醋酸根型层状双氢氧化物与蒙脱石的插层组装作用研究

在水热法合成硝酸根型层状双氢氧化物(NO3-LDH)的基础上,用离子交换法制备醋酸根离子插层层状双氢氧化物(Aco-LDH).在超声作用下,利用水分子对Aco-LDH层间域内氢键网络的破坏作用实现了Aco-LDH的剥离.利用蒙脱石在水中的溶胀特性实现了其片层的分散剥离.将剥离后的LDH片层与剥离蒙脱石(MMT)进行插层组装获得了LDH/MMT层状复合材料.用XRD、FFIR、TEM、AFM、N2吸附-脱附等手段对样品进行了表征.结果表明,当Aco-LDH浓度为1 mg/mL时,在水中超声处理获得厚度为5～20 nm的LDH片层.蒙脱石分散后其层间距扩大,结晶程度降低.插层组装作用获得的LDH/M MT层状复合材料的主体为蒙脱石,LDH与MMT之间形成片-片组装结构,复合物的层间距为1.50 nm,接近单元LDH片层与单元MMT片层的堆叠结构厚度,比表面积达105.89 m2/g.     

高分散二硫化钼复合纳米纤维的制备及表征

以二硫化钼(MoS2)粉体为原料、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)为表面活性剂,采用超声辅助液相剥离法制备了MoS2纳米片,利用静电纺丝技术制备了MoS2复合纳米纤维.采用紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和拉曼光谱(Raman)表征了MoS2纳米片和复合纳米纤维的形貌、尺寸及分散性.结果表明,经超声辅助剥离制备的MoS2纳米片为单层或少层结构,其尺寸为50～100 nm.掺杂MoS2纳米片的复合纳米纤维具有光滑的表面和均匀的直径(～730 nm),MoS2纳米片在纤维内能均匀分散、无聚集,表明MoS2纳米片与PVP纤维有着良好的兼容性.     

碳电极钙钛矿太阳能电池光吸收层厚度对光伏性能的影响研究

本文使用两步法,通过控制PbI₂(DMSO)溶液的浓度制备了不同厚度的有机-无机杂化钙钛矿(MAPbI₃)光吸收层薄膜,并组装了大面积基于碳电极且无空穴传输层的钙钛矿太阳能电池。对不同厚度MAPbI₃光吸收层薄膜的晶相、光吸收性质、表面形貌、元素组成进行分析,并进一步测试了基于MAPbI₃薄膜制备的钙钛矿太阳能电池的光伏性能。结果表明,MAPbI₃光吸收层薄膜厚度与PbI₂(DMSO)浓度呈正相关关系,浓度为1.3 mol/L的PbI₂溶液制备的MAPbI₃薄膜厚度约为350 nm,具有较好的结晶度和光吸收强度,且薄膜表面致密平整,无明显缺陷,基于350 nm MAPbI₃光吸收层的钙钛矿太阳能电池获得了8.48%的光电转换效率。     

球磨增强液相剥离法制备h-BN纳米片的工艺研究

针对异丙醇溶液中高质量、高产率六方氮化硼(h-BN)纳米片的制备工艺开发问题,本文在研究h-BN粉在异丙醇(IPA)溶液中分散工艺及其悬浮稳定性的基础上,采用球磨与超声相结合的方法研究其剥离工艺,系统研究超声时间、功率、h-BN浓度及球磨时间对h-BN剥离效果的影响.采用XRD、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)等对h-BN球磨粉体和所制备的h-BN纳米片进行了表征,并用吸光度表征了h-BN剥离产率.研究结果表明:在异丙醇溶液中加入5wt;的油酸(OA)可以提升h-BN粉的悬浮稳定性,从而提升剥离效果和效率;在液相超声剥离时,提高粉体浓度,纳米片层数提高;提高超声功率,可获得少层h-BN纳米片,但纳米片均匀性下降且制备效率较低.将h-BN粉与异丙醇溶液在300r/min转速下球磨10 h后,以0.25 mg/mL的BN/IPA溶液在350 W功率下超声20h,剥离出的h-BN纳米片为10层以下,层间距为0.33 nm,同时使剥离产率提高6.4倍.     

