Total synthesis of (-)-callystatin A

An effective total synthesis of (-)-callystatin A (1), member of the leptomycin family of antibiotics, has been achieved. The synthesis features Evans extended aldol methodology to construct the northern polypropionate subunit and two separate Julia olefinations to assemble the conjugated dienes. The total synthesis proceeded in 2.3% overall yield with the longest linear sequence of 15 steps.     

Total synthesis of (-)-callystatin A

A total synthesis of the cytotoxic polyketide marine natural product callystatin A is described. The route features chiral allenylmetal additions to construct the polypropionate C15-22 segment and an sp(2)-sp(3) Suzuki coupling to join the C1-C11 and C12-C22 subunits.     

Total synthesis of (-)-callipeltoside A

A total synthesis of (-)-callipeltoside A (1) has been achieved. The core macrocycle was made via a dual macrolactonization/pyran hemiketal formation reaction, developed to circumvent issues related to the reversible nature of acylketene formation from β-keto lactone substrates. Initial approaches to the core of the natural product that revolved around ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and relay ring-closing metathesis (RRCM) reactions are also described.     

Total synthesis of (-)-callystatin A

[reaction: see text] A convergent enantioselective synthesis of the natural product (-)-callystatin A (1) is described. Key features of the synthesis include a lipase-mediated kinetic resolution to install the C5 lactone stereochemistry, a hydrozirconation-based approach to the C8-C9 trisubstituted (Z)-olefin, and a stereoselective cross-coupling of a vinyl dibromide to install the C14-C15 trisubstituted (E)-olefin.     

Total synthesis of (-)-hennoxazole A

An enantioselective, convergent total synthesis of the antiviral marine natural product (-)-hennoxazole A is completed in 14 steps (longest linear sequence) from commercially available 4-methyloxazole-2-carboxylic acid. Synthesis of the C(1)-C(15) pyran/bisoxazole fragment takes advantage of an aldol-like coupling between a dimethyl acetal and an N-acetylthiazolidinethione for the direct, stereoselective installation of the C(8)-methoxy-bearing stereocenter. A one-pot acetoacetate acylation/decarboxylation/cyclodehydration of another elaborate thiazolidinethione allows for rapid assembly of the pyran-based ring system. Synthesis of the C(15)-C(25) skipped triene side chain fragment makes use of a [2,3]-Wittig-Still rearrangement for efficient installation of the trisubstituted Z-double bond. Key late-stage coupling of the two fragments is effected by deprotonation of the methyl group on the bisoxazole system using lithium diethylamide, followed by alkylation with an allylic bromide side chain segment to form the C(15)-C(16) bond.     

Total synthesis of (-)-xyloketal A

[reaction: see text] The first total synthesis of the C(3)-symmetric and biologically active natural product, (-)-xyloketal A, has been accomplished in one step from phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene) and (4R)-3-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-4,5-dihydrofuran. This remarkably direct process involved an exceedingly facile and diastereoselective boron trifluoride diethyl etherate-promoted triple electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction that was coupled to three bicyclic acetal formation reactions.     

Total synthesis of (-)-hennoxazole A

An enantioselective, convergent, total synthesis of the antiviral marine natural product (-)-hennoxazole A has been completed in 17 steps, longest linear sequence, from serine methyl ester and in 9 steps from an achiral bisoxazole intermediate. Elaboration of a thiazolidinethione allowed for rapid assembly of the pyran-based ring system. Key late-stage coupling was effected by deprotonation of the bisoxazole methyl group, followed by alkylation with an allylic bromide side chain segment. [structure: see text]     

Total synthesis of (-)-nakadomarin A

A concise diastereoselective total synthesis of (-)-nakadomarin A has been completed in 21 steps from D-pyroglutamic acid. Key steps include an enecarbamate Michael addition/furan-N-acyliminium ion cascade cyclization to provide the tetracyclic core and ring-closing alkyne and alkene metatheses to construct the fifteen- and eight-membered azacycles, respectively.     

Total synthesis of (-)-salicylihalamide A

[see structure]. A 16-step synthesis of the novel cytotoxin salicylihalamide A (1E) has been achieved in 3.3% overall yield using ring closing metathesis to generate the macrolide and addition of (1Z,3Z)-hexadienylcuprate (2), which was generated in situ from ethylcuprate and acetylene, to alkenyl isocyanate 3 to form the side chain.     

