Implementation of upper limit calculation for a Poisson variable by Bayesian approach

The calculation of Bayesian confidence upper limit for a Poisson variable including both signal and background with and without systematic uncertainties has been formulated.A Fortran 77 routine,BPULE,has been developed to implement the calculation.The routine can account for systematic uncertainties in the background expectation and signal efficiency.The systematic uncertainties may be separately parameterized by a Gaussian,Log-Gaussian or fiat probability density function (pdf).Some technical details of BPULE have been discussed.     

Bayesian credible interval construction for Poisson statistics

The construction of the Bayesian credible (confidence) interval for a Poisson observable including both the signal and background with and without systematic uncertainties is presented.Introducing the conditional probability satisfying the requirement of the background not larger than the observed events to construct the Bayesian credible interval is also discussed.A Fortran routine,BPOCI,has been developed to implement the calculation.     

Bayesian credible interval construction for Poisson statistics

The construction of the Bayesian credible (confidence) interval for a Poisson observable including both the signal and background with and without systematic uncertainties is presented. Introducing the conditional probability satisfying the requirement of the background not larger than the observed events to construct the Bayesian credible interval is also discussed. A Fortran routine, BPOCI, has been developed to implement the calculation.     

A precise calculation of delayed coincidence selection efficiency and accidental coincidence rate

A precise background evaluation model is proposed to address the complex data structure of the delayed coincidence method, which is widely used in reactor electron-antineutrino oscillation experiments. In this model,effects from the muon veto, uncorrelated random background, and background are all studied analytically, simplifying the estimation of the systematic uncertainties of signal efficiency and accidental background rate. The results of the calculations are validated numerically with a number of simulation studies and also applied and validated in the recent Daya Bay hydrogen-capture based oscillation measurement.     

Varying the chiral magnetic effect relative to flow in a single nucleus-nucleus collision

We propose a novel method to search for the chiral magnetic effect(cme) in heavy ion collisions.We argue that the relative strength of the magnetic field(mainly from spectator protons and responsible for the cme)with respect to the reaction plane and the participant plane is opposite to that of the elliptic flow background arising from the fluctuating participant geometry.This opposite behavior in a single collision system,hence with small systematic uncertainties,can be exploited to extract the possible cme signal from the flow background.The method is applied to existing data from rhic,and the outcome discussed.     

Systematic uncertainties in the prediction of the atmospheric ν fluxes

This contribution is a critical discussion of the systematic uncertainties in the calculation of the atmospheric neutrino event rates, and on their effect in the interpretation of the data.     

Evaluation of a liquid ionization chamber for relative dosimetry in small and large fields of radiotherapy photon beams

Commissioning and quality assurance of radiotherapy linear accelerators require measurement of the absorbed dose to water, and a wide range of detectors are available for absolute and relative dosimetry in megavoltage beams.In this paper, the PTW microLion isooctane-filled ionization chamber has been tested to perform relative measurements in a 6 MV photon beam from a linear accelerator. Output factors, percent depth dose and dose profiles have been obtained for small and large fields. These quantities have been compared with those from usual detectors in the routine practice. In order to carry out a more realistic comparison, an uncertainty analysis has been developed, taking type A and B uncertainties into account.The results present microLion as a good option when high spatial resolution is needed, thanks to its reduced sensitive volume. The liquid filling also provides a high signal compared to other detectors, like that based on air filling. Furthermore, the relative response of microLion when field size is varied suggests that this detector has energy dependence, since it is appreciated an over-response for small fields and an under-response for the large ones. This effect is more obvious for field sizes wider than 20 × 20 cm², where the differences in percent depth dose at great depths exceed the uncertainties estimated in this study.     

A method of background noise reduction in lidar data

This paper applies a theoretical approach to the calculation of background noise levels during the analysis of lidar (light detection and ranging) data. We develop a method for the identification of background noise concealed within lidar signals under clear atmospheric or homogeneous aerosol layer conditions and derive an equation for the calculation of these noise levels from a theoretical consideration of the lidar equation. An increasing range-corrected signal indicates that a large amount of background noise exist in the return signal. We calculate the level of background noise by selecting three equidistant points in the return signal from the homogeneous layer and inputting the range and intensity of these points into the derived equation. Background noise calculations using actual lidar signals were in good agreement with calculations based on a simulated lidar signal. The background noise equation was verified using both observational lidar data and a simulated signal, indicating that it provides a reasonable measure of background noise levels in lidar data.     

