Structural characterization of nanosized CeO(2)-SiO(2), CeO(2)-TiO(2), and CeO(2)-ZrO(2) catalysts by XRD, Raman, and HREM techniques

Structural characteristics of nanosized ceria-silica, ceria-titania, and ceria-zirconia mixed oxide catalysts have been investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, BET surface area, thermogravimetry, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM). The effect of support oxides on the crystal modification of ceria cubic lattice was mainly focused. The investigated oxides were obtained by soft chemical routes with ultrahighly dilute solutions and were subjected to thermal treatments from 773 to 1073 K. The XRD results suggest that the CeO(2)-SiO(2) sample primarily consists of nanocrystalline CeO(2) on the amorphous SiO(2) surface. Both crystalline CeO(2) and TiO(2) anatase phases were noted in the case of CeO(2)-TiO(2) sample. Formation of cubic Ce(0.75)Zr(0.25)O(2) and Ce(0.6)Zr(0.4)O(2) (at 1073 K) were observed in the case of the CeO(2)-ZrO(2) sample. Raman measurements disclose the fluorite structure of ceria and the presence of oxygen vacancies/Ce(3+). The HREM results reveal well-dispersed CeO(2) nanocrystals over the amorphous SiO(2) matrix in the cases of CeO(2)-SiO(2), isolated CeO(2), and TiO(2) (anatase) nanocrystals, some overlapping regions in the case of CeO(2)-TiO(2), and nanosized CeO(2) and Ce-Zr oxides in the case of CeO(2)-ZrO(2) sample. The exact structural features of these crystals as determined by digital diffraction analysis of HREM experimental images reveal that the CeO(2) is mainly in cubic fluorite geometry. The oxygen storage capacity (OSC) as determined by thermogravimetry reveals that the OSC of the mixed oxide systems is more than that of pure CeO(2) and is system dependent.     

Surface stabilized nanosized Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O(2) solid solutions over SiO(2): characterization by XRD, Raman, and HREM techniques

Ce(x)Zr(1)(-)(x)O(2) solid solutions deposited over silica surface were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) techniques in order to understand the role of silica support and the temperature stability of these composite oxides. For the purpose of comparison, an unsupported Ce(x)Zr(1)(-)(x)O(2) was also synthesized and subjected to characterization by various techniques. The Ce(x)Zr(1)(-)(x)O(2)/SiO(2) (CZ/S) (1:1:2 mole ratio based on oxides) was synthesized by depositing Ce(x)Zr(1)(-)(x)O(2) solid solution over a colloidal SiO(2) support by a deposition precipitation method and unsupported Ce(x)Zr(1)(-)(x)O(2) (CZ) (1:1 mole ratio based on oxides) was prepared by a coprecipitation procedure, and the obtained catalysts were subjected to thermal treatments from 773 to 1073 K. The XRD measurements disclose the presence of cubic phases with the composition Ce(0.75)Zr(0.25)O(2) and Ce(0.6)Zr(0.4)O(2) in CZ samples, while CZ/S samples possess Ce(0.75)Zr(0.25)O(2), Ce(0.6)Zr(0.4)O(2), and Ce(0.5)Zr(0.5)O(2) in different proportions. The crystallinity of these phases increased with increasing calcination temperature. The cell a parameter estimations indicate contraction of ceria lattice due to the incorporation of zirconium cations into the CeO(2) unit cell. Raman measurements indicate the presence of oxygen vacancies, lattice defects, and displacement of oxygen ions from their normal lattice positions in both the series of samples. The HREM results reveal, in the case of CZ/S samples, a well-dispersed nanosized Ce-Zr-oxides over the surface of amorphous SiO(2). The structural features of these crystals as determined by digital diffraction analysis of experimental images reveal that the Ce-Zr-oxides are mainly in the cubic geometry and exhibit high thermal stability. Oxygen storage capacity measurements by a thermogravimetric method reveal a substantial enhancement in the oxygen vacancy concentration of CZ/S sample over the unsupported CZ sample.     