SiNX覆盖层厚度对非晶In-Ga-Zn-O薄膜退火晶化的影响研究

采用射频磁控溅射在二氧化硅衬底上沉积一层厚度200 nm的非晶In-Ga-Zn-O(IGZO)薄膜,并在IGZO膜层上沉积厚度分别为20 nm、50 nm、60 nm、70 nm、90 nm的SiNX薄膜覆盖层,于350℃条件下N2气氛中退火1 h.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、能量色散谱仪(EDS)对IGZO薄膜的微观结构及成分进行研究.研究结果表明,退火后无覆盖层的IGZO膜层仍为非晶状态,70 nm以上SiNX覆盖层下的IGZO薄膜不发生晶化.与此不同,20～60 nm的SiNX覆盖层下IGZO膜层与SiNX覆盖层的界面处存在纳米凸起柱,使IGZO薄膜与SiNX覆盖层的接触界面脱离,此厚度的SiNX覆盖层具有诱导非晶IGZO薄膜晶化的作用,IGZO膜层内部的晶粒直径约10 nm.成分分析结果表明,结晶处In原子含量增加,IGZO薄膜中In原子的局域团聚是IGZO薄膜发生晶化的原因.     

磁控溅射PbSe薄膜厚度对其结构及光学特性的影响

本文利用射频磁控溅射法在200℃的玻璃衬底上沉积了纳米晶PbSe薄膜,薄膜厚度分别为200 nm、250 nm、500 nm及600 nm.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、原子力显微镜(AFM)及紫外-可见分光光度计,分别研究了不同厚度PbSe薄膜的晶体结构、表面形貌和光学特性.结果表明:随膜厚增大,PbSe (200)晶面的择优取向显著增强,薄膜的结晶质量逐渐提高.此外,随薄膜厚度增加吸收边发生红移.膜厚为200nm、250 nm时,薄膜的禁带宽度为1.89 eV和1.60 eV;膜厚较大(500 nm及600 nm)时,带隙宽度减小至1.41 eV和1.34 eV,与太阳的光谱辐射更加匹配.因此,我们认为厚度较大的PbSe薄膜更适于用做太阳能电池的吸收层.     

膜厚对Nd掺杂钙锶铋钛铁电薄膜结构及性能的影响

采用Sol-gel法和层层快速退火工艺在Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si基片上制备了厚度不同Nd掺杂的钙锶铋钛(C0.4S0.6NT)铁电薄膜.研究了单层膜厚和总膜厚对于薄膜的(200)择优取向、显微结构及铁电性能的影响.发现:恰当的单层膜厚度,有助于薄膜(200)峰的择优取向和铁电性能;单层膜厚度约为60 nm,总厚度约为420 nm时,C0.4S0.6NT薄膜的,I(200)/[I(119)+I(001)]相对强度较大,a轴取向的晶粒较多,具有较好的铁电性能,剩余极化(Pr)和矫顽场(Ec)分别为13.251μC/cm2,85.248 kV/cm.     

薄膜厚度对Ag纳米薄膜结构特性及光学性能的影响

采用密度泛函理论,研究了Ag(111)纳米薄膜的结构稳定性、电子特性及光学性能.结果表明,Ag (111)纳米薄膜原子层厚度增加到13层,即膜厚约为2.8nm时,纳米薄膜表面能趋于稳定,为薄膜能够稳定存在的临界厚度.薄膜表面处原子间为弱离子键作用,层间距变化及表面效应主要集中在表面附近几层.在可见光及红外波段,Ag(111)纳米薄膜的折射率明显高于块体材料而消光系数略高于块体材料;随着薄膜厚度的增加,在该波段,折射率减小,消光系数增加,吸收变大.     