New method of spatial superposition of attenuated waves for ultrasound field modelling

The objective of this work is the contrary issues of ultrasonic diagnostics in medicine when modern requirements for resolution are in conflict with strict safety issues. There is only one way to make progress by starting to take into account the attenuation in biological tissues and the wave diffraction phenomena. The aim of this work is to develop the flexible ultrasound field model implemented in routine algorithms of digital signal processing. The method consists of the calculation of plane wave propagation and the calculation of an ultrasound signal field. On the basis of the spatial impulse response of an aperture for calculation of space-spread ultrasound signals and the spectrum decomposition method for modelling plane wave propagation in lossy media, the modified method of spatial superposition of attenuated waves was developed. Using the method of equidistant line calculation the time and frequency features of the ultrasound signal field caused by the geometry and dynamics of the aperture, the attenuation and velocity dispersion in the medium are determined. The method was successfully applied to the investigation of the system for intracranial media monitoring, where a new measurement channel based on the changes of attenuation and dispersion in intracranial medium has been implemented.     

Background estimation in experimental spectra

A general probabilistic technique for estimating background contributions to measured spectra is presented. A Bayesian model is used to capture the defining characteristics of the problem, namely, that the background is smoother than the signal. The signal is allowed to have positive and/or negative components. The background is represented in terms of a cubic spline basis. A variable degree of smoothness of the background is attained by allowing the number of knots and the knot positions to be adaptively chosen on the basis of the data. The fully Bayesian approach taken provides a natural way to handle knot adaptivity and allows uncertainties in the background to be estimated. Our technique is demonstrated on a particle induced x-ray emission spectrum from a geological sample and an Auger spectrum from iron, which contains signals with both positive and negative components.     

Precision mass measurements of neutron-rich Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, and Pd isotopes

Direct mass measurements with typical uncertainties of 1-10keV have been performed for the first time for ten neutron-rich isotopes ^{102, 103}Y , ¹⁰⁸Nb , ¹¹¹Mo , ^{113, 114}Tc , ¹¹⁶Ru , ¹¹⁹Rh , and ^{121, 122}Pd . The obtained mass data compared with the 2003 atomic-mass evaluation shows systematic overestimation of binding energies far from stability. The relationship between two-neutron separation energies, nuclear structure and shape changes has been investigated by comparing the experimental data with a theoretical calculation based on the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximation using modern energy density functionals.     

Constraining dark matter properties with gamma-rays from the Galactic Center with Fermi-LAT

We study the capabilities of the Fermi-LAT instrument on board of the Fermi mission to constrain particle dark matter properties, as annihilation cross section, mass and branching ratio into dominant annihilation channels, with gamma-ray observations from the Galactic Center. Besides the prompt gamma-ray flux, we also take into account the contribution from the electrons/positrons produced in dark matter annihilations to the gamma-ray signal via inverse Compton scattering off the interstellar photon background, which turns out to be crucial in the case of dark matter annihilations into μ⁺μ⁻ and e⁺e⁻ pairs. We study the signal dependence on different parameters like the region of observation, the density profile, the assumptions for the dark matter model and the uncertainties in the propagation model. We also show the effect of the inclusion of a 20% systematic uncertainty in the gamma-ray background. If Fermi-LAT is able to distinguish a possible dark matter signal from the large gamma-ray background, we show that for dark matter masses below ∼200 GeV, Fermi-LAT will likely be able to determine dark matter properties with good accuracy.     

An Investigation of Signal Kinematical Region to Study Standard Model Higgs Boson Properties in the H → WW* → ℓvℓv Decay Channel in the ATLAS Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at 13 TeV

A signal kinematical region is analyzed by the Higgs Boson Working Group (HWW) within the framework of a study of the Standard Model Higgs boson properties in the H → WW* → evεv decay channel in the ATLAS experiment on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The analysis is based on the full statistics of proton-proton collision data during exposures in 2015–2016 at the center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. As compared to our previous analysis, the reconstruction software is updated and the simulation accuracy of backgrounds is improved. Events taken at low and high LHC luminosity are studied separately. In addition, the kinematics at the later stages of event selection is investigated in detail and systematic uncertainties are fully estimated. It is shown that the Monte Carlo modeling satisfactorily describes the experimental data at different selection stages. Kinematic distributions for hadron jets are studied also in the Z-boson control region, where the acquired data reach the order of ten million events. As compared to the previous investigation, the modeling accuracy of Z and background processes is noticeably improved, and events at low and high LHC luminosities are studied separately. Furthermore, all systematic uncertainties related to jets are estimated as well. As a whole, good agreement between experimental results and Monte Carlo simulation data is observed. No problems that would be caused by high luminosity are observed.