Structural characterization and oxidative dehydrogenation activity of V2O5/Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O2/SiO2 catalysts

The thermal stability of a nanosized Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O2 solid solution on a silica surface and the dispersion behavior of V2O5 over Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O2/SiO2 have been investigated using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, HREM, and BET surface area techniques. Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene was performed as a test reaction to assess the usefulness of the VOx/Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O2/SiO2 catalyst. Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O2/SiO2 (1:1:2 mol ratio based on oxides) was synthesized through a soft-chemical route from ultrahigh dilute solutions by adopting a deposition coprecipitation technique. A theoretical monolayer equivalent to 10 wt % V2O5 was impregnated over the calcined Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O2/SiO2 sample (773 K) by an aqueous wet impregnation technique. The prepared V2O5/Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O2/SiO2 sample was subjected to thermal treatments from 773 to 1073 K. The XRD measurements indicate the presence of cubic Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 in the case of Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O2/SiO2, while cubic Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 and tetragonal Ce0.16Zr0.84O2 in the case of V2O5/Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O2/SiO2 when calcined at various temperatures. Dispersed vanadium oxide induces more incorporation of zirconium into the ceria lattice, thereby decreasing its lattice size and also accelerating the crystallization of Ce-Zr-O solid solutions at higher calcination temperatures. Further, it interacts selectively with the ceria portion of the composite oxide to form CeVO4. The RS measurements provide good evidence about the dispersed form of vanadium oxide and the CeVO4 compound. The HREM studies show the presence of small Ce-Zr-oxide particles of approximately 5 nm size over the surface of amorphous silica and corroborate with the results obtained from other techniques. The catalytic activity studies reveal the ability of vanadium oxide supported on Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O2/SiO2 to efficiently catalyze the ODH of ethylbenzene at normal atmospheric pressure. The remarkable ability of Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O2 to prevent the deactivation of supported vanadium oxide leading to stable activity in the time-on-stream experiments and high selectivity to styrene are other important observations.     

Characterization and reactivity of copper oxide catalysts supported on TiO2-ZrO2

A series of copper catalysts supported on TiO2-ZrO2 with copper loading varying from 1.0 to 21.6 wt % were prepared by a wet impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area measurements. Copper dispersion and metal area were determined by N2O decomposition by the passivation method. XRD results suggest that the copper oxide is present in a highly dispersed amorphous state at copper loadings <16.8 wt % in the sample and as a crystalline CuO phase at higher Cu loadings. Copper dispersion increases with Cu loading up to 5.1 wt % and levels off at higher loadings. The XPS peak intensity ratios of Cu 2p(3/2)/Ti 2p(3/2) and Cu 2p(3/2)/Zr 3d(5/2) were compared with the copper dispersion calculated from N2O decomposition. ESR results suggest the presence of two types of copper species on the TiO2-ZrO2 support. TPR profiles reveal the presence of highly dispersed copper oxide at lower temperatures and bulk CuO at higher temperatures. The catalytic properties were evaluated for the vapor-phase dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone and related to the dispersion of Cu on TiO2-ZrO2.     

