Fast Restoration Based on Alternative Wavelength Paths in a Wide Area Optical IP Network

Abstract

In this article we describe an experimental investigation of IP network restoration based on wavelength recovery. We propose a procedure for metro and wide area gigabit Ethernet networks that allows us to route the wavelength in case of link failure to another existing link by exploiting wavelength division multiplexing in the fiber. Such a procedure is obtained by means of an optical switch that is managed by a loss-of-light signal that is generated by a router in case of link failure. Such a method has been tested in an IP network consisting of three core routers with optical gigabit Ethernet interfaces connected by means of 50-km-long single-mode fibers between Rome and Pomezia. Compared with other conventional restoration techniques, such as OSPF and MPLS, our method -in very fast (20 ms) and is compatible with real-time TV services and low-cost chips.     

Upgrading Gigabit Ethernet with Multi-window CWDM Technique

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Upgrading Gigabit Ethernet with Multi-window CWDM Technique

In this paper, a new scheme has been proposed to achieve high-performance local area network adopting 5～15 nm separated coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) technique. Using this scheme, the current single-wavelength gigabit Ethernet can be seamlessly upgraded to multi-wavelength network. Not only can the network bandwidth be broadened, but also wavelength routing can be achieved among different sub-networks. The data packet communication latency can be reduced one-to-two magnitudes in comparison with that of the current gigabit Ethernet. To expand the network scale, multi-wavelength-window CWDM technique can be adopted. Two kinds of network interface cards have been designed using opto-electronics devices at the 850 nm and 1300 nm wavelength windows, respectively. Experiments indicate that the two kinds of CWDM signals can be selectively received at the corresponding optical detectors. By introducing two optical dropping devices in the network, multi-wavelength-window (850 nm, 1300 nm and 1550 nm) CWDM system can be achieved.     

A Measurement Plane for Optical Networks to Manage Emergency Events

In this work, we show a wide geographical area optical network test bed, adopting the mPlane measurement plane for monitoring its performance and to manage software defined network approaches, with some specific tests and procedures dedicated to respond to disaster events and to support emergency networks. Such a test bed includes FTTX accesses, and it is currently implemented to support future 5G wireless services with slicing procedures based on Carrier Ethernet. The characteristics of this platform have been experimentally tested in the case of a damage-causing link failure and traffic congestion, showing a fast reactions to these disastrous events, allowing the user to recharge the initial QoS parameters.     

智能光网络中一种新型的分布式恢复方法

提出了一种基于固定备用路由和目的端触发的智能光网络中的分布式恢复方法,所选择的任一对源端节点和目的的端节点之间的固定备用路由包括该节点对之间的k条最短路径路由和基于部分链路无关的路由.目的端节点一旦探测到业务通道的失效将立即启动恢复进程,根据网络当前的资源使用情况,在这些备用路由中按照一定的次序选择一条恢复路由并为此分配一条可用的波长(对于没有波长变换器的光网络),然后将恢复通道的建立请求消息发送给该恢复通道的相关节点,这些相关节点可以锁定相关的网络资源,以避免来自其他恢复通道的竞争.所提出的算法增加了固定备用路由的数量,从仿真结果可以看出,该方法明显改善了失效连接的阻塞性能.     

Energy-Efficient Next-Generation Passive Optical Networks Based on Sleep Mode and Heuristic Optimization

Abstract

In this article, an energy-efficiency mechanism for next-generation passive optical networks is investigated through heuristic particle swarm optimization. Ten-gigabit Ethernet–wavelength division multiplexing optical code division multiplexing–passive optical network next-generation passive optical networks are based on the use of a legacy 10-gigabit Ethernet–passive optical network with the advantage of using only an en/decoder pair of optical code division multiplexing technology, thus eliminating the en/decoder at each optical network unit. The proposed joint mechanism is based on the sleep-mode power-saving scheme for a 10-gigabit Ethernet–passive optical network, combined with a power control procedure aiming to adjust the transmitted power of the active optical network units while maximizing the overall energy-efficiency network. The particle swarm optimization based power control algorithm establishes the optimal transmitted power in each optical network unit according to the network pre-defined quality of service requirements. The objective is controlling the power consumption of the optical network unit according to the traffic demand by adjusting its transmitter power in an attempt to maximize the number of transmitted bits with minimum energy consumption, achieving maximal system energy efficiency. Numerical results have revealed that it is possible to save 75% of energy consumption with the proposed particle swarm optimization based sleep-mode energy-efficiency mechanism compared to 55% energy savings when just a sleeping-mode-based mechanism is deployed.     

Network Evolution Toward a Carrier-Grade Ethernet Transport Network

Abstract

In this article, an overview is presented about state-of-the-art Ethernet technology and its evolutions beyond local area networks into metropolitan and wide area networks as carrier-grade technologies. It will be shown that the Ethernet can be used to guarantee the performance of current transport technologies in terms of operations, administration and maintenance, quality of service, monitoring, and test capabilities in support of service level agreements; in particular, the Ethernet could replace current transport techniques, simplifying network design and reducing both capital and operational expenditures. The Ethernet data-plane evolution will also be presented, from the virtual bridged local area network up to provider backbone bridging traffic engineering, including the issues related to the control plane. Also indicated is a future scenarios dealing with close interworking with optical technologies. In conclusion, a summary is given of experimental activities carried out on the virtual private local area network service, a current Layer 2 technique that can be assumed as a first step toward a carrier-grade Ethernet, which show the implementation of reliable wide area networks based only on gigabit Ethernet transmission.     

