Summation of signals during energy extraction from 3-cm range oversized cavities

Data on the summation of signals from two synchronously operating resonant microwave (3-cm) compressors with oversized cavities are described. The energy was extracted with interference switches. The summation was performed in a waveguide tee and a 3-dB three-slot bridge. For a signal duration of ∼30 ns at a level of 0.5, a peak power of ∼1 MW, and an efficiency of ∼30%, a gain was found to approach ∼11 dB.     

A comparison of optically and electronically controlled optical switches

Electronically and optically controlled optical switches are compared with respect to switch energy requirements. Only switches based on optical phase change are treated, since these have the largest flexibility. Further, only switches that preserve input wavelength at the output are considered, due to cascadeability requirements. It is argued that as long as ‘all-optical’ switches need electronically controlled switches for information transfer to the optical signals controlling the all-optical switch, this will compromise any other advantages that the all-optical switch and the corresponding systems might have. A further application for all-optical switches, which currently are orders of magnitude faster than electronically controlled ones, would be in banks of electronically controlled slower all-optical switches which are all-optically multiplexed to drive all-optical switches to data rates not currently achievable by electronically controlled switches. It is argued that such systems will be complex, requiring sophisticated electronic synchronization and being inferior to corresponding wavelength division multiplexing systems. Power dissipation and switch energy are analyzed for two different physical mechanisms for controllably changing the refractive index in the all-optical and electronically controlled optical switches: Pockels and Kerr effects as well as the plasma or free carrier effect and the relative merits of electronically and optically controlled optical switches using these are discussed. It is shown that, in the former case, (Pockels and Kerr effects) using representative data, electronically controlled switches are generally more power efficient than the all-optical counterparts.     

Experimental investigation of a 25-MW microwave (3-cm range) compressor prototype

An experimental study of a resonance microwave (3-cm-range) compressor with gas insulation and energy output through a superdimensional coaxial interference switch is reported. The rated parameters of the compressor are output signal power ∼25 MW, signal duration 2 ns, gain 26 dB, and efficiency ∼57%. A gain of 20 dB was achieved at a peak output signal power of 12 MW, signal duration of 2 ns, efficiency of ∼24%, and traveling wave power of 24 MW.     

All-Fiber Ultra-Fast Switching Using Stimulated Raman Scattering

We propose a method for all-fiber ultra-fast switching using stimulated Raman scattering. It is based on the transference of energy from the signal as pump to the control signal as first Stokes by stimulated Raman scattering. In the absence of a control signal, the transference of energy from the pump signal to the generated first Stokes is negligible, which results in high output power at the pump signal wavelength. To minimize the walk-off problem between two wavelengths, we chose pump signal and control signal to be equally spaced on opposite sides of the zero dispersion wavelength of the fiber. Based on this assumption, the all-fiber ultra-fast optical switch with low power consumption and high output extinction ratio can be realized.     

Fast high-voltage pulse generation using nonlinear capacitors

Many pulsed power applications require short high-voltage pulses with a high-repetition rate. Conventional high-voltage discharge pulse-switches such as thyratrons, spark gap switches, and vacuum tube switches have a short lifetime, whereas the semiconductor switches have a long lifetime and high reliability. The semiconductor switches, however cannot be directly applied to fast high-voltage pulsed power generation due to their limited operating voltage ratings despite their relatively long switching times. Therefore, they are used with voltage amplification and a pulse compression stage. This paper describes two pulse generators that use the semi-conductor switches and nonlinear capacitors: one is based on an opening switch (IGBT) and inductive energy storage, the other is a combination of a closing switch (RSD) and capacitive energy storage     

