初中理科教科书中的科学风险教育内容研究

培育学生的科学风险意识是积极构建总体国家安全观的重要内容。以“不确定性和后果”2个核心属性作为筛选标准,对初中理科教科书中的科学风险进行内容分析,分析结果表明：初中理科教科书中共有13种类型的科学风险来源,呈现出学科全覆盖、内容涵盖面广以及呈现形式多样的特点;总体上来看,初中理科教科书注重不规范操作所带来的科学风险;生物教科书主要强调生物资源开发利用所带来的科学风险,物理教科书主要强调日常操作不规范所带来的科学风险,而化学教科书则更多指向实验操作不规范所带来的科学风险。话语策略分析的结果表明：教科书强调“规避化解为主,应对处置为辅”的科学风险态度;强调学生在科学风险中的主体参与;要求强化学生对于科学风险的科学理性评估管理,削弱学生对科学风险的极端反应。     

一种高迁移率聚合物太阳能电池材料的合成及其器件表征

设计合成了一种中等带隙共轭聚合物,聚[N-(2-己基癸基)-2,2'-二噻吩-3,3'-二甲酰亚胺-交替共聚-5,5-(2,5-双(3-癸氧基噻吩)-2-噻吩基)-噻吩)](PBTI3T-O),其光谱吸收覆盖波长从400 nm到720 nm,具有较宽的吸收范围,同时易溶于氯苯溶剂,利于溶液加工。 PBTI3T-O与[6,6]-苯基-C71-丁酸异甲酯(PC₇₁BM)复合薄膜的空穴迁移率为5.90×10^-3 cm²/(V·s),该迁移率高于其它大部分聚合物电池给体材料。 由于PBTI3T-O较高的空穴迁移率,基于PBTI3T-O/PC₇₁BM的器件在活性层厚度为237 nm时,效率可以达到5.56%。 即使活性层膜厚进一步增加到约300 nm时,器件的效率仍能够保持其最高器件效率的97%,可见其具有在大面积加工工艺中的应用潜力。     

Benzotriazole Based 2D-conjugated Polymer Donors for High Performance Polymer Solar Cells

To design high efficiency polymer solar cells(PSCs), it is of great importance to develop suitable polymer donors that work well with the low bandgap acceptors, providing complementary absorption, forming interpenetrating networks in the active layers and minimizing energy loss. Recently, we developed a series of two-dimension-conjugated polymers based on bithienylbenzodithiophene-alt-benzotriazole backbone bearing different conjugated side chains, generally called J-series polymers. They are medium energy bandgap(Eg) polymers(Eg of ca. 1.80 eV)with strong absorptions in the range of 400-650 nm, and exhibit ordered crystalline structures, high hole mobilities, and more interestingly,tunable energy levels depending on the structure variations. In this feature article, we highlight our recent efforts on the design and synthesis of those J-series polymer donors, including an introduction on the polymer design strategy and emphasis on the crucial function of differential conjugated side chain. Finally, the future opportunities and challenges of the J-series polymers in PSCs are discussed.     

中学理科技术教育的时代使命与实施路径*

相较于职业教育和高等院校的理工科教育,我国中学理科中的技术教育也担当着培养青少年技术素养的时代使命。在中学理科中开展技术教育应从顶层设计上重视技术教育在中学理科中的渗透和融合;深化对技术本质的认识,为技术教育目标和课程内容的设计奠定基础;变革教学方式,倡导问题取向和实践取向的教学活动。     

科学教育专业有机化学课程建设的探索与实践

主要介绍了科学教育专业有机化学课程建设的探索与实践。指出提高科学教育专业有机化学教学质量,应建设高水平、高素质的师资队伍,设置符合该专业教学目标的课程内容,同时注重改进教学方法。     

高分子科学学科动态与2015年国家自然科学基金申请指南

介绍化学科学部高分子科学学科年度动态信息并发布高分子科学学科2015年国家自然科学基金申请指南。近期获得国际各类学术奖励的中国学者明显增多。本文中特别指出了撰写国家自然科学基金申请需注意的问题。     

高分子学科动态与国家自然科学基金2017指南

重点综述近年来高分子领域若干方向研究前沿进展与动态。对国家自然科学基金化学部高分子学科2016资助情况进行了介绍,给出了2017年项目申请指南。     

我国高分子学科发展动态与国家自然科学基金概述

汇总了高分子学科近期的发展情况,介绍了国内高分子部分研究与开发进展,概述了几次学科研讨会所探讨的基本问题。在国家自然科学基金介绍中,着重强调了获资助单位分布广泛性增加、申请数增长偏慢和选题应该更多地关注高分子应用中的基本科学问题,还探讨了国家自然科学基金申请写作注意事项。     

