1,1-Addition von Zinn- und Bleiverbindungen an Isonitrile Umsetzungen von Isonitrilen mit Halogeniden der IV. und V. Gruppe, 1. Mitt.

Zusammenfassung Isonitrile reagieren mit Zinntetrahalogeniden unter Einschiebung in Zinn-Halogen-Bindungen zu Halogencarbimino-zinnhalogeniden. Bei Umsetzungen mit organosubstituierten Zinnhalogeniden reagieren bevorzugt die Zinn-Halogen-Bindungen; nur Phenylisonitril wurde (unter forcierten Bedingungen) auch in Zinn-Kohlenstoff-Bindungen eingeschoben. In manchen Fällen entstehen dimere oder polymere Produkte. Triphenylbleibromid reagiert mit Phenylisonitril zur entsprechenden Tetracarbiminobleiverbindung.

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1,1-additions of tin and lead compounds to isonitriles

The reaction of isonitriles with tin(IV) halides yields halogenocarbiminotinhalides by insertion into tin-halogen bonds. In organosubstituted tin halides the tin-halogen bonds are more reactive towards insertion of isonitriles than the tin-carbon bonds. Under forced conditions however, phenylisonitrilisonitril also inserts into Sn–C bonds. A tetracarbimino-lead compound was obtained by reacting phenylisonitrile with triphenyllead bromide.

     

Methylation of inorganic tin by decaying spartina alterniflora in estuarine water and by estuarine water

Methyltin compounds (MeSn) which do not originate from man–made pollution are common in estuaries and particularly in salt marshes containing the marsh grass Spartina alterniflora. This study reports the results of experiments in which estuarine water containing S. alterniflora leaves is spiked with inorganic tin, and estuarine water alone is spiked with inorganic tin and MeSn. When decaying leaves are present, inorganic tin concentrations in the water decrease and there is a 10-fold increase in inorganic tin concentration in the leaves. This biosorption follows pseudo–first–order kinetics. MeSn³⁺ and Me₂Sn²⁺ occur occasionally in the water. The Me₂Sn²⁺ concentration decreases with time and the Me₃Sn²⁺ concentration increases with time in S. alterniflora leaves. The results of estuarine water amended with inorganic tin and MeSn in the absence of leaves are quite different. The overall inorganic tin concentration decreases significantly during the experiment, the MeSn³⁺ concentration is approximately constant, and concentrations of Me₂Sn²⁺ and Me₃Sn⁺ increase. This means that net methylation of inorganic tin has occurred. We conclude that decaying S. alterniflora is likely to be important in the cycling of tin in salt marshes.     

Untersuchungen zur elektrochemischen Simultanbestimmung von Blei und Zinn

Zusammenfassung Die starke Temperaturabhängigkeit des polarographischen Zinn(II/0)-Signals in Lösungen des vierwertigen Zinns ermöglicht bei –32° C in methanolischer salzsaurer Grundlösung die Bestimmung des Bleis neben hohem Zinnüberschuß. Eine Anwendung des Verfahrens zur wechselstrompolarographischen Bestimmung des Bleis in Rohzinn wird beschrieben.

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Investigations on the simultaneous electrochemical determination of lead and tinII. Polarographic determination of lead in the presence of tin at lower temperatures

Summary The strong temperature dependence of the polarographic tin(II/0) signal in solutions containing tin(IV) renders possible the determination of lead in the presence of a high excess of tin at working temperatures of –32° C in hydrochloric methanol as supporting electrolyte solution. An application of the procedure to the ac-polarographic determination of lead in crude tin is described.

Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in dankenswerter Weise durch Mittel der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und des Verbandes der Chemischen Industrie ermöglicht.     