100 kV重频气体开关初步研究及应用

为了减小脉冲功率源装置的体积, 对三电极气体开关和两电极气体开关的结构进行了小型化设计。采用电磁场仿真软件对局部结构进行优化, 对初步设计的触发开关和自击穿开关在不同SF6气压（0～0.2 MPa）、不同开关间隙条件下的击穿电压及触发工作电压等进行了实验研究。结果表明:设计的触发开关和自击穿开关在0～0.2 MPa气压范围内, 自击穿电压随气压具有很好的线性关系; 自击穿开关间隙为8 mm, 改变气压（0.1～0.2 MPa）可实现自击穿电压90～125 kV可调; 触发开关主间隙为7 mm, 改变气压（0.1～0.2 MPa）可实现触发工作电压40～95 kV 可调; 初步估算, 触发开关和自击穿开关的工作电感均约20 nH。利用重频脉冲电源, 测试了开关的重频工作能力, 在工作电压80 kV、导通电流约20 kA的条件下, 重复工作频率在20 Hz以上。此外, 利用研制的开关构建了八级紧凑型Marx发生器, 实现了5和10 Hz重频多脉冲输出。     

开关振荡器特性阻抗选取对输出波形影响

开关振荡器是宽带高功率电磁脉冲的重要产生方式之一,以开关激励同轴振荡器为例,采用理论计算和电磁仿真为主要手段,从传输线特性阻抗与开关振荡器储能、传输线特性阻抗与天线阻抗关系及传输线特性阻抗和开关导通阻抗关系三个方面进行了研究。研究结果表明:传输线阻抗越小,振荡器储能越高;天线阻抗与传输线阻抗比值越大,输出信号品质因数越大,频谱上能量越集中,带宽越小,能量效率随比值增大呈现先增大后减小趋势;传输线特性阻抗很小时,开关阻抗对输出振荡信号影响增大,此时随特性阻抗减小,输出信号中心频率降低,品质因数减小,频谱上能量分散,带宽较宽。     

紧凑型全固态高重复频率LC-Marx脉冲发生器

通过理论、模拟和实验对提出的全固态LC-Marx发生器进行研究。整个系统由一个MOSFET开关和多个由一个磁芯制成的磁开关控制,该脉冲发生器直径为140 mm,高为17 mm,且随着级数的增加尺寸和重量基本不变。运用谐振充电可以使电容充到源电压的1.82倍,五级LC-Marx发生器用950 V直流电压充电时,在500 Ω电阻上得到峰值电压为10.9 kV、半高宽为400 ns、上升时间为85 ns、效率为30.43%的高压脉冲。输出电压的上升前沿可以根据实际应用的要求,通过减小电容量缩短。该脉冲发生器在频率低于30 kHz下,可以持续稳定地运行。该LC-Marx脉冲发生器在气体放电中将具有较好的应用效果。     

气体开关抖动对输出峰值功率和前沿的影响

根据已有的实验数据和理论,给出了抖动和延时的数值表示,利用Matlab软件生成随机数组模拟开关延时和抖动。在Simulink环境下建立简化模型仿真多子块并联直线型变压器驱动源（LTD）模块的工作特性。通过M文件控制模块内多个开关的击穿时序仿真开关抖动,分析开关抖动对40个支路并联输出电流1 MA、上升时间100 ns的LTD模块输出功率峰值及前沿的影响。模拟结果表明,在一定范围内,随着抖动增大,LTD模块输出功率峰值减小,脉冲前沿显著增加,系统的稳定性随抖动增加而降低。随着开关抖动增大,输出到负载的峰值功率减小的速率增大,而脉冲前沿近似于线性增加。由于开关抖动将影响负载输出,为满足一定的系统可靠性要求,存在一个抖动阈值,对于40个子块并联的1 MA LTD模块,在系统可靠性要求5%时,其抖动阈值约为17 ns。     

A novel reconfigurable radio-over-fiber system based on flexible optical devices

In this paper, a reconfigurable Radio over Fiber system based on optical switches, optical multimode interference power splitter and tunable optical filters is designed, which can achieve quadrature phase shift keying wireless modulation in optical domain and switch carrier frequency between 30 and 60 GHz. The scheme can make good use of bandwidth resource and realize signal transmission in fiber within 10 km.     

