甲苯甲醇侧链烷基化反应中沸石催化剂酸碱中心的作用Ⅰ．改性的X型、X／ZSM－5型和KX型沸石催化剂

甲苯甲醇侧链烷基化反应中沸石催化剂酸碱中心的作用Ⅰ．改性的Ｘ型、Ｘ／ＺＳＭ－５型和ＫＸ型沸石催化剂李永光，畅晋英，王建平（太原工业大学化工系，太原０３００２４）关链词沸石，侧链烷基化，甲苯，甲醇甲苯甲醇烷基化反应有两种方式：在苯环上烷基化生成二甲苯；...     

改性beta分子筛催化苯和甲醇制甲苯反应的研究

我们主要对beta型分子筛进行碱处理、酸处理、离子交换改性以及碱土金属的负载,来比较不同催化剂催化苯和甲醇烷基化制甲苯的催化性能,使用鼓泡式进料,在低能耗条件下,系统地考察了不同反应条件对该反应的影响.采用N_2-吸脱附、X-射线衍射分析、扫描电镜、热重分析等表征手段对催化剂晶相及表面酸性等进行表征.研究表明:beta分子筛先经弱酸于70℃下处理1 h,然后再经铵离子交换多次,最终负载碱土金属La,所制得的催化剂积炭量有效降低,且催化性能良好.收率大小顺序为:La-H-betaH-betabetaOH-beta.     

Schwermetallausgetauschte Zeolithe als Katalysatoren für die Selektivoxidation

Transition Metal Zeolites as Catalysts for the Partial Oxidation of Methanol Zeolites containing cations of the 4th period of the periodical system from Ti to Cu have been prepared by ion exchange of a NaY zeolite in aqueous solutions. Structural and surface chemical properties of the zeolites were characterized by adsorption, DTA, thermogastitrimetry, x-ray, ESR, IR, and UV-V is spectroscopy. It could be shown that both localization and coordination state of transition metal ions is fairly different and depends on the thermal treatment of the zeolites. By exchanging sodium ions the acidic properties as well as the ability of the zeolites to interact with H₂O or CO₂ is changed and depends on the kind of transition metal ion. VO and Cr exchanged zeolites proved to be selective catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol to formaldehyde with a maximum selectivity of 70%. It is concluded that in contrast to oxides where a redox mechanism is assumed the reaction on zeolites occurs via an associative mechanism.     

Cs改性X型沸石上甲苯和甲醇的侧链烷基化反应

研究了碱金属离子交换和CsNO₃负载改性X型沸石上甲苯和甲醇的侧链烷基化反应。实验结果显示碱金属离子交换X型沸石由于碱性较弱其碱催化脱氢能力和侧链烷基化反应活性较低，而在Cs负载改性X型沸石上，由于CsNO₃负载物形成新的强碱位，能有效催化甲醇脱氢，表现出高的侧链反应活性。实验发现侧链烷基化反应产物收率(Y_EB+Sty)与异丙醇分解产物丙酮选择性(Sel._A)之间有极好的关联。     

碱金属化合物改性ZSM-5沸石的择形催化作用

经碱金属化合物改性的HZSM-5分子筛,能提高甲苯烷基化生成对二甲苯的选择性,降低二甲苯异构化活性。改性后沸石的表面总酸度下降,酸强度减弱,孔结构变化不明显。     

Zeolite-catalyzed hydrogenation of carbon dioxide and ethene

Ab initio molecular orbital theory and density functional theory calculations have been used to study the three-stage zeolite-catalyzed hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol and the hydrogenation of C2H 4 to ethane, with the aim of designing an effective zeolite catalyst for these reactions. Both Br?nsted acid (XH) and alkali metal (XM) sites in model zeolites (-X-Al-XH- or -X-Al-XM-) have been examined. It is found that appropriately designed zeolites can provide excellent catalysis for these reactions, particularly for the hydrogenation of CO2, HCO2H and CH2O, with uncatalyzed barriers of more than 300 kJ mol(-1) being reduced to as little as 17 kJ mol(-1) (in the case of CH2O). The reaction barrier depends on the acidity of the XH moiety or the nature of the metal cation M in the XM moiety, and the basicity of the adjacent X group in the catalyst. For a catalyst based on alkali metal zeolites (XM), the catalytic activity is relatively insensitive to the nature of X in the XM group. As a result, the catalytic activity for these types of zeolites increases as X becomes more basic. We propose that alkali metal zeolites with Ge and N incorporated into the framework could be very effective catalysts for hydrogenation processes.     