Breakage of λ-DNA by inorganic tin and organotin compounds as environmental pollutants

In proportion to the environmental pollution problems caused by organotin compounds, the genotoxicities of tin compounds in the environments have become of interest so as to estimate their safety in recent years. In this work, isolated λ-DNA (double-strand DNA) was incubated with inorganic tin(II) and tin(IV) and five organotin compounds [n-butyltin trichloride, di(n-butyltin) dichloride, methyltin trichloride, dimethyltin dichloride and trimethyltin chloride] in reaction systems both with and without hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content. The tin compounds tested in this study did not induce DNA breakage in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. Divalent inorganic tin (SnCl₂) and tetravalent inorganic tin (SnCl₄) caused DNA breakage in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (10 mM), and the DNA damage activity of inorganic tin was much more potent in divalent inorganic tin (SnCl₂) than in tetravalent inorganic tin (SnCl₄). Divalent inorganic tin (SnCl₂) induced DNA breakage in a concentration-dependent fashion at concentrations greater than 0.1 mM of SnCl₂ in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (10 mM). DNA breakage was not caused by n-butyltin compounds and methyltin compounds either in the presence or in the absence of hydrogen peroxide.     

Some studies of the colorimetric determination of tin in steel: The effect of dispersing agents

Summary A survey of existing procedures for the colorimetric determination of tin in steel is given. Recommendations are made with regard to separating tin, masking interfering metals and selecting a colorimetric finish.The effect of dispersing agents on reagents of the type used for determining tin, and on the complexes formed in these determinations, is discussed, including new work on the effect of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on the phenylfluorone-tin(IV) system.

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Untersuchung der colorimetrischen Zinnbestimmung in Stahl. Einfluß von Dispergierungsmitteln

Zusammenfassung Ein Überblick über colorimetrische Zinnbestimmungsmethoden in Stahl wird gegeben und Vorschläge zur Abtrennung des Zinns, der Maskierung störender Metalle sowie der Auswahl des colorimetrischen Meßverfahrens gemacht. Der Einfluß von Dispergierungsmitteln auf die Eeagentien und gebildeten Komplexe wird diskutiert, wobei über neue Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromid auf das System Phenylfluoron/Zinn(IV) berichtet wird.

Lecture presented at Euroanalysis I Conference, 28. 8.–1. 9. 1972 in Heidelberg, Germany.     

A simplified procedure for the determination of butyltin species in water

A method is described for the analysis of solutions containing inorganic tin and butyltin compounds. It can be used to determine total tin at a concentration of 20 ng dm^?3 using a 5 dm³ sample. The method is based on solvent extraction with dichloromethane containing tropolone and determination of the tin as inorganic tin by atomic absorption spectroscopy using electrothermal atomization. The extracted butyltin compounds can be separated by paper chromatography and the tin content of the individual spot determined as above. Observations on the stability of butyltin compounds in water at the ～2 mg dm^?3 (Sn) are included.     

Spot identification of tin dioxide and organic tin compounds through pyrolytic conversion into stannous chloride

Summary Tin dioxide and organic tin compounds can be conveniently and sensitively identified through their pyrolytic conversion into tin(II) chloride, which is detected with phosphomolybdic acid.

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Zusammenfassung Zinndioxid und organische Zinnverbindungen können durch pyrolytische Umwandlung zu Zinn(II)-chlorid empfindlich nachgewiesen werden, das mit Phosphomolybdänsäure unter Blaufärbung reagiert.

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Résumé On peut identifier, d'une manière sensible et pratique, l'oxyde stannique et l'étain présent dans les composés organiques, en les transformant par pyrolyse en chlorure stanneux. On décèle ce dernier par l'acide phosphomolybdique.

     

The importance of tin in the environment and its determination at trace levels

Summary A review on the behaviour of tin in the environment is given. Biological effects (essentiality, toxicity) as well as distribution and transport processes of tin are strongly dependent on the kind of chemical species present. Methods for the determination of tin and tin compounds (e.g. organotin compounds) at trace levels are discussed. Especially, sources of systematic errors and interferences are considered.