Ultrafast all-optical signal processing with Symmetric Mach–Zehnder type all-optical switches

We present Symmetric Mach–Zehnder (SMZ) type all-optical switches: an SMZ all-optical switch, a polarization-discriminating SMZ (PD-SMZ) all-optical switch, and a delayed interference signal wavelength converter (DISC). These switches are capable of ultrafast, low control power, and low chirp switching, which is not restricted by slow relaxation of highly efficient nonlinearities. High repetition operation unrestricted by slow relaxation is also possible for these switches. This is because of a push–pull modulation scheme or sometimes called a differential phase modulation scheme. These three devices are similar, but different in some important aspects, thus a comparison is made among the three. Then semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are discussed as a nonlinear phase shifter for these devices. Then, ultrafast all-optical signal processing using SOA based SMZs is demonstrated. Error-free demultiplexing from 168 to 10.5 Gbit/s is presented, in which a hybrid-integrated SMZ (HI-SMZ) is used as a demultiplexer. In pulse regeneration experiment, the signal pulses at 84 Gbit/s are regenerated by the PD-SMZ and the regenerated pulses are demultiplexed to 10.5 Gbit/s by the HI-SMZ to verify error-free operation. The retiming capability of this scheme is quantitatively demonstrated. Also presented is error-free all-optical wavelength conversion at 168 Gbit/s using the DISC. These results represent the fastest error-free operations reported to date in each category.     

Design and simulation of a novel 32 × 32 photonic bandgap power switch based on SOI waveguide

In this paper, we propose a novel 32 × 32 photonic bandgap (PBG) power switch based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. The 32 × 32 PBG power switch merges the design concept of PBG structure and multimode interference (MMI) structure. With controlling the voltages of 256 blocks for changing the refractive index, we can demonstrate that the light propagation direction can be switched to the assigned output port as a 32 × 32 power switch. According to the simulations, the power switching control tables are searched and selected for successful switching. The size of our designed 32 × 32 PBG switch can be reduced to 252 × 6040 μm which is much smaller than the conventional opto-electronic switches.     

低导通电阻4H-SiC光导开关

研制了以4H-SiC为基底材料的同面型光导开关,研究了磷离子注入对器件性能的影响。测试结果表明,采用磷离子注入能够有效降低电极处的体电阻,光导开关单位电极间隙的最小导通电阻为3.17!/mm。实验研究了偏置电压和光脉冲能量对导通电阻的影响,在偏置电压10kV、光能量为30.5mJ的条件下,器件的输出功率超过2.0 MW。结果表明,研制的开关具有输出波形稳定、抖动小、功率大等特点。     

高对比度紫外电光削波开关

采用电光开关产生短脉冲的技术,建立了一种抑制准分子激光放大链自发辐射放大(ASE)的方法,研制了高对比度紫外电光削波开关,并进行了原理性实验,将其应用于准分子单路主振荡功率放大系统第一级预放大器的ASE控制。实验中电光开关对比度达到了2000多,削波后的预放大器输出激光脉冲信号对比度提高至20 000多,有利于激光信号后续进一步高保真放大,为系统获得窄脉冲输出提供了技术支持。     

基于光反馈半导体激光器的多开关状态检测系统

为了能够同时检测多个开关的状态,提出了一种基于光反馈半导体激光器的多开关状态检测系统.该系统由半导体激光器、多开关传感网络和数据采集与处理单元组成.多开关传感网络包括多个反馈光路,每个光路由耦合器、光纤和强度反射式光开关构成.所有开关都闭合时,系统没有反馈,激光器输出连续光.当有开关被打开时,光反馈使系统工作在混沌状态.根据系统输出信号的自相关曲线中与各开关位置对应处的峰值是否大于预设阈值来判断开关的状态,通过编程令其它位置处的峰值为零来消除干扰峰.搭建了3个开关的实验系统,分别对不同开关状态下的系统进行检测,结果表明该系统可以准确检测单个或多个开关的状态.     

