卷烟滤棒中三醋酸甘油酯含量的现场快速检测研究

为了提高卷烟滤棒中三醋酸甘油酯含量的检测效率,该文通过使用手持式近红外光谱仪,结合粒子群优化－极限学习机（PSO－ELM）回归算法建立了三醋酸甘油酯含量的定量预测模型,并与偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）和极限学习机回归（ELMR）进行了比较。实验结果表明：相比于PLSR和ELMR模型,所建立的PSO－ELM预测模型的决定系数R2为0.921 2,远高于PLSR预测模型的0.860 4和ELMR预测模型的0.877 2;同时,使用PSO－ELM模型的预测均方根误差（RMSEP）为0.392 12,小于PLSR预测模型的0.497 72和ELMR预测模型的0.470 18。以上实验结果表明,所建立的近红外光谱定量模型能够应用于卷烟滤棒中三醋酸甘油酯含量的快速准确测量,为实现滤棒中三醋酸甘油酯含量的现场快速检测提供了良好的技术参考。     

最小角回归结合核极限学习机的近红外光谱对柑橘黄龙病的鉴别

传统的柑橘黄龙病检测方法存在准确度低、稳定性差等问题,该文提出了一种基于最小角回归结合核极限学习机(Least angle regression combined with kernel extreme learning machine,LAR-KELM_((RBF)))的近红外柑橘黄龙病鉴别方法。该方法将光谱数据通过小波变换进行预处理,然后用最小角回归(LAR)算法进行光谱波长的筛选,最后通过核极限学习机(KELM_((RBF)))实现样本的分类。实验采用柑橘叶片的近红外光谱数据,验证了LAR-KELM_((RBF))算法的性能,其分类准确度最高为99.91%,标准偏差为0.11。不同规模训练集的实验结果表明,LAR-KELM_((RBF))模型较极限学习机(ELM)、波形叠加极限学习机(SWELM)、反向传播神经网络(BP_((2层)))、KELM_((RBF))和支持向量机(SVM)模型分类准确度高、稳定性强,能够广泛应用于柑橘黄龙病的检测鉴别。     

基于近红外光谱技术的毒品现场快速溯源研究

毒品的日益泛滥和快速更新对缉毒部门进行现场识别和快速检测带来了巨大挑战,寻求快速、准确、低成本的现场检测方法对毒品的有效管控和案件侦破具有重要意义。该文通过使用手持式近红外光谱仪,结合粒子群优化－极限学习机（PSO－ELM）算法建立了冰毒和海洛因的现场案件快速溯源模型,并与传统的线性判别分析（LDA）算法和支持向量机（SVM）算法进行比较。结果表明：相对于传统的分类模型,该文所建立的PSO－ELM案件溯源模型能获得更好的分类结果和更高的计算效率。该方法能够实现毒品的现场快速溯源,为禁毒实战中的案件侦破提供制毒、贩毒线索。     

近红外光谱法定性描述酵母菌的生长过程

提出了一种基于近红外光谱分析技术的酵母菌生长过程描述方法.利用Antaris Ⅱ型傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪获取酵母菌培养过程中,发酵物样本在10000~4000 1范围内的光谱数据,同时采用光电比浊法测定各样本的光密度(Optical density, OD)值;运用竞争性自适应重加权采样(Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, CARS)算法优选特征光谱,再利用极限学习机(Extreme learning machine, ELM)建立酵母菌生长过程4个阶段的分类模型.研究结果显示,参与CARS-ELM模型建立的波长个数为30,其10次运行在训练集和测试集中的平均识别率分别为98.68%和97.37%.研究结果表明,利用近红外光谱分析技术结合适当的化学计量学方法描述酵母菌生长过程是可行的.     

近红外光谱结合LSTSVM算法判别不同等级烟叶

本文用近红外光谱结合最小二乘双胞胎支持向量机(LSTSVM)算法建立了烟叶等级分类模型。从三个等级共210个烟叶样品中,取出120个样品作为建模集,剩余90个样品作为预测集。为了建立最优模型,对光谱预处理方法和模型参数进行筛选优化,最优模型对预测集样品的平均识别率为95.56%,结果表明该方法可以作为烟叶等级分类的一种有效方法。此外,将该算法与SIMCA、PLS-DA、SVM等三种常见的模式识别算法进行了比较,结果表明基于样品的原始光谱,同等条件下,LSTSVM算法的预测效果优于其他三种算法。     