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Die Bedeutung des Zinns in der Umwelt und seine Bestimmung im Spurenbereich

Zusammenfassung Ein Überblick wird gegeben über das Verhalten von Zinn in der Umwelt. Sowohl Wechselwirkungen mit biologischen Systemen (Essentialität, Toxizität), als auch Verteilungs- und Transportprozesse des Zinns sind stark abhängig von der Art der vorliegenden Zinnspezies. Möglichkeiten zur analytischen Bestimmung von Zinn und Zinnverbindungen (z.B. Organozinnverbindungen) im Spurenbereich werden dargestellt und diskutiert. Dabei werden besonders Quellen für systematische Fehler und Störungen berücksichtigt.

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Dedicated to Prof. Dr. R. Bock on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

Bestimmung des in Form von Kassiterit vorkommenden Zinns

Zusammenfassung Zur Ermittlung des in Gesteinen als Kassiterit vorliegenden Zinnanteils wird die gemahlene Probe mit Ammoniodid in einem Reagensglas zweimal sublimiert und anschließend in wäßriger Weinsäure/Ascorbinsäure gelöst. Nach Dekantieren und Waschen des unlöslichen Rückstandes erfolgt die Zinnbestimmung mit Hydrid-AAS aus weinsaurer Lösung; die Querstörungen dieser Endbestimmung sind als gering zu bezeichnen. Hauptproblem sind Kontaminationen aus den Gefäßen, die durch Spülen bzw. Stehenlassen mit verdünnter Weinsäure vermieden werden können.Die Selektivität des Verfahrens wird durch Anwendung auf Mineralien dokumentiert, wobei als Referenzmethode die spektrographische Bestimmung des Gesamtgehalts dient.In Schwermineralfraktionen wurden 53–79% des Zinns als in Kassiterit vorkommend gefunden.

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Determination of tin occurring bound in cassiterite

Summary For the determination of the amount of tin being present in rocks as cassiterite, the powdered sample is sublimed twice with ammonium iodide within a test tube, and subsequently dissolved in aqueous tartaric/ascorbic acid. After decantation and washing of the insoluble residue, the determination of tin is performed by hydride-AAS from tartaric acid solution; the cross interferences of this final determination are small. The chief experimental problem has been the contamination from vessels, which can however be avoided by rinsing and soaking with diluted tartaric acid. The selectivity of the procedure is documented by the application to some minerals, in comparison with the spectrographic determination of the total amount of tin as a reference.In fractions of the heavy minerals, 53–79% of the total tin has been found to be present as cassiterite.

     

Analyse von Gemischen aus Tri-, Di- und Monophenylzinnverbindungen und anorganischem Zinn(IV)

Triphenyl tin compounds are extracted as (C₆H₅)₃SnOSn(C₆H₅)₃ by CHCl₃ or CH₂Cl₂ from aqueous solution of pH 8.5. Diphenyl tin compounds are separated by solvent extraction with PAN/CHCl₃, diphenylcarbazone/CHCl₃, dithizone/CHCl₃, α-benzoinoxime/CHCl₃, PAR/i-Pentanol etc. Monophenyl tin compounds are extracted by Tropolone/CHCl₃, and inorganic tin(IV) is separated by diethyl dithiocarbaminate/CHCl₃ from acidified solution of pH 4. Several thin-layer chromatographic methods are given. The separated compounds are determined by radiometric or new photometric methods.     

Production of methyltin compounds related to possible conditions in the environment

The methylation of heavy-metal compounds (e.g. mercury, lead, tin) in the environment has great significance owing to the much higher toxicity of their methyl derivatives in comparison with inorganic metal species. In this paper abiological methylation of inorganic tin is described. Ethanol, acetic acid and propionic acid abiologically methylated inorganic tin, and the highest yield of methyltin was observed in the reaction between inorganic tin(II) and ethanol. Furthermore, environmental factors for the methylation, such as pH, temperature, added ethanol, concentration of sodium chloride and photoirradiation, were investigated in this reaction. Methyltin production increased at low pH, and decreased at higher concentrations of sodium chloride. Photoirradiation accelerated the reaction rate, and a shorter wavelength showed a higher rate. Inorganic tin(II) was converted rapidly into monomethyltin, and gradually transformed into dimethyltin and trimethyltin with the course time.     