雪崩倍增GaAs光电导太赫兹辐射源研究进展

在飞秒激光激励下用GaAs光电导开关作为太赫兹(THz)辐射天线, 已经广泛用于太赫兹时域光谱系统, 但目前国际上都是使用GaAs光电导开关的线性工作模式, 而GaAs光电导开关的雪崩倍增工作模式所输出的超快电脉冲功率容量远大于其线性工作模式, 迄今为止, 还没有人提出用雪崩倍增机理的GaAs 光电导开关作为辐射源产生THz电磁辐射. 本文探讨了用 雪崩倍增工作模式的GaAs光电导开关作为光电导天线产生THz电磁波的可能性及研究进展. 通过理论分析及实验研究, 在实验上实现了: 1) 利用nJ量级飞秒激光触发GaAs光电导天线, 可以进入雪崩倍增工作模式; 2) 利用光激发电荷畴的猝灭模式, 可以使GaAs光电导天线载流子雪崩倍增模式的延续时间(lock-on 时间)变短. 这为利用具有雪崩倍增机理的GaAs光电导天线产生强THz辐射奠定了基础.     

An acoustic switch

The benefits derived from the development of acoustic transistors which act as switches or amplifiers have been reported in the literature. Here we propose a model of acoustic switch. We theoretically demonstrate that the device works: the input signal is totally restored at the output when the switch is on whereas the output signal nulls when the switch is off. The switch, on or off, depends on a secondary acoustic field capable to manipulate the main acoustic field. The model relies on the attenuation effect of many oscillating bubbles on the main travelling wave in the liquid, as well as on the capacity of the secondary acoustic wave to move the bubbles. This model evidences the concept of acoustic switch (transistor) with 100% efficiency.     

Photoconductive semiconductor switches

Optically activated GaAs switches operated in their high-gain mode are being used or tested for pulsed power applications as diverse as low-impedance, high-current firing sets in munitions; high impedance, low-current Pockels cell or Q-switch drivers for lasers; high-voltage drivers for laser diode arrays; high-voltage, high-current, compact accelerators; and pulsers for ground penetrating radar. This paper will describe the properties of high-gain photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS), and how they are used in a variety of pulsed power applications. For firing sets, we have switched up to 7 kA in a very compact package. For driving Q switches, the load is the small (30 pF) capacitance of the Q switch which is charged to 6 kV. We have demonstrated that we can modulate a laser beam with a subnanosecond rise time. Using PCSS, we have demonstrated gain switching a series-connected laser diode array, obtaining an optical output with a peak power of 50 kW and a pulse duration of 100 ps. For accelerators, we are using PCSS to switch a 260 kV, 60 kA Blumlein. A pulser suitable for use in ground-penetrating radar has been demonstrated at 100 kV, 1.3 kA. This paper will describe the specific project requirements and switch parameters in all of these applications, and emphasize the switch research and development that is being pursued to address the important issues     

感应电压叠加器中水介质开关脉冲自击穿特性

 设计了应用于感应电压叠加器中的水介质主开关与峰化开关,主开关的电极结构为“平板 环型”,峰化开关的电极结构为“环型”。研究了开关在300 ns脉冲电压下的自击穿特性,给出了不同工作电压下开关的间隙距离。实验结果表明,主开关与峰化开关的结构合理、击穿特性稳定、相互配合良好,峰化开关可以有效地峰化主脉冲,降低预脉冲的幅值。主开关的实验结果同时验证了Martin经验公式的适用性。     

SES微波脉冲压缩系统瞬态特性的模拟研究

 通过MATLAB编程,实现了储能切换（stored energy switch）方式产生高功率微波脉冲瞬态响应过程的模拟。程序可用于研究微波压缩系统的功率增益、储能转换效率及脉宽压缩比等主要指标与系统开关耦合腔的固有品质因数、输入与输出耦合系数的关系;并可用于对工作频率失谐、“开关”导通前的泄漏及“开关”启动时间的影响等进行分析,输出瞬态响应过程图像。