一种基于GMPLS协议快速实现ASON网络恢复的策略

在自动交换光网络(ASON)的控制平面内引入了通用多协议标签交换(GMPLS)协议, 使得光传送网络具备了更大的智能性。在控制平面拓扑和传送平面拓扑一致的情形下, 以GMPLS的“便道”技术为基础, 提出了一种改进型的基于标签交换路径(LSP )“双链路”恢复(DLR)的生存性机制。它对发生故障的节点两端链路同时实施迂回策略。通过对传统的链路恢复和“双链路”恢复进行细致地分析, 定量地给出了在这两种情形下, 信令恢复时间的比较方案。以美国AT&T实验室中研制的大型路由器上的数据为参数, 对上述两种不同恢复机制进行了对比分析, 进一步验证了该恢复策略提出的有效性。     

A Wavelength and Bandwidth Assignment Algorithm to Support Guaranteed Bandwidth Levels in Hybrid Time Division Multiplexing/Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ethernet Passive Optical Networks

Abstract

A novel bandwidth assignment algorithm in wavelength division multiplexing Ethernet passive optical networks, called a dynamic wavelength assignment service level agreement, is proposed to efficiently provide subscriber differentiation. Simulation results show that the dynamic wavelength assignment service level agreement outperforms other bandwidth allocation algorithms in wavelength division multiplexing Ethernet passive optical networks, as it makes a fairer bandwidth distribution than other methods and is able to overcome the non-allowed packet fragmentation of the Ethernet passive optical network standard. Consequently, it greatly increases the achieved throughput and always ensures a minimum guaranteed bandwidth to every priority subscriber. Furthermore, the new algorithm obtains lower mean packet delay and packet loss rate for the highest priority subscribers when compared with other bandwidth distribution schemes in wavelength division multiplexing Ethernet passive optical networks.     

光互联网的抗毁性设计研究

由于互联网层叠模型中多层都存在重复的保护与恢复机制，致使互联网的实现极其复杂，造成网络传输效率较低，而且拥塞。随着密集波分复用（DWDM）的广泛使用和网络底层性能的大幅度提高，已经不需要再对网络中多层进行重复保护与恢复。在此基础上，采用了未来光互联网3层 (应用层、IP层和光互联层) 协议模型，并对其中的光互联层的保护进行了深入的研究，提出了部分共享备用路径保护(P-SPP)方法。此模型能充分利用IP层电子的灵活恢复机制与光互联层的快速保护与恢复机制，提高光互联网的传输性能，以适应目前高速发展的互联网对传输带宽的要求。     

Costs of Fiber-to-the-Home Passive Optical Network Unbundling

Abstract

This work considers different unbundling options for local loop unbundling in order to provide multi-operator access and consider the economical impact for the fiber-to-the-home next-generation access entrants to deploy such alternatives. It is shown that deploying wavelength division multiplexing networks is an efficient strategy to perform local loop unbundling while upgrading the gigabit passive optical network for the new era where high bandwidths are necessary for satisfying customer demand. In areas with a high population density, wavelength division multiplexing techniques are the most suitable for entrant operators to access the incumbent's network and provide service.     

Performance evaluation of survivable WDM based SANs in a metro ring network

Storage area networks (SANs) are an essential part of enterprise computing today. There is no comprehensive business continuity plan without SANs in the picture. This paper proposes and evaluates network survivability of optical paths in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) based storage area networks in a metro ring network. The paper begins with a background on network survivability in metro WDM ring network. Subsequently, the network and node architectures along with their medium access control (MAC) protocols are described. In this work, one link failure (a single cable cut) in metro WDM based SANs in a ring network architecture is considered. Performance evaluation for network survivability in metro WDM SAN is carried out by means of discrete-event computer simulation. Network throughput and packet delay are investigated. The network performance is evaluated for asymmetric (unbalanced) traffic scenarios under Poisson and self-similar traffic.     

A Survivable Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network with Both Point-to-Point Service and Broadcast Service Delivery

Abstract

A survivable wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network enabling both point-to-point service and broadcast service is presented and demonstrated. This architecture provides an automatic traffic recovery against feeder and distribution fiber link failure, respectively. In addition, it also simplifies the protection design for multiple services transmission in wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks.     