Nachweis von Zinn in Mineralien,Legierungen sowie in mit Zinnsalzen beschwerter Seide

Zusammenfassung Die Überführung von Zinn in benzollösliches Zinn(IV)jodid und die daran angeschlossene Fluoreszenzreaktion von Zinn(IV)hydroxyd und Morin gestatten den schnellen und eindeutigen Nachweis von Zinn in Minerahen, Legierungen und Seide.Die Durchführung des Nachweises in der Arbeitsweise der Tüpfelanalyse wird beschrieben.

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Summary The conversion of tin into the benzene soluble tin(IV)iodide and the subsequent fluorescence reaction of tin(IV)hydroxyde with morin permit the rapid and reliable detection of tin in minerals, alloys and silk.The procedure of the test in spot technique is described.

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Résumé La transformation de l'étain en iodure d'étain-IV soluble dans le benzène et la réaction de fluorescence que l'on peut en dériver entre l'hydroxyde d'étain-IV et le morin, permettent la recherche rapide et spécifique de l'étain dans les minéraux, les alliages et la soie. On décrit l'introduction de la recherche dans le mode opératoire de l'analyse à la touche.

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Herrn Univ.-Prof. Dr.Adolf Franke zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet!

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Wit danken an dieser Stelle dem Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas für die Unterstfitzung bei Durehfiihrung dieser Untersuchungen.     

Fluorometric determination of tin(IV) with 3-hydroxychromone

Summary 3-Hydroxychromone reacts with tin(IV) to produce 11 complex in a weakly acidic-neutral medium. The complex exhibits intense fluorescence. A sensitive method is described for the fluorometric determination of tin(IV) with 3-hydroxychromone. The calibration graph is linear in the range of 0.4–8.0g/25 ml of tin(IV) (pH 4.5–5.0, Excitation wavelength: 365 nm, Measured total fluorescence). Chloride which generally decreases the fluorescence intensity in the fluorometric determination of tin can be tolerated at 300-mg level.

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Fluorometrische Bestimmung von Zinn(IV) mit 3-Hydroxychromon

Zusammenfassung 3-Hydroxychromon reagiert mit Zinn(IV) in schwach saurem bis neutralem Medium unter Bildung eines 11-Komplexes. Dieser fluoresziert intensiv. Ein empfindliches Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Sn(IV) auf dieser Grundlage wurde ausgearbeitet. Die Eichkurve verläuft in dem Gebiet zwischen 0,4 und 8,0g Sn/25 ml bei pH 4,5, einer Wellenlänge von 365 nm und bei Messung der Gesamtfluoreszenz geradlinig. Chloride, die die Fluoreszenzintensität bei Zinnbestimmungen im allgemeinen herabsetzen, können bis zu 300 mg toleriert werden.

     

Preparation of di(n-butyl) tin and di(n-octyl) tin dihalides by the direct synthesis method

The direct synthesis of the two industrially important organotin intermediates, di(n-butyl)tin and di(n-octyl)tin dihalides, has been investigated by reacting the appropriate alkyl halide with metallic tin undervarying conditions. Observations were made on the influences of temperature, pressure, reaction time, nature of the tin metal, organic halide/tin reactant ratios and the presence of catalysts on the extent of tin conversion and yields of the organotin products. The efficacy of the onium halides, notably n-Bu₄NI, Me₃SI and Ph₃MeAsI, either singly or in binary combinations with iodine or inorganic iodine compounds, in catalysing the synthesis of the above dialkyltins as well as higher di(n-alkyl)tin analogues is described.