Radioactive decay speedup at T=5 K: electron-capture decay rate of (7)Be encapsulated in C(60)

The electron-capture (EC) decay rate of (7)Be in C(60) at the temperature of liquid helium (T=5 K) was measured and compared with the rate in Be metal at T=293 K. We found that the half-life of (7)Be in endohedral C(60) ((7)Be@C(60)) at a temperature close to T=5 K is 52.47+/-0.04 d, a value that is 0.34% faster than that at T=293 K. In this environment, the half-life of (7)Be is nearly 1.5% faster than that inside Be metal at room temperature (T=293 K). We then interpreted our observations in terms of calculations of the electron density at the (7)Be nucleus position inside the C(60); further, we estimate theoretically the temperature dependence (at T=0 K and 293 K) of the electron density at the Be nucleus position in the stable center inside C(60). The theoretical estimates were almost in agreement with the experimental observations.     

Enhanced electron-capture decay rate of 7Be encapsulated in C60 cages

The decay rate of 7Be electron capture was measured in C60 and Be metal with a reference method. The half-life of 7Be endohedral C60 ((7)Be@C(60)) and 7Be in Be metal (Be metal (7Be)) is found to be 52.68+/-0.05 and 53.12+/-0.05 days, respectively. This amounts to a 0.83% difference in electron-capture decay half-life between (7)Be@C(60) and Be metal (7Be). Our result is a reflection of the different electron wave functions for (7)Be@C(60) inside C60 compared to the situation when 7Be is in a Be metal.     

Change of the 7Be electron capture half-life in metallic environments

For the electron capture of ⁷Be in the metallic environments Pd and In the ⁷Be half-life was observed to increase by 0.9±0.2 and 0.7±0.2%, respectively, while in the insulator Li₂O it was unchanged within experimental error (all samples cooled to T = 12K). The observations are consistent with the predictions of the Debye plasma model applied to the quasi-free electrons in the metals.     

Measurement of the ~2H(~7Be,~6Li)~3He reaction rate and its contribution to the primordial lithium abundance

In the standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis(SBBN) model, the lithium puzzle has attracted intense interest over the past few decades, but still has not been solved. Conventionally, the approach is to include more reactions flowing into or out of lithium, and study the potential effects of those reactions which were not previously considered.~7Be(d,~3He)~6Li is a reaction that not only produces~6Li but also destroys~7Be, which decays to~7Li, thereby affecting~7Li indirectly. Therefore, this reaction could alleviate the lithium discrepancy if its reaction rate is sufficiently high.However, there is not much information available about the~7Be(d,~3He)~6Li reaction rate. In this work, the angular distributions of the~7Be(d,~3He)~6Li reaction are measured at the center of mass energies Ecm = 4.0 Me V and 6.~7Me V with secondary~7Be beams for the first time. The excitation function of the~7Be(d,~3He)~6Li reaction is first calculated with the computer code TALYS and then normalized to the experimental data, then its reaction rate is deduced. A SBBN network calculation is performed to investigate its influence on the~6Li and~7Li abundances. The results show that the~7Be(d,~3He)~6Li reaction has a minimal effect on~6Li and~7Li because of its small reaction rate. Therefore,the~7Be(d,~3He)~6Li reaction is ruled out by this experiment as a means of alleviating the lithium discrepancy.     

Systematic CDCC calculations for ~11Be+p elastic scattering

Continuum discretised coupled-channels(CDCC) method with a ~(10)Be(0~+) + n two-body cluster model is applied to systematically analyze the elastic scattering of the halo nucleus ~(11)Be from the proton target at various incident energies below 100 MeV/nucleon.Using the renormalized ~(10)Be- p potential deduced from the ~(10)Be+ p elastic scattering data, the differential cross sections of ~(11)Be + p scattering are well reproduced by the CDCC calculations without any further adjustment parameters, demonstrating the applicability of this approach for describing the scattering of exotic nuclei based on the scattering of the less exotic core nuclei.     

电子温度对霍尔推进器等离子体鞘层特性的影响

采用二维粒子模拟方法研究了霍尔推进器通道中电子温度对等离子体鞘层特性的影响, 讨论了不同电子温度下电子数密度、鞘层电势、电场及二次电子发射系数的变化规律. 结果表明: 当电子温度较低时, 鞘层中电子数密度沿径向方向呈指数下降, 在近壁处达到最小值, 鞘层电势降和电场径向分量变化均较大, 壁面电势维持一稳定值不变, 鞘层稳定性好; 当电子温度较高时, 鞘层区内与鞘层边界处电子数密度基本相等, 而在近壁面窄区域内迅速增加, 壁面处达到最大值, 鞘层电势变化缓慢, 电势降和电场径向分量变化均较小, 壁面电势近似维持等幅振荡, 鞘层稳定性降低; 电子温度对电场轴向分量影响较小; 随电子温度的增大, 壁面二次电子发射系数先增大后减少. 关键词： 霍尔推进器 等离子体鞘层 电子温度 粒子模拟     

7Be半衰期的精确测量

用两套γ谱仪精确测量了注入到天然铍和天然金中的7Be发生电子俘获的半衰期.测得7Be在天然铍中半衰期为53.275(25)d,在天然Au中为53.270(19)d.该结果还表明,在这两种材料中7Be半衰期的相对变化小于0.12%. The half-life of 7Be implanted in natural beryllium and in natural gold has been measured with high precision using two high-purity germanium detectors. T_(1/2)=53.275(25) d in natural beryllium and T_(1/2)=53.270(19) d in natural gold is obtained. Within our experimental precision, the difference in the effect of host media beryllium and gold on the half-life of 7Be isn t observed and an upper limit 0.12% of this effect can be set.     

