基于硫堇反应的共振瑞利散射光谱法测定阴离子表面活性剂

在pH 2.36的B-R介质中,一定量的3种阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SD-BS)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基磺酸钠(SLS)可与1.0×10-4 mol·L-1硫堇溶液1.0mL在总体积10mL中反应生成离子缔合物,产生共振瑞利散射光谱,在其最大共振光散射峰655nm波长处测定共振瑞利散射强度IRRS。SDBS、SDS和SLS的质量浓度分别在0.05～3.0,0.5～3.0,1.0～5.0mg·L-1范围内与样品及空白溶液的IRRS值之差ΔIRRS呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)分别为0.017,0.166,0.571mg·L-1。方法用于两个标准样品和两个环境水样中SDBS的测定,测定结果与认定值和亚甲蓝光度法测得结果相符。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定硅铝合金(FeAl40Si15)中锰量——加入表面活性剂抑制铝(Ⅲ)的干扰

样品(0.200 0g)于聚四氟乙烯烧杯中用硝酸10mL、氢氟酸5mL及高氯酸8mL低温溶解后蒸发至冒白烟,稍冷,再加高氯酸2mL并蒸发至冒白烟以除去氢氟酸,冷却,加入硝酸(1+5)溶液2mL溶解盐类,溶液移入100mL容量瓶中,加入100g·L-1 OP溶液2mL作为消除大量共存铝(Ⅲ)干扰的抑制剂,加水定容后按火焰原子吸收光谱条件测定试液中含锰量。锰的质量浓度在0.50mg·L-1以内与其吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s)为0.046mg·L-1。方法应用于硅铝合金样品的分析,锰测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在1.3%~1.9%之间。用标准加入法进行回收试验,测得回收率在102%~103%之间。     

共振光散射光谱法测定异烟肼的含量北大核心CSCD

在10mL比色管中,加入5.00×10-4 mol·L-1三氯化铁溶液0.60mL和适量的异烟肼样品溶液,微波加热2min,冷却至室温后依次加入5.00×10-3 mol·L-1碘化钾溶液1.00mL、1.00×10-4 mol·L-1十六烷基三甲基溴化铵溶液0.30mL,用水稀释至10mL,静置20min后于荧光分光光度计上,在激发波长和发射波长均为275nm处测量溶液的散射强度I,同时测量空白溶液的散射强度I0,计算ΔI=I0-I。异烟肼的质量浓度在0.050~0.25mg·L-1内与ΔI呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为0.015mg·L-1。方法应用于异烟肼片的分析,测定值与标示量相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)小于2.0%。     

蒸馏-催化极谱法测定复杂物料中微量砷

提出了用催化极谱法测定复杂物料中微量砷的含量。选择测定的溶液介质中含碲(Ⅳ)硫酸溶液5mL和150g.L-1碘化钾溶液5mL。仪器扫描速率为250mV.s-1,并采用二阶导数测定。试样(0.01～1.0g)用氯酸钾0.5g、氢氟酸5滴、硝酸5～10mL溶解,用蒸馏法分离其中的砷。砷的质量浓度在0.4mg·L-1以内与相应的峰电流呈线性关系。按此方法测定了12个矿样中砷含量,其测定值与已知值相符。方法的回收率在97%～100%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在2.3%～7.2%之间。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定钒基合金中铬的含量

应用火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)测定钒基合金(V-Cr-Ti三元合金)中铬的含量。取样0.100 0g,用硫酸(1+1)溶液5mL及硝酸2 mL加热溶解后蒸发至冒硫酸烟。冷却后移至100mL容量瓶中,加水定容。分取适量样品溶液(其中含Cr约为0.1～0.5mg)置于另一100mL容量瓶中,加入20g·L~(-1)硫酸钾溶液10mL(作为对共存元素V和Ti的抗干扰试剂,同时起到增敏作用明显提高信号强度),加水定容为100.0mL(溶液中含硫酸0.5%),按仪器工作条件测定溶液中铬的含量。在优化的试验条件下,铬的质量浓度在1.00～5.00mg·L~(-1)内与相应的吸光度之间呈线性关系。应用此方法测定了实际样品中铬的含量,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.64%,以实际样品为基体,按照标准加入法在2个浓度水平上进行回收试验,测得回收率的平均值为97.1%。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铜电积液中锑、铋、钴、镍和砷的含量

样品(2.00mL)用盐酸10mL、硝酸3mL溶解后,蒸馏至2~3mL,加入100g·L-1酒石酸溶液2mL,用盐酸(5+95)溶液稀释定容至100mL。采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定样品溶液中锑、铋、钴、镍和砷的含量。选择锑、铋、钴、镍、砷元素的分析谱线分别为206.836,223.061,228.615,231.604,193.696nm。5种元素在一定的质量浓度范围内与其发射强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s)在0.005~0.130mg·L-1之间。方法用于铜电积液分析,所得测定值与火焰原子吸收光谱法测定结果相符。加标回收率在95.8%~108%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)在0.70%~6.4%之间。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铸造铝合金中磷含量