甲苯甲醇侧链烷基化反应中甲酸盐的形成及其作用

将碱金属碳酸盐修饰的KX和NaY沸石用于催化甲苯甲醇侧链烷基化反应,并结合甲醇吸附的红外光谱以及异丙醇和甲醇催化分解反应结果,剖析了甲酸盐的形成及其作用.结果表明,碱金属碳酸盐的负载能提高碱金属离子交换八面沸石的催化活性.在反应过程中催化剂表面形成了不同数量的甲酸盐,尤其是K2CO3修饰的KX上;甲酸盐主要来源于碳酸盐与甲醇分解产物甲醛的反应,它的形成对催化剂甲苯甲醇侧链烷基化活性的影响较大,类似于碱金属硼酸盐的修饰,改善了催化剂的表面酸碱性,形成了更为有效的活性中心.     

The alkylation reaction of benzene with methanol to produce toluene: Y-C and Y-CCs catalyst

The secondary reaction of toluene is difficult to be suppressed in benzene alkylation with methanol over conventional acidic zeolite catalysts. Moreover, the formation of coke yet remains a challenging problem. In this study, Na-Y zeolites were modified with ammonium carbonate (AC), citric acid (CA) and caesium nitrate(CN) to evaluate the alkylation of benzene with methanol, which was also characterized by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, N₂ adsorption and Py-IR. For the Na-Y treated with AC-CA-CN, not only the catalytic selectivity for the alkylation of benzene with methanol was improved (the total selectivity of toluene and xylene was 97.9% and toluene selectivity was 86.4%), but also the quantity of coke was greatly decreased.     

甲苯甲醇侧链烷基化反应中沸石催化剂酸碱中心的作用Ⅱ．改性的X型和双组分改性的X／ZSM－5双沸石催化剂

制备了改性的ｘ型和ｘ／ＺＳＭ－５型沸石催化剂，并对其进行了评价和ＴＰＤ、ＥＳＣＡ表征，将实验结果进行了关联。结果表明，采用ＫＯＨ，Ｈ＿３ＢＯ＿３和碱土金属化合物等作为改性剂，可以调变沸石催化剂的酸碱中心，其中碱酸密度比为０．５３９的ＫＸ（Ｂ＿３）·ＫＺＳＭ－５（Ｃａ）催化剂，能显著提高甲苯、甲醇侧链烷基化制取苯乙烯反应的选择性和收率。井根据对实验结果的分析，初步探讨了甲苯、甲醇侧链烷基化反应的机理。     

HF改性的Pt/ZSM-5催化剂在苯和甲醇烷基化反应中的应用

以HF改性的Pt/ZSM-5为催化剂,研究了其在苯和甲醇烷基化反应的应用,并用XRD、NH₃-TPD、BET等表征方法研究了改性前后催化剂酸性和孔结构变化。 结果表明,经HF改性后,Pt/ZSM-5催化剂的酸性增强、酸量增加,苯和甲醇烷基化反应性能明显提升。 3%HF-0.2%Pt/ZSM-5催化剂催化苯和甲醇烷基化反应时,甲苯和二甲苯选择性达到92.20%。 但是,HF负载量大于6%时,HF脱除的部分骨架硅和骨架铝会堆积在催化剂孔道内部,限制了反应物和产物的扩散,造成其催化性能下降。 通过计算得到了HF改性的Pt/ZSM-5催化剂上苯和甲醇烷基化反应的活化能为118 kJ/mol。     