Experimental study of the elastic scattering of ~(10)Be on ~(208)Pb at the energy of around three times the Coulomb barrier

Elastic scattering of 10Be on a 208Pb target was measured at ELab=127 MeV,which corresponds to three times the Coulomb barrier.The secondary 10Be beam was produced at the Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou of the Heavy-Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou.The angular distribution of elastic scattering in the 10 Be+208Pb system shows a typical Fresnel diffraction peak.Optical model analysis of the angular distribution was performed using the Woods-Saxon,double-folding and global potentials.With the global potential,different density distributions were used.The results indicate that different density distributions for the projectile induce distinct effects in the angular distribution.     

中能区丰中子核11Li的反应总截面的测量

利用HIRFL提供的50MeV/u的¹³C束流轰击Be靶, 通过RIBLL选择出放射性核素¹¹Li. 实验采用透射法测量了25—45MeV/u的¹¹Li在²⁸Si靶上的反应总截面. 采用双参数Gauss密度分布形式, 利用Glauber模型很好地拟合了高能和中能区的¹¹Li实验数据, 并从密度分布中提取了核的物质均方根半径.     

氩气微腔放电中特性参数的数值模拟研究

本文采用二维自洽完全流体模型,针对阳极为通孔的高气压微腔放电结构,研究了微腔放电的参数特性.数值计算得到了氩气压强为100 Torr,放电稳态时的电势分布、电子数密度分布和电子温度分布等重要参数.模拟结果表明放电区存在显著的阴极鞘层结构,电子数密度的峰值达到10²⁰ m^-3,电子温度的量级为几个eV至十几eV,该结论与实验结果相一致.数值模拟合理的解释了微腔放电的基本原理. 关键词： 微腔放电 等离子体模拟 流体模型     

推广的Glauber理论及其在晕核散射中的应用

介绍了推广到晕核散射的Glauber理论,并用其研究晕核¹⁴Be的散射问题.弹核的密度分布分别采用谐振子密度分布和相对论平均场理论计算得到具有两个晕中子结构的密度分布,对晕核模型的多重积分采用蒙特卡洛数值积分方法.计算了不同能量下¹⁴Be,¹²Be与靶核¹²C散射的反应截面,并与实验结果进行比较,¹⁴Be的两个中子采用具有晕中子密度分布的理论计算与实验符合较好,而采用不具有晕中子密度分布的结果与实验值相差较大.     

Rh_nBe(n=1～7)团簇结构和磁性的密度泛函研究

用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似方法研究了Rh_nBe(n=1～7)团簇的结构和磁性.结果表明:在Rh_n团簇上附加一个Be原子后,对Rh_n团簇的结构影响不大,与Be原子相配位的Rh原子间的键长发生了不同程度的增大.Rh_nBe与Rh_n团簇的稳定性变化趋势相一致,但Rh_nBe团簇更加稳定.Be原子均失去电子,磁矩相对较小.与Be原子相配位的Rh原子均是电子受体.团簇磁矩主要来自Rh原子的贡献;若Be原子呈正磁矩,则Rh_nBe团簇的总磁矩大于Rh_n团簇的磁矩,反之则小于Rh_n团簇的磁矩.     

RhnBe(n=1-7)团簇结构和磁性的密度泛函研究

用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似方法研究了RhnBe(n=1~7)团簇的结构和磁性。结果表明：在Rhn团簇上附加一个Be原子后,对Rhn团簇的结构影响不大,与Be原子相配位的Rh原子间的键长发生了不同程度的增大。RhnBe 与Rhn团簇的稳定性变化趋势相一致,但RhnBe团簇更加稳定。Be原子均失去电子,磁矩相对较小。与Be原子相配位的Rh原子均是电子受体。团簇磁矩主要来自Rh原子的贡献;若Be原子呈正磁矩,则RhnBe团簇的总磁矩大于Rhn团簇的磁矩,反之则小于Rhn团簇的磁矩。     

Effect of deuteron density distribution on the deduction of screening potential from the D(d,p)T reaction in Be metals

The D(d,p)T reaction in Be metal environments has been measured to investigate the electron screening effect in metals in an energy region of from 5.5 keV to 10 keV in a center of mass system(CMS)at a temperature of 121 K.The depth distribution of deuteron density in Be metals has an impact on the observed reaction yields.A model of deuteron density distribution in metal has been proposed to obtain the original yields.A screening energy of(116±46)eV has been obtained with the assumed deuteron density distribution model.     