     

Study of ω-meson production in pp collisions at ANKE

The production of ω-mesons in the pp → ppω reaction has been investigated with the COSY-ANKE spectrometer for excess energies of 60 and 92MeV by detecting the two final protons and reconstructing their missing mass. The large physical background was subtracted using an event-by-event transformation of the proton momenta between the two energies. Differential distributions and total cross-sections were obtained after careful studies of possible systematic uncertainties in the overall ANKE acceptance. The results are compared with the predictions of theoretical models. Combined with data on the φ-meson, a more refined estimate is made of the Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka rule violation in the φ/ω production ratio.     

便携式食品放射性检测仪的研制及测试

设计了一种便携式食品放射性检测仪,主要包括测量结构、核信号处理单元和能谱分析程序。核信号处理单元主要包括抗混叠低通滤波器、程控增益放大器、高速A/D采样、数字低通滤波、梯形成形、脉冲幅度甄别和能谱获取等。能谱分析程序主要包括能谱光滑、能谱寻峰、能量刻度、本底扣除以及活度计算等。最后,以测量¹³¹I核素为例,研究了仪器对不同体积样品的探测效率、刻度系数和最低可探测活度,并根据刻度系数对300 mL食品样品的放射性测量结果进行校正。结果表明,仪器对常见食品中¹³¹I的放射性活度检测结果误差小于10%,满足食品放射性测量需求。     

光子图象的X2拟合信号检验

本文首次应用以微通道板象增强器为核心器件的超高灵敏度光电成象系统获得了活体昆明鼠的超微弱生物发光图象,并用统计理论研究了光子图象中的信号和背景分布,提出用斯米尔诺夫检验判别图象中有无信号的方法,以及用X²准则拟合实际图象中的信号区和背景区分布,并根据得到的统计估计值对光子图象进行检验,上述光子图象中的拟合方法以及斯米尔诺夫判据检验到了图象中的信号,验证了实际获得的光子图象中存在发光信号的结论。     

Evidence for B+-->J/psip(-)Lambda; and search for B0-->J/psip(-)p

We have performed a search for the decays B+-->J/psip(-)Lambda; and search for B0-->J/psip(-)p. in a data set of (88.9+/-1.0) x 10(6) Upsilon(4S) decays collected by the BABAR experiment at the PEP-II e(+)e(-) storage ring at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Four charged B candidates have been observed with an expected background of 0.21+/-0.14 events. The corresponding branching fraction is (12(+9)(-6)) x 10(-6), where statistical and systematic uncertainties have been combined. The result can be interpreted as a 90% confidence level (C.L.) upper limit of 26 x 10(-6). We also find one B0 candidate, with an expected background of 0.64+/-0.17 events, implying a 90% C.L. upper limit of 1.9 x 10(-6).     

BK from quenched QCD with exact chiral symmetry

We present a calculation of the standard model DeltaS=2 matrix element relevant to indirect CP violation in K-->pipi decays which uses Neuberger's chiral formulation of lattice fermions. The computation is performed in the quenched approximation on a 16(3) x 32 lattice that has a lattice spacing a approximately 0.1 fm. The resulting bare matrix element is renormalized nonperturbatively. Our main result is B(RGI)(K)=0.87(8)+2+14-1-14, where the first error is statistical, the second is systematic, and the third is Sharpe's estimate of quenching and flavor-SU(3) breaking uncertainties.     

Neutrino observations from the sudbury neutrino observatory

Neutrino observations from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory are presented from preliminary analyses. Based on energy, direction and location, the data in the region of interest appear to be dominated by ⁸B solar neutrinos, detected by the charged current reaction on deutrium and elastic scattering from electrons, with very little background. Measurements of radioactive backgrounds indicate that the measurement of all active neutrino types via the neutral current reaction on deuterium will be possible with small systematic uncertainties. Results for the fluxes observed with these reactions will be provided when further calibrations have been completed.     

Assessment of diffusion coefficients of general solvents by PFG-NMR: investigation of the sources error

Accurate measurements of the diffusion coefficients, including an estimate of uncertainty, of various solvent molecules using the PFG-NMR method were performed in this study. Accurate diffusion coefficients were obtained using the Shigemi NMR tube. The relative combined standard uncertainties of the diffusion coefficients were found to be within approximately 0.4%. The three uncertainty sources (signal decay of the standard and the solvent, and diffusion coefficient of standard) equally affect the combined standard uncertainties. Unreliable data were obtained using a normal NMR tube, indicating that convection and background gradient effects significantly affected the accurate measurement of the diffusion coefficients.