基于侧链不对称喹喔啉聚合物的高效非富勒烯太阳电池

喹喔啉衍生物由于合成简单,易功能化,成本较低等特点在众多领域都有广泛应用。其自身具有平面刚性结构,也是构建光电聚合物的重要单体。基于喹喔啉单元的有机分子化学结构和电子结构可修饰性强,通过骨架、侧链和取代基等修饰,易于调控分子的能级和吸光光谱,因此,当使用喹喔啉体系的共轭给体与球形富勒烯受体(如PCBM)及弱结晶性非富勒烯受体(如ITIC)均可表现出优异的光伏性能。在本工作中,基于结晶性较强的非富勒烯受体(o-IDTBR),我们首次制备出侧链不对称喹喔啉(简称：不对称喹喔啉)基聚合物(TPQ-1)与之匹配。相比于侧链对称性喹喔啉(简称：对称喹喔啉)(HFQx-T)与o-IDTBR组合,“弱结晶给体-强结晶受体”组合能表现出更佳均匀的相分离尺度,从而获得更高的短路电流及能量转换效率。TPQ-1与o-IDTBR共混后器件效率为8.6%,加入15%的TB7-Th后,器件效率达到9.6%。     

Dye‐Incorporated Polynaphthalenediimide Acceptor for Additive‐Free High‐Performance All‐Polymer Solar Cells

All‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) can offer unique advantages for applications in flexible devices, and naphthalene diimide (NDI)‐based polymer acceptors are the widely used polymer acceptors. However, their power conversion efficiency (PCE) still lags behind that of state‐of‐the‐art polymer solar cells, due to low light absorption, suboptimal energy levels and the strong aggregation of the NDI‐based polymer acceptor. Herein, a rhodanine‐based dye molecule was introduced into the NDI‐based polymer acceptor by simple random copolymerization and showed an improved light absorption coefficient, an up‐shifted lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level and reduced crystallization. Consequently, additive‐free all‐PSCs demonstrated a high PCE of 8.13 %, which is one of the highest performance characteristics reported for all‐PSCs to date. These results indicate that incorporating a dye into the n‐type polymer gives insight into the precise design of high‐performance polymer acceptors for all‐PSCs.     

聚合物太阳能电池高效共轭聚合物给体和富勒烯受体光伏材料

聚合物太阳能电池（PSC）由共轭聚合物给体和富勒烯衍生物受体的共混膜（活性层）夹在ITO透明导电玻璃正极和低功函数金属负极之间所组成,具有制备过程简单、成本低、重量轻、可制备成柔性器件等突出优点,近年来成为国内外研究前沿和热点。当前研究的焦点是提高器件的光电能量转换效率,而提高效率的关键是高效共轭聚合物给体和富勒烯衍生...     

Combining Fullerenes and Zwitterions in Non‐Conjugated Polymer Interlayers to Raise Solar Cell Efficiency

Polymer zwitterions were synthesized by nucleophilic ring‐opening of 3,3′‐(but‐2‐ene‐1,4‐diyl)bis(1,2‐oxathiolane 2,2‐dioxide) (a bis‐sultone) with functional perylene diimide (PDI) or fullerene monomers. Integration of these polymers into solar cell devices as cathode interlayers boosted efficiencies of fullerene‐based organic photovoltaics (OPVs) from 2.75 % to 10.74 %, and of non‐fullerene‐based OPVs from 4.25 % to 10.10 %, demonstrating the versatility of these interlayer materials in OPVs. The fullerene‐containing polymer zwitterion ( C₆₀‐PZ ) showed a higher interfacial dipole (Δ) value and electron mobility than its PDI counterpart ( PDI‐PZ ), affording solar cells with high efficiency. The power of PDI‐PZ and C₆₀‐PZ to improve electron injection and extraction processes when positioned between metal electrodes and organic semiconductors highlights their promise to overcome energy barriers at the hard‐soft materials interface of organic electronics.     

高效率窄带隙聚合物太阳能电池材料

太阳能电池能够将太阳能直接转化为电能,是利用太阳能资源的一种非常有效的手段。聚合物太阳能电池因成本低、重量轻、制备方便和可制成柔性器件的优点,已经成为该领域的研究热点之一。基于窄带隙共轭聚合物给体/富勒烯受体复合材料体系制得的太阳能电池的最高转换效率已经达到8.3%,而寻找性能更优异的聚合物给体材料是进一步提高光伏性能的关键因素。本文综述了近几年关于高效率窄带隙聚合物太阳能电池给体材料的研究进展,着重介绍了苯并噻二唑类共聚物、稠环噻吩类共聚物和吡嗪类共聚物等窄带隙聚合物给体材料体系及相应光伏器件的性能,分析了各种材料的优点和不足,并对今后这一领域的发展做了展望。     

