泥炭土连续碱抽提腐殖酸的分子结构特征

从Pahokee泥炭土中连续碱抽提分离出8个不同的腐殖酸级分，并对每一级分进行了元素分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、固态^13C核磁共振（^13CNMR)、高效排阻色谱（HPSEC）等一系列定性、定量研究。结果表明：所分离出的8个腐殖酸级分存在明显的结构性质差异，随提取和蔼的增加，O／C原子比由0．52减少到0．36，H／C原子比由1．05增加到1．52，相应于结构中含氧基团的减少和脂族基的增加，表观分子量也由7．7K增加到22．1K。同时，^13C NMR显示长链脂肪碳结构由无定型向晶型转变。此工作表明在所研究的腐殖酸中可能存在分别具有芳香或脂肪特性的两类腐殖酸结构，每种类型都有不同的分子量分布、元素组成、基团结构和母质来源。在特定的环境因素下，不同类型的腐殖酸会共存于同一体系中，增加了腐殖物质的非均匀性和复杂性。     

腐植酸热裂解色谱-质谱研究

用裂解色谱质谱(PGC-MS)法鉴别了八种不同来源腐植酸(HA)的裂解产物,并根据谱图特征作了分类对比,从两种泥炭腐植酸中分别鉴定出30多种化合物(其中包括质量色谱得到的低沸点化合物、乙烯、丙烯等),其主要组分为一系列芳香化合物及与多糖有关的乙醛、丙酮、和呋喃衍生物以及少量的含氮化合物等。吐鲁番风化煤HA、萍乡风化煤HA和灵石风化煤硝基腐植酸(NHA)裂解产生(除低沸点和高沸点区的裂解产物外)难以分辩的裂解色谱峰,表明它们具有更稳定的结构。而土壤HA、灵石风化煤HA和吉林风化煤NHA介于上述两首之间。     

偏氟乙烯-三氟氯乙烯共聚物链结构的研究

用裂解气相色谱-质谱法(Py-GC/MS)研究了单体克分子比近于1:1的偏氟乙烯-三氟氯乙烯共聚物(F23)链结构。采用了居里点裂解器和裂解探针。质谱的鉴定结果表明,两种裂解器在一定条件下得到的F23裂解产物非常相似。根据这些裂解产物的化学结构,可以推断F23中两种单体的键接方式,并确定F23中占优势的链段排列为:(?)     

八种腐植酸的程序升温裂解质谱表征

本文提出一种在质谱中直接程序升温裂解的方法(PY/MS)来考察腐植酸。结果表明,该方法在表征腐植酸上很有效。考察了来自土壤、泥炭和风化煤的八种腐植酸。根据PY/MS的结果,它们可以分为三类。第一类是米自土壤的腐植酸。它们的脱H_2O、脱CO_2及脱SO_2的过程在温度不到300℃时就已结束,并且只产生少数裂解产物。第二类来自风化煤。该类的这三个过程延续到400℃以上,但裂解产物很少。来自泥炭的腐植酸归于第三类。该类的这三个过程也延续到400℃以上,同时可见脱H_2O、脱SO_2明显存在着两个不同的阶段,并在400℃以下就产生了众多的多环烃化合物及单环芳烃化合物。     

裂解气相色谱-质谱法研究聚醚酰亚胺的热裂解行为

采用裂解气相色谱-质谱技术研究了聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)在550℃、650℃和750℃裂解温度下的热分解行为.随着裂解温度上升,裂解产物明显增加.在750℃时聚合物分子链断裂完全,共鉴别到25种碎片组分.PEI热分解的碎片中叔丁基苯酚、叔丁基甲基苯酚、苯酚、苯胺、氰苯、2-苯基-1H-异吲哚-1,3(2H)-二酮等5种裂解产物最重要,因此可以依据这几种化合物定性鉴别聚醚酰亚胺.依据热分解产物的数量以及结构推断降解机理为:裂解首先从醚键开始,其次是酰胺基团中的C-N键,然后再经过一系列消除反应、成环反应、重排反应等形成多种裂解碎片.     