水汽和空气焙烧制备LaY沸石的SiCl4气相超稳研究

为了考察不同焙烧条件制备的LaY沸石在SiCl₄气相超稳后性能的差异,采用离子交换和氨水沉淀相结合的方法将La离子负载到NaY沸石上,经水蒸汽焙烧或空气焙烧得到不同La负载量的LaYS和LaYB沸石,再经过SiCl₄气相超稳改性得到DLaYS和DLaYB沸石.XRD数据表明水蒸汽焙烧能使沸石发生更为明显的骨架脱铝;不同La负载量的LaY沸石经SiCl₄气相超稳改性都能顺利实现晶胞收缩.XRF数据表明气相超稳和洗涤过程伴随着稀土La的大量流失,DLaYB沸石中的La流失量相对较小.NH₃-TPD和Py-IR数据表明La负载量相同时,DLaYS沸石的总酸量少于DLaYB沸石的总酸量.固定流化床重油催化裂化评价结果显示,与参比催化剂相比,DLaYS催化剂和DLaYB催化剂都具有汽油收率高、柴油收率低,及总轻质油收率高的特点.La负载量相同时,DLaYS催化剂的汽油收率低于DLaYB催化剂.     

Catalytic Conversion of Biomass-Derived Polyols into Para-xylene over SiO2-Modified Zeolites

This work proved that biomass-based polyols (sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, glycerol and ethanediol) were able to be converted into high-value chemical (p-xylene) by catalytic cracking of polyols, alkylation of aromatics, and the isomerization of xylenes over the SiO₂-modified zeolites. Compared to the conventional HZSM-5 zeolite, the SiO₂-containing zeolites considerably increased the selectivity and yield of p-xylene due to the reduction of external surface acidity and the narrowing of pore entrance. The influences of the methanol additive, reaction temperature, and types of polyols on the selectivity and yield of p-xylene were investigated in detail. Catalytic cracking of polyols with methanol significantly enhanced the production of p-xylene by the alkylation of toluene with methanol. The highest p-xylene yield of 10.9 C-mol% with a p-xylene/xylenes ratio of 91.1% was obtained over the 15wt%SiO₂/HZSM-5 catalyst. The reaction pathway for the formation of p-xylene was addressed according to the study of the key reactions and the characterization of catalysts.     

碱性X分子筛催化甲苯与甲醇侧链烷基化自由基机理研究

苯乙烯是重要的工业原料,年消耗量约3000万吨。传统工艺中,苯乙烯由乙苯催化脱氢得到。由于传统工艺高能耗,高污染,甲苯与甲醇侧链烷基化合成苯乙烯引起了人们广泛关注,但是目前该路线进入工业化还有很多问题需要解决,甚至催化机理仍不明确。本文对甲苯侧链烷基化机理及提高反应选择性等方面进行了研究。采用离子交换法制备CsX分子筛,在固定床反应器上进行甲苯与氘代甲醇的同位素示踪实验和硝基甲苯的侧链烷基化实验,结合量子计算明确反应机理。采用IGA-002系统测定甲醇在CsX, KX和NaX上的等温吸附线,考察甲醇在分子筛不同笼结构中的吸附情况。将氘代甲苯与甲苯在CsX, KX和活性炭催化下进行氢氘交换实验,检验自由基在不同催化剂上的稳定性。以CO2为载气进行甲苯与甲醇侧链烷基化实验,考察CO2对反应的影响。甲苯与氘代甲醇进行侧链烷基化反应时,大多数氘出现在甲苯上,仅少数氘存在于苯乙烯及乙苯上,表明甲苯氢与甲醇的甲基氘进行了氢氘交换。量子化学计算表明,甲苯与甲醇的氢氘交换沿自由基路径的能垒远小于沿离子路径的。氘代实验和量子计算结果表明,甲苯侧链烷基化过程中存在自由基,但并不能证明侧链烷基化是自由基反应。为了验证甲苯侧链烷基化反应是否为自由基机理,以4-硝基甲苯(NO2-Ph-CH3)代替甲苯与甲醇进行侧链烷基化反应。硝基是强吸电子基团,能稳定苄基负离子,如果甲苯侧链烷基化是离子反应,硝基甲苯侧链烷基化产物收率会升高。另外,硝基又能与活泼自由基生成稳定自由基,若反应为自由基机理,则硝基甲苯不发生侧链烷基化反应。分析结果表明,反应液中不存在侧链烷基化产物,确定了甲苯侧链烷基化反应为自由基机理,而不是离子机理。热力学上甲醇更容易进行生成CO和H2等的副反应,从而减少CH3?与H?碰撞甲醇的几率。甲醇等温吸附线显示甲醇在NaX和KX上的吸附容量相近且远大于CsX上的,表明Cs+阻碍了甲醇进入X分子筛的β-笼。由于甲苯不能进入β-笼, NaX和KX的β-笼内甲醇与甲基自由基接触发生副反应。 CsX催化时Cs+阻碍甲醇进入β-笼而抑制了副反应的发生,提高了甲醇利用率。甲苯与氘代甲苯在CsX, KX和活性炭上进行氢氘交换,反应物用GC-MS分析。结果表明,在CsX上氢氘交换进行得更彻底,在活性炭上几乎没有氢氘交换。 X分子筛活化甲苯为自由基的效果优于活性炭,这可能是推拉效应造成的。当甲苯进入分子筛后, Lewis酸性阳离子与苯环络合并吸引电子,催化剂阴离子骨架与甲苯的甲基作用并供给电子,推电子与吸电子共同作用使甲苯更容易生成苄基自由基,并使其更稳定。 CsX对甲苯的活化作用强于KX,表明CsX的酸碱搭配更有助于甲苯生成自由基。这也是CsX催化甲苯与甲醇侧链烷基化效果优于KX的原因。以CO2替代N2作为载气能显著提高苯乙烯的选择性,这是由于CO2的存在降低了H?和CH3?的浓度,提高了?CH2OH的浓度。?CH2OH与甲苯生成苯乙烯, H?的减少降低了苯乙烯加氢生成乙苯。     