新旧高中化学课程标准中的科学本质教育内容研究*

理解科学本质是科学教育的重要目标,理科课程标准中倡导的科学本质教育对中学生科学素养发展起重要作用。本研究在构建科学本质内容、呈现方式、复杂度等三维分析框架基础上,对2003年版和2017年版高中化学课程标准中“内容标准”条目中呈现的科学本质教育内容进行纵向对比分析,发现2017年版高中化学课程标准中科学本质教育内容表现维度更全面,2版课程标准在科学本质内容上呈现方式占比皆为隐性大于显性,进阶性体现略有不足。基于此提出以下建议:挖掘科学本质教育内容载体,融合化学学科知识;加强对科学本质教育价值的认识,建立评价体系;重视科学本质内容的多维整合,体现进阶性。     

Highly Fluorescent Semiconducting Polymer Dots for Biology and Medicine

In recent years, semiconducting polymer nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention because of their outstanding characteristics as fluorescent probes. These nanoparticles, which primarily consist of π‐conjugated polymers and are called polymer dots (Pdots) when they exhibit small particle size and high brightness, have demonstrated utility in a wide range of applications such as fluorescence imaging and biosensing. In this review, we summarize recent findings of the photophysical properties of Pdots which speak to the merits of these entities as fluorescent labels. This review also highlights the surface functionalization and biomolecular conjugation of Pdots, and their applications in cellular labeling, in vivo imaging, single‐particle tracking, biosensing, and drug delivery. We discuss the relationship between the physical properties and performance, and evaluate the merits and limitations of the Pdot probes for certain imaging tasks and fluorescence assays. We also tackle the current challenges of Pdots and share our perspective on the future directions of the field.     

Developing Wide Bandgap Polymers Based on Sole Benzodithiophene Units for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells

In this work, a series of sole benzodithiophene-based wide band gap polymer donors, namely PBDTT, PBDTS, PBDTF and PBDTCl, were developed for efficient polymer solar cells (PSCs) by varying the heteroatoms into the conjugated side chains. The effects of sulfuration, fluorination and chlorination were also investigated systematically on the overall properties of these BDT-based polymers. The HOMO levels could be lowered gradually by introducing sulfur, fluorine and chlorine atoms into the side chains, which contributed to the stepwise increased V_oc (from 0.78 V to 0.84 V) in the related PSCs using Y6 as the electron acceptor. This side-chain engineering strategy could promote the polymer chain interactions and fine-tune the phase separation of active blends, leading to enhanced absorption, ordered molecular packing and crystallinity. Among them, the chlorinated PBDTCl exhibited not only high level absorption and crystallinity, but also the most balanced hole/electron charge transport and the most optimized morphology, giving rise to the best PCE of 13.46 % with a V_oc of 0.84 V, a J_sc of 23.16 mA cm⁻² and an FF of 69.2 %. The chlorination strategy afforded PBDTCl synthetic simplicity but high efficiency, showing its promising photovoltaic applications for realizing low-cost practical PSCs in near future.     

中国台湾初中科学教育跨科概念分析与启示

主要分析了中国台湾地区基于跨科概念进行初中自然科学领域科学课程设计的最新进展,介绍了跨科概念的内涵特征、要素构成、课程设计特点、存在的不足;比较了《义务教育化学课程标准（2011年版）》与跨科概念之间的对应关系;并据此探讨跨科概念研究对中国大陆科学教育研究的启示。     

理科师范生使用课程材料的研究——以广州市某高校为例

利用“理科师范生使用课程材料情况问卷”,对广州市某高校167名理科师范生在教育实习期间使用课程材料的形态进行调查,发现理科师范生在各维度均表现出较好的课程材料使用形态,但未达到很高的水平。不同专业师范生的课程材料使用形态在“科学探究”“STSE”和“教师学习”维度存在显著差异;不同实习学校类型师范生的课程材料使用形态在“STSE”维度存在显著差异;不同实习年级师范生的课程材料使用形态不存在显著差异;有无家教经验师范生的课程材料使用形态在“科学探究”“STSE”和“教师学习”维度存在显著差异。文章最后提出理科师范教育的建议。     

中学理科教师使用课程材料的研究——基于广州市教师的调查

基于教师与课程材料互动关系模型,以及学科核心素养的视角,凝炼出我国理科教师使用课程材料形态的4个维度："常规使用""科学探究""STSE"和"教师学习",并编制了一份具有良好效度和信度的量表。通过对广州市422名初中理科教师进行问卷调查,发现教师在各维度均表现出较好的课程材料使用形态,但未处于很高的水平。不同区域教师的课程材料使用形态在"教师学习"维度存在显著差异;不同学科教师的课程材料使用形态不存在显著差异,不同职称教师的课程材料使用形态在"常规使用""科学探究"和"STSE"维度存在显著差异。文章最后提出教师专业发展的建议。