裂解气相色谱-质谱法研究聚苯硫醚热分解

采用裂解气相色谱一质谱法研究了在350～750℃之间聚苯硫醚（PPS）的裂解行为。350℃时裂解，仅检测到4种裂解产物。随裂解温度上升，裂解产物急剧增加。在750℃时，检测到25种裂解产物，主要特征裂解产物为硫化氢、苯、苯硫醇、1，4-苯二硫醇、二苯硫、二苯并噻吩、1，4-苯二硫醇基苯、噻茚等。聚苯硫醚裂解过程中，发生链剪切作用，由聚合物链断裂成苯硫醇单体、二聚体和三聚体等化合物。裂解过程还会发生重排，环化，次级反应等形成了各种裂解产物。     

GaN纳米带、纳米环和Z字结构纳米线在金属镓颗粒上的原位生长及其发光性质

在1050℃氨气和氢气混合气氛中加热金属镓,在镓颗粒表面原位生长出了GaN纳米带、纳米环和Z字结构纳米线．利用激光拉曼光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对产物进行了表征,结果表明,所得不同形貌GaN纳米结构均为单晶六方纤锌矿结构,纳米带宽度在20～300nm,长达30gm;纳米环直径在5-8gm;Z字结构纳米线的直径约为160nm．研究了反应温度和时间对产物形貌和结构的影响,提出了不同形貌GaN纳米结构的可能形成机理．从GaN纳米结构的发光光谱中观察到了发光峰位于361nm强的紫外光发光和456nm弱的蓝光发光,这两种发光分别起源于GaN宽带隙带边的激子发射和浅的给体向深的局域受体的跃迁．     

新型潜香类化合物N-(2,3-吡嗪二甲酰基)-丙氨酸甲酯热裂解气相色谱-质谱分析

采用在线热裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(Py-GC-MS)分析了潜香吡嗪类化合物N-(2,3-吡嗪二甲酰基)-丙氨酸甲酯的热裂解行为。首先通过对2,3-吡嗪二羧酸酰胺化反应合成了新型目标化合物N-(2,3-吡嗪二甲酰基)-丙氨酸甲酯,其结构经X射线单晶衍射(XRD),1H NMR,13C NMR,IR和HR-MS证实,然后在空气氛围中,对目标化合物分别在300,600,900℃下进行热裂解,并通过GC-MS对其挥发性热裂解产物进行定性和半定量分析。结果表明:1裂解形成了包括具有香味特征的吡嗪类、大茴香醇和大茴香醛在内的裂解产物共48种。不同温度下挥发性热裂解产物的类型和相对含量不同,300℃和600℃时相对含量最高的均为乙酸,而900℃时相对含量最高的为吡嗪,且与300℃和600℃裂解条件相比所形成的吡嗪类衍生物种类较多,相对含量较高。2在具有香味特征的裂解产物中,大茴香醇的相对含量随温度升高而升高,而大茴香醛和苯甲醛的相对含量则呈现随着温度升高而降低的趋势。基于目标化合物的热裂解产物的定性及定量变化情况,初步探讨了该物质可能的裂解机理。     

泥炭在超临界水中热解的研究

以氧化钙做为催化剂和CO2化学固定剂,详细考察了Ca/C摩尔比、反应温度﹑停留时间、压力等条件对泥炭在超临界水中转化的影响。在723K,Ca/C摩尔比为0.46时,CO2被完全固定,在气相产物中只有氢气、甲烷和低碳烃,碳转化率由未添加CaO时的68.73％提高到85.36％。CaO能够促进泥炭的裂解,并对烃类的重整反应和水煤气变换反应起到催化作用。液相产物的收率在723K达到极大值,在36.5MPa,液相产物的收率是热解条件下的3倍,随着停留时间的延长,液相产物中的极性组分发生分解。     