Total synthesis of (-)-salinosporamide A

A concise and stereoselective total synthesis of (-)-salinosporamide A (1), a potent inhibitor of the 20S proteasome that is in clinical development as an anticancer drug candidate, has been accomplished in 14 steps with 19% overall yield from 4-pentenoic acid. Our synthesis features a stereoselective alkylation utilizing a chiral auxiliary, formation of a pyrrolidine unit, and oxidation of the pyrrolidine to a γ-lactam. To demonstrate the scalability of our synthesis, (-)-salinosporamide A has been synthesized on a gram scale.     

Total synthesis of (-)-callystatin A

[reaction: see text] The enantioselective synthesis of callystatin A is described. The pivotal step in the synthesis is the stereoselective aldol reaction that generates the beta-hydroxy ketone moiety. Utilizing the allylic strain within the ethyl ketone precursor, we were able to generate the all-syn configuration of callystatin A. For the construction of the two diene moieties, both a Heck coupling and a Wittig reaction were employed.     

Total synthesis of (-)-nakadomarin A

A highly diastereoselective bifunctional organocatalyst controlled Michael addition, a nitro-Mannich/lactamization cascade, a furan N-acyliminium cyclisation, a sequential alkyne RCM/syn-reduction and an alkene RCM has allowed a 19 step, highly stereoselective synthesis of (-)-nakadomarin A.     

Total synthesis of (-)-apicularen A

Complete details of an asymmetric synthesis of apicularen (1) are described. The synthesis has been accomplished using a highly diastereo- and enantioselective [4 + 2] annulation for the assembly of the functionalized pyran core. An underdeveloped lactonization method involving an NaH promoted transesterification of an advanced intermediate bearing an aryl cyanomethyl ester was used for the macrolactonization step.     

Total synthesis of (-)-sarain A

This article describes the details of our synthetic studies toward the complex marine alkaloid sarain A. Various strategies were conceived, setbacks encountered, and solutions developed, ultimately leading to a successful enantioselective total synthesis. Our route to (-)-sarain A features a number of key steps, including an asymmetric Michael addition to install the C4'-C3'-C7' stereotriad, an enoxysilane-N-sulfonyliminium ion cyclization to set the C3 quaternary carbon stereocenter, and assemble the diazatricycloundecane core, a ring-closing metathesis to construct the 13-membered ring, an intramolecular Stille coupling to fashion the unsaturated 14-membered macrocycle, and a late-stage installation of the tertiary amine-aldehyde proximity interaction.     

Total synthesis of Akuammiline alkaloid (-)-vincorine via intramolecular oxidative coupling

An asymmetric total synthesis of the Akuammiline alkaloid (-)-vincorine (18 steps from 5-methoxytryptamine, 5% overall yield) is described. The key steps include Pd-catalyzed direct C-H functionalization of indole derivatives, organocatalyzed asymmetric Michael addition of aldehydes to alkylidene malonates, and intramolecular oxidative coupling between indole and malonate moieties.     

Total synthesis of (-)-bafilomycin A(1)

A highly stereoselective total synthesis of (-)-bafilomycin A(1), the naturally occurring enantiomer of this potent vacuolar ATPase inhibitor, is described. The synthesis features the highly stereoselective aldol reaction of methyl ketone 8b and aldehyde 60c and a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of the highly functionalized advanced intermediates 12 and 39. Vinyl iodide 12 was synthesized by a 14-step sequence starting from the readily available beta-alkoxy aldehyde 14, while the vinylboronic acid component 39 was synthesized by a nine-step sequence from beta-hydroxy-alpha-methyl butyrate 44 via a sequence involving the alpha-methoxypropargylation of chiral aldehyde 49 with the alpha-methoxypropargylstannane reagent 54. Syntheses of fragments 12 and 39 also feature diastereoselective double asymmetric crotylboration reactions to set several of the critical stereocenters. The Suzuki cross-coupling of 12 and 39 provided seco ester 40, which following conversion to the seco acid underwent smooth macrolactonization to give 41. The success of the macrocyclization required that C(7)-OH be unprotected. The Mukaiyama aldol reaction between aldehyde 60c and the TMS enol ether generated from 8b provided aldol 65 with high diastereoselectivity. Finally, all silicon protecting groups were removed by treatment of the penultimate intermediate 65 with TAS-F (tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate), thereby completing the total synthesis of (-)-bafilomycin A(1).     

An expedient synthesis of ellipticine via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling

A simple and efficient total synthesis of ellipticine was developed via the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of sterically sensitive 2-hydroxybenzeneboronic acid with a multifunctional aryl halide using Pd(OAc)₂ as a catalyst and Cu(OAc)₂·H₂O as an additive in DMSO/H₂O as a key step followed by double N-arylation and cyclization.