V2O5-CeO2/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂表征及NH3还原NOx性能

商业选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂V2O5-WO3(MoO3)/TiO2存在反应温度窗口窄(300–400 oC)和SO3转化率高等缺点,同时占催化剂总质量80%以上的载体TiO2比表面积小,热稳定性差.已有研究发现TiO2-ZrO2固溶体具有较大的比表面积和较强的表面酸性, TiO2与ZrO2的摩尔比为1：1时其比表面积达到最大. CeO2作为SCR催化剂的组成部分,由于其优良的储氧和放氧能力受到广泛关注.研究表明, CeO2-CuO, Ce/Ti-Si-Al和Mo2O3(Co2O3)/Ce-Zr等催化剂具有优良的SCR脱硝活性,同时对V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂进行CeO2改性,可提高催化剂的抗SO2中毒能力.实际烟气组分中同时存在SO2和H2O,必定会导致催化剂硫酸盐中毒,而目前对含Ce催化剂的硫酸盐中毒情况研究较少,因此开发新型高效脱硝催化剂十分必要.前期我们研究了xCeO2-3%V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂,发现CeO2可以显著拓宽脱硝温度窗口,同时增强催化剂酸性位点,但是V2O5含量较高时对环境及人体健康均有较大危害.本文采用共沉淀法制备摩尔比为1：1的TiO2-ZrO2固溶体,用浸渍法负载不同摩尔比的CeO2和1%的V2O5,得到一系列V-xCe/Ti-Zr催化剂,结合X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积测试(BET)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、原位漫反射红外光谱(in situ DRIFTS)和程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)等手段分析催化剂的晶相、活性物质分散程度、氧化还原性质及表面酸性,在200–450 oC范围内考察Ce掺杂催化剂选择性催化还原NOx的脱硝活性,并在250 oC测试催化剂在NH3+NO+O2+SO2+H2O气氛中的脱硝活性,研究催化剂抗硫酸盐中毒能力.研究发现,CeO2掺杂可以拓宽脱硝反应活性窗口, V-0.2Ce/Ti-Zr (摩尔比Ce：Ti =0.2)表现出最优的脱硝性能,在250–350oC范围内脱硝效率均在92%以上,同时与前期研究结果对比发现CeO2含量较高时会导致高温段NOx转化率下降. XRD和HRTEM结果表明,ZrO2的添加可以显著降低载体TiO2的结晶度,复合氧化物TiO2-ZrO2呈无定形态, CeO2高度分散于载体之上,并且催化剂以单晶形式存在. H2-TPR结果表明,CeO2能显著提高催化剂的还原能力,主要的还原反应发生在CeO2的α(200–430oC)和β(430–600 oC)还原峰上,总体而言, V-0.2Ce/Ti-Zr表现出最大的氢气消耗量,即其还原性最强.低V2O5负载有利于较低温度SCR反应, V-0.3Ce/Ti-Zr的钒氧化物还原峰强度最大,其次是V-0.2Ce/Ti-Zr. NH3-TPD测试发现V2O5/TiO2主要存在中强酸及强酸,而V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2主要是弱酸, CeO2负载后随着其含量提高,弱酸强度增加.结合氨气原位漫反射红外光谱发现, CeO2可以增加催化剂Br?nsted和Lewis酸位数量,同时出现反应中间物–NH2, V2O5的负载量较高会抑制1660 cm–1处Br?nsted酸吸收峰的出现. BET结果发现, TiO2-ZrO2和V2O5/Ti-ZrO2比表面积分别可达255.73和143.77 m2/g, V2O5/TiO2仅为66.1 m2/g,表明ZrO2的添加可以显著增大催化剂比表面积,进而有利于SCR反应进行,沉积的氧化物进入载体孔道导致催化剂比表面积降低. V2O5-xCeO2/TiO2-ZrO2表现出较强的抗SO2中毒能力,但是在H2O存在条件下脱硝活性较差,可能是生成的硫酸铵盐及亚硫酸盐阻塞催化剂孔道所致. SO2和H2O停止通入后, V2O5-0.3CeO2/TiO2-ZrO2活性恢复至原有水平, V2O5-0.2CeO2/TiO2-ZrO2恢复至最初的84%.对中毒催化剂进行不同反应温度下的活性测试,发现V2O5-0.2CeO2/TiO2-ZrO2在中温段反应活性显著降低,可能是由于Ce(SO4)2的形成所致,由于V2O5-0.3CeO2/TiO2-ZrO2的Ce含量较高,其在此温度范围内活性依旧较高.两者在高温段NOx转化率均较高,推测是V2O5开始发挥活性组分作用的缘故.     

V2O5/TiO2 Catalytic Xerogels Raman and EPR Studies

Raman spectroscopy and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies were performed on a series of V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts prepared by a modified sol-gel method in order to identify the vanadium species. Two species of surface vanadium were identified by Raman measurements, monomeric vanadyls and polymeric vanadates. Monomeric vanadyls are characterized by a narrow Raman band at 1030 cm^–1 and polymeric vanadates by two broad bands in the region from 900 to 960 cm^–1 and 770 to 850 cm^–1. The Raman spectra do not exhibit characteristic peaks of crystalline V₂O₅. These results are in agreement with those of X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) previously reported (C.B. Rodella et al., J. Sol-Gel Sci. Techn., submitted). At least three families of V⁴⁺ ions were identified by EPR investigations. The analysis of the EPR spectra suggests that isolated V⁴⁺ ions are located in sites with octahedral symmetry substituting for Ti⁴⁺ ions in the rutile structure. Magnetically interacting V⁴⁺ ions are also present as pairs or clusters giving rise to a broad and structureless EPR line. At higher concentration of V₂O₅, a partial oxidation of V⁴⁺ to V⁵⁺ is apparent from the EPR results.     