纤维素快速热裂解机理试验研究 Ⅱ. 机理分析

针对在热辐射反应器上得到的纤维素热裂解实验结果，对左旋葡聚糖、1-羟基-2-丙酮以及乙醇醛等一次产物的生成机理进行了分析研究。在气相产物快速析出并急冷的条件下，乙醇醛和1-羟基-2-丙酮二种产物的生成与LG的生成呈现出竞争反应。基于这一结果，我们建立了竞争反应动力学模型，并分别对乙醇醛和1-羟基-2-丙酮进行了模拟，得出二种产物的生成具有相似的动力学行为，表明这两种竞争化合物具有相同的初始反应。分析认为，纤维素的热裂解通过活性纤维素这一反应前体以异裂和均裂两种热解途径进行分解，其中转糖基作用下糖苷键的异裂断开形成了包括LG以及其同分异构体的脱水糖；缩醛结构的开环以及环内C—C键的断裂形成乙醇醛、1-羟基-2-丙酮以及CO等其它小分子化合物。在Brodio-shafizadeh模型的基础上提出了反应机理模型，并按照该模型对高辐射源温度下纤维素热裂解LG的生成进行了模拟，计算结果与实验数据吻合较好。     

Determination of Organic Compounds,Fulvic Acid,Humic Acid,and Humin in Peat and Sapropel Alkaline Extracts

Black, brown, and light peat and sapropel were analyzed as natural sources of organic and humic substances. These specific substances are applicable in industry, agriculture, the environment, and biomedicine with well-known and novel approaches. Analysis of the organic compounds fulvic acid, humic acid, and humin in different peat and sapropel extracts from Lithuania was performed in this study. The dominant organic compound was bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) carbonate, which varied from 6.90% to 25.68% in peat extracts. The highest mass fraction of malonic acid amide was in the sapropel extract; it varied from 12.44% to 26.84%. Significant amounts of acetohydroxamic, lactic, and glycolic acid derivatives were identified in peat and sapropel extracts. Comparing the two extraction methods, it was concluded that active maceration was more efficient than ultrasound extraction in yielding higher amounts of organic compounds. The highest amounts of fulvic acid (1%) and humic acid and humin (15.3%) were determined in pure brown peat samples. This research on humic substances is useful to characterize the peat of different origins, to develop possible aspects of standardization, and to describe potential of the chemical constituents.     

土壤胡敏酸的^13C核磁共振研究

胡敏酸(HA)是土壤有机质的重要组分,其结构性质与土壤形成和肥力特性有密切关系,长期以来一直是土壤化学研究的难点和重点之一。NMR是研究HA结构的有效手段。自Bar-ton和Schnitzer(1963)首次用~1H NMR研究土壤有机质以来,国外已先后应用~1H、~(13)C NMR和CP-MAS-~(13)C NMR等对土壤及其它来源的HA进行了许多研究,并取得引人注目的进展。但在国内,这方面研究还刚刚开始。本文应用~(13)C NMR方法对东北几种主要耕作土壤以及泥炭和猪粪的HA进行了结构表征,为土壤腐殖酸化学的基础研究提供了资料。     

Using electrospray-assisted pyrolysis ionization/mass spectrometry for the rapid characterization of trace polar components in crude oil, amber, humic substances, and rubber samples

We describe the use of electrospray-assisted pyrolysis ionization/mass spectrometry (ESA-Py/MS) to selectively ionize trace polar compounds that coexist with large amounts of nonpolar hydrocarbons in crude oil, amber, humic substances, and rubber samples. Samples of different origins are distinguished rapidly by their positive ion ESA-Py mass spectra without prior separation or chemical pretreatment. During ESA-Py analysis, the samples in their solid or liquid states were pyrolyzed at 590, 630 or 940 degrees C using a commercial Curie-point pyrolysis probe. The gaseous pyrolysates were transferred into a glass reaction cell. The polar compounds (M) in the pyrolysates were then ionized by electrospray ionization (ESI), yielding protonated molecules (MH+). Although the major components of the pyrolysates are nonpolar hydrocarbons, their lack of functional groups that can receive a proton in the ESA-Py source results in no hydrocarbon ion signals being produced; thus, the positive ions detected in ESA-Py mass spectra all result from trace polar components in the pyrolysates.     