提出了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铸造铝合金中磷含量的方法。铸造铝合金称样0.500 0g,用硝酸(1+1)溶液12mL和氢氟酸4mL溶解。选择波长为213.618nm谱线作为测定磷的分析线。磷的质量浓度在4.00mg·L-1以内与其发射强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.020mg·L-1。方法用于分析5个铸造铝合金标准物质,测定值与认定值相符,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.43%～2.2%之间,回收率在94.0%～109%之间。     

四酸微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定土壤中6种重金属元素

建立了四酸微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定土壤中6种重金属元素的方法。取0.10～0.20 g土壤样品用少量水润湿,加入6 mL硝酸、2 mL盐酸、1 mL氢氟酸和1 mL 30%(质量分数,下同)过氧化氢溶液,静置15 min使其充分反应,置于微波消解仪中按升温程序消解。消解液置于电热板上以140℃加热至溶液近干,用1%(体积分数)硝酸溶液溶解残渣并将其定容至25 mL,按优化的ICP-AES条件分析。所选的Pb、As、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr的分析谱线分别为220.353,189.042,231.604,327.396,213.856,267.716 nm。结果显示:6种元素的质量浓度分别在1.00 mg·L~(-1)(Pb、As、Cu、Ni)内和2.00 mg·L~(-1)(Cr、Zn)内与其对应的光谱响应值呈线性关系,检出限(3s)为0.29～5.76μg·L~(-1);对标准样品进行6次重复测定,测定值的相对标准偏差为0.60%～2.6%,测定值与认定值基本一致。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定子午线轮胎用钢帘线镀层中铜含量及镀层厚度

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定子午线轮胎用钢帘线镀层铜含量及镀层厚度。子午线轮胎用钢帘线样品的镀层用氨水(1+1)溶液15mL和质量分数为30%过氧化氢溶液1mL溶解,然后用盐酸(1+1)溶液15mL酸化。选择铜的分析谱线为217.894nm。铜的质量浓度在8.50mg以内与其发射强度呈线性关系,检出限(3s)为0.01mg·L-1。方法用于钢帘线样品的分析,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.15%~4.0%之间,测定值与容量法测定结果相符。     

碘量法测废水中硫化物的改进

对碘量法测定废水中硫化物的标准方法(HJ/T 60-2000)中所述条件做进一步优化试验,提出了如下改进:1选择水浴温度为65℃;2吹氮的气体流量及时间:第1次为80 mL·min-1和20min,第2次为300 mL·min-1和10 min,第3次为400 mL·min-1和6 min;3以1mol·L-1乙酸锌溶液为吸收液,当样品中硫化物的质量浓度≤1.5mg·L-1时,选择吸收液的加入量为3mL;4方法适用于硫化物质量浓度在0.4~3mg·L-1范围内的废水样品的分析;当实际质量浓度超过1.5mg·L-1时,应减少取样量,使实际测定的试液中硫化钠的质量浓度保持在1.5mg·L-1以内。按上述优化的条件,在实样的基础上作加标回收试验,测得回收率在94.4%~94.9%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在2.3%~3.4%之间。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

Use of NAA in marine environment and in archaeology in Greece

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a very sensitive and accurate multielement analytical method that is widely applied to the investigation of environmental and archaeological problems. The first part of this paper is a review of pollution studies of toxic trace elements in sediments, seawater and marine organisms of Saronikos Gulf, Greece by NAA. The second part of this paper is a review of provenance studies based on minor and trace element research in ancient ceramics, obsidian, flint, limestone, marble and lead by Instrumental NAA, performed at the NCSR Demokritos.     

Electrolysis in nanochannels for in situ reagent generation in confined geometries

In situ generation of reactive species within confined geometries, such as nanopores or nanochannels is of significant interest in overcoming mass transport limitations in chemical reactivity. Solvent electrolysis is a simple process that can readily be coupled to nanochannels for the electrochemical generation of reactive species, such as H(2). Here the production of hydrogen-rich liquid volumes within nanofluidic structures, without bubble nucleation or nanochannel occlusion, is explored both experimentally and by modeling. Devices comprised of multiple horizontal nanochannels intersecting planar working and quasi-reference electrodes were constructed and used to study the effects of confinement and reduced working volume on the electrochemical reduction of H(2)O to H(2) and OH(-). H(2) production in the nanochannel-embedded electrode reactor output was monitored by fluorescence emission of fluorescein, which exhibits a pH-dependent emission intensity. Initially, the fluorescein solution was buffered to pH 6.0 prior to stepping the potential cathodic of E(0)' for the generation of OH(-) and H(2). Because the electrochemical products are obtained in a 2:1 stoichiometry, local measurements of pH during and after the cathodic potential steps can be converted into H(2) production rates. Independent experimental estimates of the local H(2) concentration were then obtained from the spatiotemporal fluorescence behavior and current measurements, and these were compared with finite element simulations accounting for electrolysis and subsequent convection and diffusion within the confined geometry. Local dissolved H(2) concentrations were correlated to partial pressures through Henry's Law and values as large as 8.3 atm were obtained at the most negative potential steps. The downstream availability of electrolytically produced H(2) in nanochannels is evaluated in terms of its possible use as a downstream reducing reagent. The results obtained here indicate that H(2) can easily reach saturation concentrations at modest overpotentials.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Conferences in Chemistry Held in 2022

Russian Chemical Bulletin -