变量选择方法对近红外光谱校正模型优化极限的研究

变量选择经常被用于优化近红外光谱线性校正模型,消除冗余信息,提升回归的准确性和可解释性。该文研究并设计了一种基于蒙特卡洛的方法,用于评估不同线性校正方法在变量选择的子空间中能达到的最优程度,寻找变量选择对线性校正模型的优化极限。该方法通过获得验证指标——预测均方根误差（RMSEP）的分布图,揭示变量选择方法在数据集上的优化效果与优化极限。将该方法应用于3组样品的近红外光谱建模研究,结果表明：在烟草-果胶数据集上的可优化率约为24.98%,RMSEP降低了15.2%;在小麦-蛋白质数据集上的可优化率约为13.90%,RMSEP降低了9.5%;在玉米-淀粉数据集上的可优化率约为14.05%,RMSEP降低了57.1%。应用该方法可以快速得到变量选择方法在模型上的优化极限,为变量选择方法的设计、应用和评估提供参考。     

卷积神经网络和支持向量机算法在塑料近红外光谱分类中的模型应用

机器学习算法的应用使得塑料自动分类成为可能,而废旧塑料的分类回收对保护环境、节约资源有重要意义。该文结合近红外光谱分析技术,比较了使用一维卷积神经网络（1D CNN）和多元散射处理后支持向量机算法（MSC－SVM）建模的效果,及对PP新生料、PP再生料、PE新生料、PE再生料4种塑料分类的准确率。基于100个塑料样本近红外光谱数据的分类结果表明,验证集上1D CNN模型准确率为91.5%,MSC－SVM模型准确率为90.8%。1D CNN模型用于识别PP和PE新生料时,准确率可达100%。证明1D CNN建模方法在小数据集上进行准确塑料分类是可行的。     

基于多特征算法选择的太赫兹时域光谱用于水稻种子掺假研究

该文提出了一种基于太赫兹时域光谱的水稻种子模式识别方法。实验以10种不同品牌混合掺假的水稻种子为样本,基于采集的样本太赫兹时域光谱数据,通过建立Relief、随机森林（RF）、支持向量机递归特征消除（SVM-RFE）和最大相关最小冗余（mRMR）模型分别对样本光谱波长进行特征选择,最后设计分类器对4种特征选择方法处理后的样本进行分类识别。结果表明,基于布谷鸟算法（CS）优化的极限学习机模型对经RF特征选择算法提取后的样本光谱数据具有最佳识别效果,其准确率可达100%,实验对于法庭科学领域内种子的掺假鉴定具有一定的借鉴意义。     

近红外光谱结合无参数校正增强实现不同年份烟叶总糖含量模型更新

近红外光谱技术因快速、无损等特点,已广泛应用于烟草行业质量快速分析。然而,由于采收时间、环境差异等因素的影响,建立的近红外定量模型在新批次样本中的预测性能通常变差,因此必须对原有模型进行维护和更新。该研究采用半监督无参数校正增强（SS－PFCE）方法,通过约束优化,对主模型的回归系数进行修正。首先建立了2016年烟叶样本总糖含量的原始定量模型,其预测相关系数（Rp）为0.997 8、预测均方根误差（RMSEP）为0.310 8。采用SS－PFCE方法对模型更新后,分别预测2017年、2018年和2020年样本的总糖含量,3个测试集的Rp值比未更新模型提高了0.13%、1.32%和4.29%,RMSEP分别下降了15.26%、58.69%和36.53%。与重新建立的定量分析模型相比,更新后的模型具有更优的预测性能,同时大大降低了建模成本。研究表明,SS－PFCE方法可高效地实现不同年份烟叶样本的模型维护,在实际生产中具有重要的应用价值。     

苹果产地差异对可溶性固形物近红外光谱检测模型影响的研究

为更好地利用近红外光谱预测苹果可溶性固形物含量,减少产地差异对近红外光谱检测模型的影响,以4种不同产地的富士苹果为研究对象,采用基于x-y共生距离的样本划分方法分别对不同产地的苹果选取代表性样本作为校正集,利用偏最小二乘算法,建立和比较单一产地和混合产地下的苹果可溶性固形物近红外光谱检测模型,并结合竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)和连续投影算法(SPA)对苹果可溶性固形物的建模变量进行筛选。相比单一产地和其它混合产地模型,混合所有4种苹果产地的校正集样本建立的模型取得了最好的预测结果,另外,结合CARS-SPA筛选的16个特征波长,模型得到了进一步简化,其预测相关系数和预测均方根误差分别为0.978和0.441°Brix。结果表明,利用多个产地的苹果样本建立的混合模型,结合有效特征波长,可提高对苹果可溶性固形物含量的预测精度,减小产地差异对可溶性固形物近红外光谱检测的影响。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.