V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂上甲醇选择氧化制甲缩醛

采用共沉淀法制备TiO2-ZrO2复合氧化物载体、等体积浸渍法制备V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂,对催化剂在温和条件下甲醇选择氧化生成甲缩醛(DMM)反应进行研究.结果表明,与单一氧化物载体TiO2或ZrO2负载的钒基催化剂相比,V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2对甲醇选择氧化具有较好的催化性能.XRD、NH3-TPD和...     

Influence of ceria modification on the properties of TiO2-ZrO2 supported V2O5 catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

TiO(2)-ZrO(2) (hereafter denoted as Ti-Zr) supported V(2)O(5) catalysts with different loadings of CeO(2) were synthesized, and their physicochemical properties were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (in situ FT-IR) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). Their catalytic activities toward the NO(x) reduction reaction with NH(3) were tested. We found that with the addition of CeO(2), more NO was removed in a wide temperature range of 220-500 °C. As the CeO(2) content was increased from 10% to 20% (i.e., the molar ratio of Ce to Ti-Zr), NO conversion increased significantly; after that, increasing CeO(2) content, however, decreased NO conversion. In particular, the addition of CeO(2) to V(2)O(5)/Ti-Zr suppressed the coke deposition and rendered a stable and high catalytic activity. The characterization results indicated that: (1) the deposited vanadium and cerium oxides were highly dispersed over the Ti-Zr support, and in addition to ZrV(2)O(7), a common binary compound observed in V(2)O(5)/Ti-Zr, CeVO(4) and Ce(3)ZrO(8) was formed upon increasing CeO(2) content; (2) the introduction of CeO(2) to V(2)O(5)/Ti-Zr sample promoted the redox ability of the resulting catalysts; and (3) the Ce-containing catalysts possessed the greater amount of surface acidic and active intermediate.     

Temperature-programmed reduction of V2O5 and coprecipitated V2O5−TiO2 by hydrogen

Temperature-programmed reductions (TPR) with H₂ of both pure V₂O₅ and coprecipitated V₂O₅?TiO₂ systems with different titanium concentrations was performed. The original and the reduced samples following each TPR step were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Within the temperature range in which TPR analysis was carried out (100–600°C) the V₂O₅ phase was reduced in two or three steps, while no variation in the TiO₂ phase (anatase or rutile) was observed. In the first reduction step only superficial reduction of the oxides was detected. In the following steps, the H₂ reacted with oxygen atoms of the V=O and V?O?V bonds. This led to important changes in the structure and morphology of the system. The experimental evidence allowed the conclusion that titanium stabilizes certain phases of vanadium oxides in which vanadium appears as V(+4) or as a mixture of V(+4) and V(+5). Moreover, when moderate and high titanium concentrations were used, the reduction temperature of the bulk V₂O₅ decreased markedly.     

Thermal behaviour of high surface area V2O5/TiO2 catalysts

Thermal analysis (TG and DTA) was employed for the characterization of V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts supported on high surface area TiO₂. The results obtained are consistent with a uniform spreading of vanadium oxide on TiO₂ surface for V₂O₅ content less than 15% by weight.The presence of V₂O₅ on the surface of TiO₂ affects the anatase-rutile phase transition lowering the temperature at which it occurs.DTA measurements, performed on catalysts after many months from the preparation, show the appearance of an exothermic peak in the range 280°–340°C. This signal has been related to the oxidation of V(IV) to V(V) on the catalyst surface.Catalysts characterization, performed by chemical analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy, has confirmed this interpretation.It has been suggested that a slow modification of the catalyst occurs, leading to an increase of the V(IV) content during the time.