A data transmission method for particle physics experiments based on Ethernet physical layer

Due to its advantages of universality, flexibility and high performance, fast Ethernet is widely used in readout system design for modern particle physics experiments. However, Ethernet is usually used together with the TCP/IP protocol stack, which makes it difficult to implement readout systems because designers have to use the operating system to process this protocol. Furthermore, TCP/IP degrades the transmission efficiency and real-time performance. To maximize the performance of Ethernet in physics experiment applications, a data readout method based on the physical layer(PHY) is proposed. In this method, TCP/IP is replaced with a customized and simple protocol, which makes it easier to implement. On each readout module, data from the front-end electronics is first fed into an FPGA for protocol processing and then sent out to a PHY chip controlled by this FPGA for transmission.This kind of data path is fully implemented by hardware. From the side of the data acquisition system(DAQ),however, the absence of a standard protocol causes problems for the network related applications. To solve this problem, in the operating system kernel space, data received by the network interface card is redirected from the traditional flow to a specified memory space by a customized program. This memory space can easily be accessed by applications in user space. For the purpose of verification, a prototype system has been designed and implemented.Preliminary test results show that this method can meet the requirements of data transmission from the readout module to the DAQ with an efficient and simple manner.     

基于OPNET的星地光网络性能测试仿真平台研究

为了测试星地光网络的性能,设计了一种基于OPNET的星地光网络性能测试仿真平台。介绍了平台的总体技术架构,探讨了星间链路建立的条件。采用最大接入仰角与最长服务时间加权的方式,完成星地链路的卫星接入服务;按照切换呼叫优先的策略完成业务传输中的卫星切换服务,确保星地链路不间断的通信能力。根据最小链路代价和首次命中原则,实现星地光网络的路由与波长的动态分配。最后,利用平台的OPNET软件测试了三种星座下的星地光网络性能,测试结果表明：在LEO、MEO和GEO星座下,星地光网络的网络阻塞率分别为10%、40%和54%,平均网络时延分别为0.1s、0.07s和0.054s。测试结果对星地光网络的工程应用具有一定的指导意义。     

Real-time spatiotemporal division multiplexing electroholography for 1,200,000 object points using multiple-graphics processing unit cluster

Computationally, the calculation of computer-generated holograms is extremely expensive, and the image quality deteriorates when reconstructing three-dimensional(3 D) holographic video from a point-cloud model comprising a huge number of object points. To solve these problems, we implement herein a spatiotemporal division multiplexing method on a cluster system with 13 GPUs connected by a gigabit Ethernet network.A performance evaluation indicates that the proposed method can realize a real-time holographic video of a3 D object comprising ~1,200,000 object points. These results demonstrate a clear 3 D holographic video at32.7 frames per second reconstructed from a 3 D object comprising 1,064,462 object points.     

WDM光网络安全生存机制研究

针对WDM光网络安全生存性问题的故障的发现、定位和恢复三个重要环节之中的恢复问题,提出了一种WDM光层中的安全保护与恢复方案。采用了恢复路由选择算法和恢复波长分配算法,提出了一种混合的多层恢复机制,从而构建了一种从故障的发现、定位到故障恢复的覆盖各环节的连续性光网络安全生存机制,并在理论上进行了性能比较。     

Real-time electroholography using a single spatial light modulator and a cluster of graphics-processing units connected by a gigabit Ethernet network

Systems containing multiple graphics-processing-unit(GPU)clusters are difficult to use for real-time electroholography when using only a single spatial light modulator because the transfer of the computer-generated hologram data between the GPUs is bottlenecked.To overcome this bottleneck,we propose a rapid GPU packing scheme that significantly reduces the volume of the required data transfer.The proposed method uses a multi-GPU cluster system connected with a cost-effective gigabit Ethernet network.In tests,we achieved real-time electroholography of a three-dimensional(3D)video presenting a point-cloud 3D object made up of approximately 200,000 points.     

声纳湿端数据远传DWDM光电交换模块设计

声纳的应用极其广泛,海洋渔业以及军事应用使得声纳技术得到了大力发展。声纳湿端数据传输的可靠性、实时性是声纳系统性能得到保障的前提。为此设计一用于声纳湿端数据远传的DWDM光电交换模块。在该模块中,使用以太网交换芯片和两个DWDM光模块对数据进行多路转发并实现光通路的冗余备份,提升了系统可靠性的同时使网络拓扑更为灵活。由于DWDM光模块可将电信号转换为波长可选定的光信号,故通过若干该模块协同使用,可实现多路光信号复用即同时传输多条声纳水下阵缆的数据。经实际开发与测试,该模块以太网业务性能指标符合设计需求,且该模块已在某声纳工程项目中得到了应用,并可为其他领域数据远传工程应用提供设计参考。     

The Design of Passive Optical Networking+Ethernet over Coaxial Cable Access Networking and Video-on-Demand Services Carrying

Abstract

Video on demand is a very attractive service used for entertainment, education, and other purposes. The design of passive optical networking+Ethernet over coaxial cable accessing and a home gateway system is proposed. The network integrates the passive optical networking and Ethernet over coaxial cable to provide high dedicated bandwidth for the metropolitan video-on-demand services. Using digital video broadcasting, IP television protocol, unicasting, and broadcasting mechanisms maximizes the system throughput. The home gateway finishes radio frequency signal receiving and provides three kinds of interfaces for high-definition video, voice, and data, which achieves triple-play and wire/wireless access synchronously.