Fe/Si多层膜亚层厚度比对β-FeSi2薄膜结构和表面形貌的影响

采用射频磁控溅射方法,在Si(111)和石英衬底上制备了Fe/Si亚层厚度比不同的多层膜.多层膜的总厚度为252 nm,Fe/Si亚层厚度比分别为1 nm/3.2 nm、2 nm/6.4 nm和20 nm/64 nm.在850 ℃, Ar气气氛中退火2 h后,Si衬底上的多层膜完全生成了β-FeSi2相.但石英衬底上同样Fe/Si亚层厚度比的多层膜除了生成β-FeSi2相,还生成了少量的ε-FeSi相.通过增加Si亚层的厚度至Fe/Si亚层厚度比为2 nm/7.0 nm,在石英衬底上也获得了单相的β-FeSi2薄膜, 其光学带隙为0.87 eV,表面均方根粗糙度为2.34 nm.     

不同膜厚对SiO2光子晶体形貌及光学性能的影响

利用改良的St6ber法制成了粒径均一的SiO2胶体颗粒,胶体微球颗粒平均粒径为200 nm.保持SiO2悬浮液体积分数相同,对双基片自组装垂直沉积进行改造,改变夹层厚度,沉积得到厚度不同的SiO2光子晶体薄膜.利用扫描电子显微镜观察了膜厚不同的SiO2光子晶体薄膜样品的表面以及断面微观形貌,测试了样品的光反射性能,此外还讨论了光子晶体薄膜厚度对样品表面的形貌以及样品光反射性能带来的影响.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

原位氮化法制备TiN纳米粉体

用溶胶凝胶法合成的纳米TiO2粉体作为原料,将该粉体在氨气中进行原位氮化制备了TiN纳米粉体.用XRD,TEM,化学分析等手段对合成的TiN纳米粉体的物相组成、形貌、成分进行了分析.实验分析表明:在1000℃和1100℃下分别氮化5h,可以制备粒径大约为40nm和80nm的TiN粉体,其TiN的含量分别为95.40;和98.37;;而在1000℃条件下氮化时间减少到2h时,TiN的含量仅为58.36;.氮化温度和氮化时间是合成纳米TiN的重要因素,提高合成温度和延长氮化时间均可形成纯度较高的TiN纳米粉体,但延长氮化时间更有利于获得粒径小的氮化钛粉体.     

Mesomorphism Dependence on the Position of Substitution of a Pair of Esters

A novel homologous series of ethylene derivatives of thermotropic liquid crystals has been synthesized. The methoxy to octyloxy derivatives are nematogenic, the decyloxy to tetradecyloxy derivatives are smectogenic, in addition to nematogenic, and the hexadecyloxy homologue is smectogenic only. All the members of the series are enantiotropically mesogenic. Thermotropic behavior was determined by an optical polarizing microscope equipped with a heating stage and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structures of homologues (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, X-ray, and DSC data). Textures of the nematic phase are threaded or Schlieren and that of smectic phase are focal conic fan-shaped of smectic A or C. Transition curves of the phase diagram behave in a normal manner except one or two deviations from the normal trend. The mesophase range (Sm+N) varies from 3°C to 44°C. The average thermal stability for smectic is 93°C and that for nematic 117.4°C. The LC behavior of the novel series is compared with a structurally similar known series.     

Effect of alumina on enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali silicate glasses

The enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses containing various concentrations of alumina was determined using an ion-exchange equilibrium method. For glasses with a constant alkali concentration, the enthalpy of mixing was found to become less negative with alumina addition. Consistent with our previous results on the enthalpy of mixing of alumina-free mixed alkali silicate glasses, the magnitude of enthalpy of mixing exhibited a good correlation with the molar volume mismatch of the corresponding two single alkali glasses as well as with the extent of conductivity mixed alkali effect, e.g. excess activation energy of conductivity, ΔE. The reduction of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing with alumina addition can be attributed to the reduction of non-bridging oxygen and ionic field strength. Combining the present results with results obtained earlier, the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing for all mixed alkali (Na₂O and K₂O) silicate glasses with and without alumina was expressed by a simple function of a modified Tobolsky parameter, which takes into account the alkali concentration and the difference in cation-to-effective anion distances. The enthalpy of mixing data of the mixed alkali glasses was then compared with reported experimental data on the conductivity of mixed alkali aluminosilicate glasses. What appears to be conflicting experimental data can be understood in terms of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing and we can conclude that the mixed alkali effect is closely correlated with the negative enthalpy of mixing.     

On the influence of structural features of DNA on the possibility of metabolic transfer of electrons

Abstract

A fragment of a DNA molecule is considered as one of the channels of metabolic electron transfer. The heterogeneity of the complementary chains is effectively taken into account. This made it possible to find the speed of the electron injected into the DNA conduction band and the current density that it creates. Estimates of electron mobility in nucleic acid chains are made. They were an order of magnitude smaller than that of typical semiconductors. For the specific conductivity of nucleic acid chains, estimates provide a conductivity of one to two orders of magnitude lower than in graphite.     

电子显微分析在表征纳米晶体化学组分中的应用

纳米材料的化学组分及含量影响其光、电、声、热、磁等物理性能,电子显微分析是表征纳米晶体化学组分的重要方法之一.本文综述了X-射线能谱(EDS)、X-射线波谱(WDS)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等现代电子显微分析技术在表征纳米晶体化学组分、形貌、尺寸和结构等方面的应用及其研究进展,并比较了这些分析方法存在的差异,提出了其应用中存在的不足及今后的研发方向.     

Ni-ZrO2纳米复合电铸层的制备及纳米颗粒分布均匀性研究

研究了在复合电铸过程中,当其它工艺参数一定时,复合电铸层的沉积速率及其厚度随时间的变化趋势, 以及复合电铸层表面微观形貌随电沉积时间的变化趋势.测定了复合电铸层的组织成分,并就纳米颗粒在复合电铸层表面和横截面上分布的均匀性进行了评价.结果表明,复合电铸层表面平整,组织均匀致密,其组成主要是镍和所复合的纳米颗粒,纳米颗粒较为均匀地分散在复合电铸层中.     

Evolution of the Defect Structure of Zinc-Oxide as a Consequence of Tribophysical Activation

Zinc-oxide powder was tribophysically activated in a high-energy vibro mill in a continual regime in air for 3, 30 and 300 minutes with the purpose of modifying the powders physico-chemical properties. By analyzing of data obtained by X-ray powder diffraction, electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, the values of distances between corresponding crystallographic planes, average domain sizes of coherent scattering, i.e. crystallites, width of diffraction lines due to the existence of microstrains, and microstrain values, minimal dislocation densities, dislocation density due to microstrain and real dislocation density, and also average distances between dislocations were determined. The dependence of these values on the activation time was established, which enabled analysis of the evolution of the defect structure of zinc-oxide powders during tribophysical activation by grinding in the described regime.     

Some peculiarities of spectral proprieties of leukocytes

This article presents the results of spectral investigations of white blood human cells including absorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence (using low-temperature measurements). For this research, the main optical centres were identified and local distribution of emitting and absorbing centres into white blood human cells was determined. In addition, the spectra of normal and pathological (B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B-CLL) cells were compared.     

立方晶系晶体本征铁弹相变序参量的选取

在本征铁弹相变的软模理论的基础上,依据弹性本构关系和居里原理,给出了立方晶系晶体所有可能的自发应变的种类,研究了立方晶系晶体本征铁弹相变序参量的选取问题.以Th群和Oh群为例,阐明了不同类的序参量导致晶体对称性变化相同的的原因,提出了该情况下序参量选取的“就少不就多”的原则.得到了发生本征铁弹相变时所有可能的序参量及晶体的对称性的变化.