that the aspartic acid effect plays a crucial role in the CID fragmentation of TPP and TEA peptide conjugates whereas it was not resolved for the peptides derivatized with the phosphonium group. ECD spectra are mostly dominated by c_n ions. ECD fragmentation of TMPP-modified peptides results in the formation of intense fragments derived from this fixed-charge tag, which may serve as reporter ion.     

Characterization of a phosphorylated peptide and peptoid and peptoid-peptide hybrids by mass spectrometry

Nano-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (nano-ES-MS/MS) was used to record collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of a set of peptoid-peptide hybrids and the complete peptoid derived from the phosphopeptide Ac-pTyr-Glu-Thr-Leu-NH(2) (1). The presence of B and Y'-type fragment ions in the tandem mass spectra of the protonated molecular ions [M + H](+) allowed confirmation of sequence similar to mass spectrometric sequence analysis in peptides. In the isomeric peptoid compounds studied, one or several amino acid residues were replaced by peptoid residues (N-substituted glycine residues), which resulted in characteristic tandem mass spectra with differently increased relative abundances of Y'-and B-type fragment ions. The increment of a particular Y'-ion was directly correlated to the position of a peptoid residue present. In addition to these increased peak intensities, other characteristic peaks were also observed compared with the spectrum of reference peptide 1. When a peptoid phosphotyrosine was incorporated, the presence of this residue was apparent from the occurrence of a relatively intense peak at m/z 187 representing the positively charged side-chain of phosphotyrosine, which was almost absent in the spectrum of the reference peptide 1. Since the threonine side-chain had to be translated into the homo peptoid analog this substitution was apparent from the presence of [M + H](+) and fragment ions 14 mass units higher than observed in the spectrum of the reference phosphopeptide 1. The presence of an NLeu peptoid residue could be confirmed by the specific fragmentation of the immonium ion showing an intense peak in its tandem mass spectrum at m/z 57, which results from the loss of an neutral imine molecule leading to a positively charged [C(4)H(9)](+) ion. By means of these mass spectrometric characteristics, all isomeric peptoid compounds could be distinguished from each other and characterized. The methods used appear to be very useful in future studies of peptoids and peptoid-peptide hybrids.