Alkylation of Ethylbenzene with Methanol on HY,HM and HZSM-5 Zeolite

The alkylation of ethylbenzene with methanol on various zeolites has been studied at atmospheric pressure, 300–500 °C and with ethylbenzene/methanol = 3 mol/mol in a fixed-bed, integral-flow reactor. The catalytic activity decreased in the order HZSM-5 > HY > HM. The optimum conditions for the formation of ethyltoluene were HY zeolite, 400 °C and W/F = 4.1 g-cat h/g-feed. The catalyst decay rate increased in the order HZSM-5 << HY < HM; coking of the zeolite increased the fraction of para-isomer in the ethyltoluenes. On HZSM-5 modified with alkaline earth metal, the conversion of ethylbenzene decreased with concomitantly increased selectivity of para-ethyltoluene especially evident in cases of magnesium and calcium (> 93% para-selectivity). These results are interpreted in terms of diminution of both the strong acid sites and the pore size of zeolites. For the reaction on HY at 400 °C, the reaction paths were determined; the ethylbenzene reacted via alkylation, disproportionation and dealkylation with initial selectivities 84.7%, 13.1% and 2.2%, respectively.     

硼、钾改性KX沸石上甲苯和甲醇的侧链烷基化反应

研究了硼、钾改性ＫＸ沸石催化剂的甲苯侧链烷基化反应性能。结果表明,硼和钾同时改性可显著地提高甲苯侧链烷基化反应活性,Ｈ３ＢＯ３和ＫＯＨ在催化剂样品浸渍过程中形成了不同化学计量比的碱金属硼酸盐,该硼酸盐在沸石上作为新的碱性中心而有利于醇的催化脱氢。实验发现,各样品的甲苯侧链反应产物收率与异丙醇分解产物丙酮选择性之间有较好的关联。此外,酸碱中毒试验也进一步证实碱性位在反应中起主要作用     