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Zusammenfassung Zur Charakterisierung von V₂O₅/TiO₂-Katalysatoren auf hochoberflächigem TiO₂ Trägermaterial wurde die Thermoanalyse (TG und DTA) angewendet. Für einen V₂O₅-Gehalt von weniger als 15 Gew.% entsprechen die erhaltenen Ergebnisse einer gleichmäßigen Verteilung des Vanadiumoxides an der TiO₂-Oberfläche.Die Gegenwart von V₂O₅ an der Oberfläche von TiO₂ beeinflußt die Anatas-Rutil-Phasenumwandlung, indem sie die zugehörige Temperatur verringert.DTA-Messungen an Katalysatoren mehrere Monate nach ihrer Herstellung zeigten das Auftreten eines exothermen Peaks im Bereich 280°–340°C. Dieses Signal wurde der Oxidation von V(IV) zu V(V) an der Katalysatoroberfläche zugeschrieben.Diese Interpretation konnte durch eine Charakterisierung des Katalysatoren durch chemische Analyse und FT-IR-Spektroskopie bestätigt werden.Es wurde angedeutet, daß der Katalysator mit der Zeit einer langsamen Modifikation unterliegt, die zu einem Ansteigen des V(IV)-Gehaltes führt.

     

V_2O_5/CeO_2催化剂固相反应的Raman光谱研究

采用浸渍法制备了不同V2O5负载量(分别为5%和15%)的V2O5/CeO2催化剂.利用不同激发波长(514和325nm)的Raman光谱,结合X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射(UV-VisDRS)和N2物理吸附技术,考察了V2O5/CeO2催化剂中V2O5和载体CeO2之间的固相反应.结果表明:催化剂在300℃焙烧时,V2O5与CeO2反应生成CeVO4,升高温度有利于固相反应的发生.样品对325nm光的吸收明显大于对514nm光的吸收,因此325nm激发波长的Raman光谱对催化剂的表层信息更为敏感.当焙烧温度较低时,由于受到表层CeVO4的阻碍,未反应的V2O5残留在载体CeO2孔道或粒子堆积孔道内部,因此514nm激发波长下能观察到V2O5的Raman峰,而表面灵敏的325nm激发波长下观察不到此现象.     

Preparation of CeO(2)-ZrO(2) ceramic fibers by electrospinning

Electrospinning was employed to fabricate polymer-ceramic composite fibers from solutions containing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), Ce(NO(3))(3) x 6H(2)O and ZrOCl(2) x 8H(2)O. Upon firing the composite fibers at 1000 degrees C, Ce(0.67)Zr(0.33)O(2) fibers with diameters ranging from 0.4 to 2 microm were synthesized. These fibers exhibit strong resistance to sintering. They still have specific surface area around 11.8 m(2)/g after being heated at 1000 degrees C for 6 h.     

Raman spectroscopic characterization of the microstructure of V2O5 films

The vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) films were deposited on silicon wafer by DC magnetron sputtering. By Raman scattering measurements, the microstructure properties of the V₂O₅ films prepared with different O₂–Ar gas flow ratios and annealed at different temperatures were studied, respectively. The results revealed that the increase of O₂–Ar gas flow ratio during sputtering was of advantage to prepare the V₂O₅ film with desired layer structure. A high post-annealing temperature (below 500 °C) induced the crystallization and the formation of the integrated structure of V₂O₅ film. However, it was found that both intensities of Raman scattering peaks at 146 cm^?1 and 994 cm^?1, respectively, decreased for samples annealed at a temperature of 550 °C. The peak at 146 cm^?1 was attributed to skeleton bent vibration and that at 994 cm^?1 was due to the stretching vibration of vanadyl V=O_A bond. It showed that the high-temperature annealing was believed to have distorted the microstructure of V₂O₅ films. The oxygen vacancies were, therefore, induced, which benefited the formation of V-O_A-V bonds between layers. The result of X-ray diffraction measurements was in good agreement with that of Raman scattering spectra.     

CuO/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂中CuO物种的原位XRD、Raman和TPR表征

采用原位XRD、激光Raman光谱和TPR(程序升温还原)技术研究了CuO(w,%)/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂中CuO物种的存在形式及其CuO物种的迁移. 低温焙烧(300 ℃)催化剂, CuO以高分散和晶相两种形式存在于CeO₂-Al₂O₃载体表层. 随着焙烧温度的升高, CuO开始从表层向CeO₂内层迁移. 处于内层的CuO部分以晶相形式存在, 部分与Al₂O₃载体反应生成CuAl₂O₄. 高温有利于表层CuO向CeO₂内层迁移, 同时促进CuAl₂O₄生成. 结果表明结合原位XRD、激光Raman光谱和TPR技术可以有效地观察催化剂中CuO物种的存在形式和分布.     