晕核反应总截面和密度分布

利用考虑了量子修正、库仑修正、核子–核子碰撞同位旋效应和假定有效原子核密度分布后得到的改进的Glauber理论,计算了晕核与稳定核反应总截面,研究了晕核结构对反应总截面的影响.结果发现对于¹¹Be,¹⁴Be和¹¹Li等入射核,必须考虑它们的晕核结构和利用自由的核子–核子碰撞截面才能得到与实验符合的反应截面,并可依据反应总截面来确定晕核的密度分布和均方半径等信息.     

微空心阴极放电时空特性

为了揭示微空心阴极放电的放电机理,利用流体模型研究了矩形微空心阴极放电的时间和空间分布特性。在氩气环境下计算得到了压强为1.3×10~4Pa时电流、电势、电场、电子和离子密度等随时间的发展变化。结果表明,整个放电过程分为四个阶段,即预放电阶段、电场由轴向向径向转换阶段、电流缓慢增长向空心阴极效应过渡阶段和稳态放电阶段。稳态放电时出现明显的空心阴极效应,阴极位降区存在很高的径向电场和较高的电子平均能量,而负辉区径向电场很弱,电子平均能量较低,电子和离子密度峰值出现在负辉区,二者数值基本相等,而在阴极位降区离子密度远高于电子密度。     

Screening influence on the Stark effect of impurity states in strained wurtzite GaN/AlxGa1-xN heterojunctions under pressure

The screening effect of the random-phase-approximation on the states of shallow donor impurities in free strained wurtzite GaN/Al x Ga 1 x N heterojunctions under hydrostatic pressure and an external electric field is investigated by using a variational method and a simplified coherent potential approximation.The variations of Stark energy shift with electric field,impurity position,Al component and areal electron density are discussed.Our results show that the screening dramatically reduces both the blue and red shifts as well as the binding energies of impurity states.For a given impurity position,the change in binding energy is more sensitive to the increase in hydrostatic pressure in the presence of the screening effect than that in the absence of the screening effect.The weakening of the blue and red shifts,induced by the screening effect,strengthens gradually with the increase of electric field.Furthermore,the screening effect weakens the mixture crystal effect,thereby influencing the Stark effect.The screening effect strengthens the influence of energy band bending on binding energy due to the areal electron density.     

真空中电子辐照下聚四氟乙烯沿面闪络电压特性

为了研究聚四氟乙烯材料(PTFE)在空间粒子环境中放电规律及其影响因素,通过实验获得了高真空低能电子辐照下PTFE高压直流沿面闪络电压,并采用等温电位衰减法测试了PTEE在辐照前及辐照后的陷阱密度,分析了影响PTEE沿面闪络电压的因素。研究结果表明:相比于无辐照时PTFE沿面闪络电压,当辐照电子能量为19~25 keV时,闪络电压明显更高;在电子束流密度不变的情况下,电子能量越高,材料表面正电荷密度越小,陷阱密度与电导率越大,电场畸形程度越小,因此闪络电压升高;当电子能量一定时,束流密度越高,初始电子数量和二次电子数量越多,因此闪络电压降低。     

微空心阴极放电的3维数值模拟

 给出了圆筒形微空心阴极的3维流体方程组及其稳态的差分方程和合理的边界条件,并利用计算机模拟计算,得出了He放电形成的粒子密度、电子能量、 电场及电势分布。讨论了在阴极孔径为240~360 mm,气压6 666.1~13 332.2 Pa的范围内放电参量的变化规律:固定电压和气压时,阴极孔径减小,负辉区重合越多;固定阴极孔径和气压时,气压升高,带电粒子密度随着气压增加而增加。结果表明放电参量强烈依赖阴极孔径和气压。     

Extended Glauber Theory and Its Application in Halo Nucleus Scattering

We introduced an extended Glauber theory for a halo nucleus scattering, where the halo nucleons and the nuclear core were treated separately. Expressions of reaction and interaction cross sections of the halo nucleus scattering were derived. We took the halo structure of the projectile nucleus into account and adopted an improved optical limit approximation. In the framework of the extended Glauber theory, we studied the reaction cross section for the halo nucleus ¹⁴Be scattering on a target ¹²C. For comparison, the reaction cross sections of ¹²Be+¹²C were calculated as well. The density distribution of target ¹²C is taken from experiments, and those of the projectiles ¹²Be and ¹⁴Be were obtained by two methods. One is that the harmonic oscillator wave functions for ¹²Be and ¹⁴Be are used. The length of harmonic oscillator is adjusted to reproduce the reaction cross section of ¹²Be+¹²C at the high energy E=790MeV/u . The density distribution of ¹⁴Be was also calculated self-consistently in the relativistic mean field (RMF) theory, with a long tail wave functions for the two neutrons in ¹⁴Be. It was found that the calculated reaction cross sections for ¹²Be+¹²C at E=790MeV/u and E=56.5MeV/u were in good agreement with the experimental data no matter harmonic oscillator or RMF wave functions were used. In contrast, the experiments of the reaction cross sections for ¹⁴Be+ ¹²C could only be reproduced when the wave functions of two 2s_1/2 neutrons spreaded over with a long tail. It comes to a conclusion that two outside neutrons in ¹⁴Be form a halo structure.