稀土改性L沸石在烃类催化裂化催化剂中的应用

采用离子交换的方法制备了一系列复合稀土（含La及Ce）质量分数不同的稀土改性超稳L沸石（RE-USL）,以RE USL沸石替代质量分数为5%的REUSY作为催化裂化催化剂的活性组分,用标准轻油微反活性试验（MAT）评价了其催化性能,并同单一稀土元素改性USL沸石进行了对比。结果表明,一定量的复合稀土改性USL沸石的催化性能优于单一稀土（La或Ce）改性的USL沸石,在催化裂化催化剂中加入稀土改性USL沸石,可以降低汽油产品的烯烃质量分数;可以提高汽油的辛烷值。当复合稀土在RE USL沸石中的质量分数为0.4%左右时, 与不加稀土改性USL沸石催化剂相比较,催化剂的活性指数MAT提高3.6个单位,烯烃质量分数降低1.57个单位,研究法辛烷值（RON）提高2.08个单位,产品分布更合理。     

微孔/微介孔H-ZSM-5分子筛上甲苯甲醇的烷基化性能

以不同硅铝比的H-ZSM-5分子筛为研究对象,考察了Na OH碱处理、酒石酸处理及Na OH碱处理-酒石酸处理相结合的方法对其物化性能和催化性能的影响.处理前后分子筛的表征结果表明,酸处理和碱处理可通过调变催化剂的酸性和孔道结构影响其催化性能.酸处理对低硅铝比H-ZSM-5的酸性和催化性能影响较大,而碱处理则主要影响高硅铝比分子筛的酸性和催化性能.酸处理和碱处理相结合则能同时调变分子筛的酸性和孔道结构,进而提高其在甲苯甲醇制二甲苯反应中的催化活性.其中,碱处理的高硅铝比H-ZSM-5分子筛表现出最优异的催化活性.     

ZSM-5分子筛上烷基化过程中“反向效应”的产生及其克制方法

在综述甲苯择形烷基化机理并分析产生“反效应”的原因的基础上,提出了克制的“反向效应”的设想。Ｓｂ２Ｏ３,ＴｉＣｌ４,ＳｉＣｌ４,Ｈ３ＰＯ４,Ｍｇ（Ａｃ）２等化合物对分子筛进行改性,测定改性前后分子筛的表面酸性与孔结构,关联乙基化反应结果,证实中强酸中心在乙基化反应中的重要作用,认为保持孔道的畅通是解决“反应效应”的关键。并采用了Ｋ－Ｍｇ改性,制备出对甲苯乙基化具有高初活性和高对位选择性的催化剂。     

Studies on basicity of alkali metal cation exchanged β and X zeolites by pyrrole-IR spectroscopy

The strength of basic sites has been measured by pyrrole-IR on alkali metal cation exchanged β and X zeolites, as well as NaOH loaded Naβ. The influence of cation type and the structure of zeolites on their basicity has been studied. The acidic and basic properties of the samples were investigated by NH₃-TPD and isopropanol reaction. It was shown that the strength of basic sites on samples could be characterized by the shift of v_nh band in the pyrrole-IR spectra. The framework oxygen charges were calculated from the Sanderson electronegativity. The changes in basic properties with various alkali metal cation are consistent with the changes of local oxygen charges of the zeolite framework.     

水热处理对MCM-22催化剂酸性、孔结构及甲苯/甲醇烷基化性能的影响

采用XRD, NH3-TPD, IR和低温氮气吸附等方法研究了分别以纯水蒸气和质量分数为6％的氨水蒸气处理MCM-22分子筛催化剂后, 其酸性和孔结构的变化, 并以甲苯、甲醇烷基化为探针反应考察了催化剂的催化性能. 研究结果表明, 在两种不同介质中和处理温度不高于400 ℃条件下, 催化剂的总酸量变化不大, 强酸中心有所增加; 处理温度高于500 ℃后, 催化剂的总酸量明显下降, 强酸中心基本消失; 经水热处理后, MCM-22分子筛催化剂中形成了孔径不均匀的二次孔, 平均孔径增大. 随着处理温度的提高, 催化剂的活性降低, 对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的选择性上升. 经500 ℃纯水蒸气处理5 h的MCM-22催化剂, 具有适宜的酸强度和酸类型分布, 有利于甲苯甲醇烷基化反应的进行, 且催化剂维持了较高的催化活性并具有一定的对位选择性(甲苯转化率和对二甲苯选择性分别29.22％和42.16％).