V2O5-WO3/TiO2-ZrO2脱硝催化剂中 ZrO2和 WO3的促进作用：催化性能、形态及反应机理

商业选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂成分主要有 V2O5, WO3和 TiO2,但适用温度窗口较窄(300?400℃),使得实际操作过程中活性较低.目前,过渡金属广泛应用于催化剂制备中以提高其催化活性.相比于纯 TiO2和 ZrO2载体, TiO2-ZrO2具有较高的热稳定性以及较多的酸位,虽然有关 TiO2-ZrO2为载体的催化剂研究较多,但未与商业催化剂进行对比研究.而针对 NH3-SCR脱硝机理的实验研究也存在一些争议,主要原因归为以下两方面：(1)多数催化剂不同会直接导致催化剂的活性酸位不同;(2)不同 NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂的起活温度不同.同时, NH3和 NO在反应温度的吸附情况仍需要进一步研究.因此,有必要深入探究 NH3-SCR脱硝机理,以解决现行研究中存在的问题.本文首先采用共沉淀法制备摩尔比为1：1的 TiO2-ZrO2固溶体,并分步浸渍不同质量比的 WO3和1%V2O5,最终得到一系列1%V2O5-x%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2.然后通过 X射线衍射(XRD)和比表面积测试(BET)、程序升温还原(TPR)、原位漫反射红外光谱(in situ DRIFTS)研究了 WO3和 ZrO2对催化性能的影响以及 V2O5-WO3/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂的反应机理. N2物理吸附结果表明, WO3的添加使得催化剂孔结构的热稳定性有所提高,同时随着 WO3含量增加催化剂的比表面积逐渐减小,但仍高于 V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂; ZrO2对催化剂比表面积增大效果比较明显.结合 XRD结果表明, WO3能促进金属氧化物在载体上的分散;相比于 V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂, ZrO2有利于活性组分的分散负载.比较系列 V2O5-x%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2的氨吸附情况,发现 WO3的添加增加了 Br?nsted酸的稳定性,其中以9%WO3的效果最显著.催化剂氨吸附中间物种(–NH2)的发现,证实了 WO3添加促进了 NH3的活化,有利于脱硝反应的进行. SCR反应结果显示, V2O5-9%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂在300–450oC时 NOx转化效率最优,并发现 O2的存在促进了 NOx的转化.采用in situ DRIFTS研究了 V2O5-x%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂脱硝机理,300和350oC时 NH3, NO, NO + O2吸附情况表明,在真实的反应温度下,脱硝过程中的活性中心为 Lewis酸中心, Br?nsted酸中心的 NH4+极易从催化剂表面脱附,无法吸附在催化剂表面,且与 NH3相比, NO只能以 NO2的形式弱吸附在催化剂表面.因此,该催化剂遵循 Eley-Ridel脱硝机理.而 V2O5-9%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂具有相对较高的脱硝效率,因此用来着重研究 NH3-SCR机理.在 NH3吸附过程中, NH3(1204,1602,3156,3264,3347 cm?1)和活性中产物 NH2(1550 cm?1)在催化剂表面的吸附(恒温300oC)是稳定的;随后通入 NO + O2时, NH3吸附过程中的所有吸收峰(包括 NH2)均逐渐减小(NH3吸附态与 NO结合后分解为 N2和 H2O),同时出现 H2O的振动峰,这证明了 V2O5-x%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂的脱硝反应过程.各类气体吸附情况表明, NO在商业催化剂的吸附状态与 V2O5-x%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂相同;但 NH3吸附结果表明, Br?nsted酸中心和 Lewis酸中心都是催化剂的活性中心; NO + O2的通入使得催化剂表面的 NH3和 NH4+都逐渐消失.这两种催化剂脱硝反应过程差异主要在于催化剂表面活性中心的不同,导致了不同的 NOx脱除路径.通过in situ DRIFTS比较 O2的存在对脱硝反应产生的不同影响来确定 O2的作用.两类催化剂上 O2均参与了 H2O的形成,促进了催化反应的完成;当 O2不存在时, NO的还原受到了极大地抑制,同时也未出现 H2O;两者的脱硝效率大大降低. H2-TPR和 NH3-TPR结果进一步证实 O2的作用主要是氧化 NO及参与催化过程 H2O的形成.     