Mutagenic heterocyclic nitrogen compounds related to protein pyrolysates. V. Electron impact fragmentation of L-glutamic acid and related dipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazoles

Six dipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′d]imidazole derivatives related to glutamic acid pyrolysates have been studied by mass spectrometry. The data indicate that there are certain ions which are characteristic of the fragmentation of this family of compounds under electron impact. These compounds should thus be amenable to analysis if they were produced during the combustion of foods. In addition, electronolysis of L-glutamic acid was also studied: the fragmentation pattern of the latter has shown the formation of some known dipyridoimidazoles for temperatures higher than 100°. Similarities between pyrolysis and electronolysis of this acid are discussed.     

Behavior of Humic Acid as a Micellar Phase in Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography (MEKC)

The possibility of humic acids acting as micellar phase in micellar electrokinetic chromatography was evaluated. We investigated the separation of naphthalene in capillary electrophoresis using various samples of humic acids as micellar phase under different pH conditions, concentrations of humic acid, and temperature. The humic acid samples studied were from different origins including peat, vermicompost and a commercial sample acquired from Aldrich. Methanol was used as a marker for the electroosmotic flow. The results indicate that the formation of micelle depends on the number and nature of the hydrophobic association sites in an aqueous humic acid solution and on the origin and concentration of the humic acid at a defined pH. At lower pH values, the possibility of the humic acid molecule forming pseudomicelles increases due to a combination of neutralized and dissociated charged sites.     

Catalytic Properties of Mechanically Activated Humic Substances in Electroreduction of Oxygen

Effect of mechanical treatment of peat on the yield of the major fractions (polysaccharides, poly- phenols, water-soluble compounds, and humic acids) and catalytic activity of humic substances in oxidation processes is studied. Conditions of formation of substances with the maximal antioxidant and initiating activities are determined. The antioxidant and initiating activities of the polysaccharide and humic fractions is studied, in relation to the structure and iron content.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies on stable and transient radicals in humic acids from compost, soil, peat and brown coal

Quantitative EPR method was applied to characterise four types of humic acids (HA) derived from composts, soil, peat and soft brown coal. For each sample of HA the level of native (indigenous) radicals was estimated. Interactions of the HA with various gaseous agents and organic solvents were investigated. Strong effects of gaseous ammonia and aliphatic amines on spin concentration enhancement were observed; additionally, higher values of g-value were found to be associated with the formed 'transient' radicals. Correlation of copper(II) ions uptake by different HA with effect diminishing primary spin concentration was established. It was recognised that the radical centres, which are enhanced by 'ammonia effect' are quenched in the formed HA-Cu(II) complexes. The both opposite effects are competitive from each other, where 'copper(II) quenching effect' prevails. Reaction of nitrogen dioxide with the humic acids was also examined. The presence of diketones and/or other compounds with active methylene group results in formation of the iminoxy radicals; these radicals are immobilized in the solid (macromolecular) matrix of the humic acids.     

Effect of Humic Acids on the State of Disperse,Acid, and Vat Dyes in Aqueous Solutions

Effect of humic acids (biopolymeric compounds of anionic type recovered from peat) on the state of disperse, acid, and vat dyes in aqueous solutions was studied; vat dye was studied in the form of water-soluble sodium salt of leuco acid.     

Capillary zone electrophoresis of humic acids from the American continent

A multicomponent background electrolyte (BGE) was developed and its composition optimized using artificial neural networks (ANN). The optimal BGE composition was found to be 90 mM boric acid, 115 mM Tris, and 0.75 mM EDTA (pH 8.4). A separation voltage of 20 kV, 20 degrees C and detection at 210 nm were used. The method was applied to characterize several humic acids originating from various countries of the American continent: soil (Argentina), peat (Brazil), leonardite (Guatemala and Mexico) and coal (United States). Comparison with humic acids of International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) standard samples was also done. Well reproducible electropherograms showing a relatively high number of peaks were obtained. Characterization of the samples by elemental analysis and UV spectrophotometry was also done. In spite of the very different origins, the similarities between humic acids are high and by matrix assisted desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF)-mass spectrometry it was shown that most of the m/z patterns are the same in all humic acids. This means that humic acids of different origin have the same structural units or that they contain the same components.