Thermally effected structural and surface transformations of sulfated TiO2, ZrO2 and TiO2-ZrO2 catalysts

Preparations were characterized by specific surface area, thermogravimetry, and X-ray diffractometry. Thermal effects observed were (a) sulfur loss, (b) sintering, (c) crystallization and transformation of the crystalline phase(s). Thermoanalytical curves indicate that decomposition of the sulfate occurs in two distinct steps. Decrease of surface area due to (b) and (c) is concomitant to decomposition of sulfate. Sulfate was found to hinder sintering, crystallization and phase transformations of ZrO₂ and TiO₂. In low-titania and -zirconia sulfated TiO₂-ZrO₂ the minor component enhances the effect of sulfate. In equimolar TiO₂-ZrO₂ sulfate decomposition is accompanied by rapid formation of crystalline TiZrO₄.This work was supported by the MOL Rt., Hungary, which is gratefully acknowledged.     

Visible-Light-Induced Bactericidal Activity of Vanadium-Pentoxide (V2O5)-Loaded TiO2 Nanoparticles

The bactericidal activity of TiO₂ nanoparticles under visible light is very important in regards to its practical applications. In this paper, we synthesized vanadium-pentoxide-loaded TiO₂ nanoparticles (V₂O₅?CTiO₂) using a chemical vapor condensation method, followed by the impregnation method, and characterized its physicochemical properties through X-ray diffraction patterning, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, Raman spectra analysis, and Fourier transform infrared analysis. In addition, the antibacterial activity of V₂O₅?CTiO₂ nanoparticles against E. coli was evaluated and compared with pure TiO₂ nanoparticles. In these experiments, the population of E. coli was shown to be significantly reduced by V₂O₅?CTiO₂ nanoparticles under illumination with fluorescent light, whereas pure TiO₂ nanoparticles showed about 3.3-fold lower antibacterial activity than the V₂O₅?CTiO₂ nanoparticles. This result was most likely due to the change in surface conditions of the TiO₂ nanoparticles, which was due to the loading of vanadium pentoxide on the TiO₂ nanoparticles. Furthermore, both photocatalysts showed similar antibacterial activity under UV-A (352?nm) irradiation.     

Synergy effects in mixed Bi2O3, MoO3 and V2O5 catalysts for selective oxidation of propylene

In this work, the possible synergy effects between Bi₂O₃, MoO₃ and V₂O₅, and between Bi₂Mo₃O₁₂ and BiVO₄, were investigated. The catalytic activity of the ??mechanical mixture?? of these compounds was measured. The mixture containing 36.96?mol% Bi₂O₃, 39.13?mol% MoO₃ and 23.91?mol% V₂O₅ (21.43?mol% Bi₂Mo₃O₁₂ and 78.57?mol% BiVO₄), corresponding to the compound Bi_1?x/3V_1?x Mo _x O₄ with x?=?0.45 (Bi_0.85V_0.55Mo_0.45O₄), exhibited the highest activity for the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein. The mixed sample prepared chemically by a sol?Cgel method possessed higher activity than that of mechanical mixtures.     

Surface characterization of WO(3)/ZrO(2) catalysts

A series of WO(3)/ZrO(2) catalysts with tungsten (W) loadings ranging from 0.5 to 11.4 wt% was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation on a preformed ZrO(2) support. The oxidic catalysts were characterized using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, ISS, and IR spectroscopy. XRD and Raman results showed that the ZrO(2) support was predominantly present in the monoclinic form. XPS and Raman measurements indicated the formation of increasing amounts of W interaction species for catalysts with W loadings up to 8.8 wt% WO(3). In addition to the W interaction species, bulk WO(3) was also observed for catalysts with W loadings > or = 3.0 wt% WO(3). Comparison of the XPS results with coverage measurements by ISS and CO adsorption suggests that the W surface phase is in the form of two-dimensional polymeric patches for catalysts with W loadings 3.0 < or = wt% WO(3) < or = 4.5. For catalysts with W loadings >4.5 wt% WO(3), the results indicated an additional build-up of a bilayer (or multilayer) polymeric W species. Analysis of the hydroxyl region of ZrO(2) by IR spectroscopy showed that initial additions of W occur on the high frequency hydroxyl group. A schematic for the structure of the catalysts has been proposed based on the above observations.