W/O型微乳液中不同形貌PbS纳米粒子的制备及其形成机理的探讨

用聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(OP)/异辛醇/环己烷/水溶液所形成的微乳液体系控制合成出了PbS纳米粒子，考察了微乳液中水与表面活性剂的物质的量的比(ω₀)、反应物浓度及浓度比、陈化时间等条件对产物形貌的影响。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)分别对产物的结构、粒度和形貌进行了表征。结果表明，在微乳液体系中，控制不同的实验条件，可以成功地合成球形、梭形、针状和棒状的PbS纳米粒子，并且粒径分布集中，无团聚现象。论文还对不同形貌PbS纳米粒子的形成机理进行了探讨。     

超声法制备PbS纳米晶

超声波辐射下,以硝酸铅、硫代乙酰胺为原料制备了PbS纳米晶,用TEM和XRD研究了聚乙二醇用量和反应时间对PbS纳米晶的影响。结果表明,超声波能抑制颗粒团聚;聚乙二醇具有良好的分散性和一维导向性。PbS纳米晶粒径较细、纳米棒长度为2μm。     

立方晶型Sb2O3纳米晶的合成及光催化性能

采用沉淀法合成了立方晶型Sb2O3纳米晶,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和电子自旋共振谱(ESR)等对样品进行了详细的表征。以紫外光光催化降解甲基橙为反应模型评价了样品的光催化性能。结果表明:沉淀法合成的立方晶型Sb2O3纳米晶颗粒小,表现出良好的光催化性能。对立方晶型Sb2O3纳米晶光催化降解甲基橙的原因进行了探讨,并提出了降解甲基橙的反应机理。     

PbS纳米棒的水热合成与表征

以乙酸铅和硫脲为主要原料,十二烷基磺酸钠和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为表面活性剂,在120℃反应12h,水热法制备了PbS纳米棒.并利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和高分辨电子显微镜(HRTEM)等手段对产物进行了表征,实验结果表明：产物为纯相立方结构的PbS单晶纳米棒.考察了乙酸铅和硫脲间的摩尔比以及反应温度对合成产物的影响,并初步探讨其形成机理.     

Silica lite-1纳米晶的尺寸控制合成

全硅 Silicalite- 1沸石作为 MFI结构的 ZSM- 5分子筛家族中不含 Al的成员 ,不仅具有良好的热稳定性和特殊的十元环孔道结构 ,而且具有憎水和亲油等特性 [1,2 ] ,通常以四丙基铵根离子为模板剂在水热条件下进行合成 ,所得到的晶粒尺寸处于几微米至几十微米之间 [2～ 11] .如李军等 [3 ] 制得了晶粒在1 0μm左右的 Silicalite- 1膜 . Kath等 [4 ] 以硅酸铵为硅源、四丙基溴化铵为模板剂制备了粒径为 5 0μm的 Silicalite- 1 ;但以正硅酸乙酯为硅源、四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂时 ,在乙醇的参与下合成了晶粒为0 .5 μm的超细 Silicalite- 1…     

PbS纳米棒的水热合成与表征

以乙酸铅和硫脲为主要原料,十二烷基磺酸钠和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为表面活性剂,在120℃反应12h,水热法制备了PbS纳米棒.并利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和高分辨电子显微镜(HRTEM)等手段对产物进行了表征,实验结果表明：产物为纯相立方结构的PbS单晶纳米棒.考察了乙酸铅和硫脲间的摩尔比以及反应温度对合成产物的影响,并初步探讨其形成机理.     

PbS纳米棒束的水热合成与表征

以乙酸铅和硫脲为主要原料,十二烷基磺酸钠和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为表面活性剂.在120℃反应12 h.水热法制备了PbS纳米棒束.并利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和高分辨电子显微镜(HRTEM)等手段对产物进行了表征.实验结果表明:产物为立方结构的PbS单晶纳米棒所组成的纳米棒束.考察了乙酸铅和硫脲的摩尔比以及反应温度对合成产物的影响,发现当乙酸铅和硫脲的摩尔比为1∶1时,得到大量的PbS纳米棒束,并初步探讨了其形成机理.     

多树枝结构和立方结构PbS的水热合成及形成机理

在无模板条件下,用Pb(NO₃)₂做铅源,(CH₄N₂S)做硫源,用水热法在160 ℃反应24 h制备了结晶度好的多树枝结构PbS。利用XRD、SEM、EDX、TEM对产物进行了表征,结果表明所得产物为面心立方多树枝状结构,单个树枝的长度为1.0～3.0 μm。此外,在碱性条件下丙三醇/水体系中制备了具有不同凹面的立方结构PbS,边长为2.0～5.0 μm。对2种不同形态PbS的影响因素进行了讨论,并提出了形成机理。同时对其荧光及紫外性质进行了研究,结果表明立方结构的PbS在309和373.5 nm处出现了2个荧光峰,在211和232 nm处出现了2个紫外吸收峰。     

蛋壳膜原位生长PbS纳米颗粒及其机理初探

基于双扩散原理,在室温条件下,利用活性蛋壳膜具有的特殊渗透功能,成功地在蛋壳膜的活性位点处原位生长出绣球花状的硫化铅纳米颗粒.用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对硫化铅纳米颗粒的形貌和结构进行了表征,并对蛋壳膜上原位生长硫化铅纳米颗粒的生长机理进行了初步探讨.     

水相CdTe纳米晶的合成、生长机理和应用研究

纳米晶在生物检测、光电器件、光波导、可调激光器等领域有着广泛的应用前景．本文以CdTe为例,对近年来水相纳米品合成和生长机理方面的研究进展作了简要的归纳和论述．水相合成纳米晶具有操作简单、价格低廉、在水溶液中稳定性高等优点,并可以通过静电力、范德华力等弱相互作用实现一维、二维甚至三维结构的组装．对纳米晶的生长机理的研究涵盖了热力学主导的Ostwald熟化（Ostwaldripening）机理和动力学控制的聚集机理两个主要方面．文章最后对水相合成CdTe纳米晶的应用进行了总结和展望,     

球形羟基磷灰石纳米颗粒的可控合成及其对间充质干细胞生长分化的影响

本文采用CTAB为添加剂进行球形纳米相羟基磷灰石(nHAP)的可控合成，并采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)和精密接触角测量仪对所制得的纳米颗粒的物性进行了表征。结果表明所制得的纳米颗粒为部分结晶的羟基磷灰石，颗粒为均匀球形，粒径约为20 nm，具有很好的亲水性。由该纳米颗粒构成的生长基质有利于骨髓间充质干细胞的贴壁、增殖以及成骨分化，是一种良好的骨组织工程支架材料。     

Pd纳米晶的调控合成及其在燃料电池中的应用

贵金属Pd纳米晶体的催化性能与其表面结构有着密切联系。基于目前Pd多面体纳米晶体可控合成技术的发展,Pd纳米晶体催化性能的进一步优化及其在催化领域的应用前景依然广阔。本文主要阐述了关于Pd多面体纳米晶的制备及其作为电催化剂在燃料电池中应用的最新研究进展。在介绍纳米晶体的生长机理及其表面结构与晶体形状的关系之后,重点描述了Pd多面体纳米晶体常见的几种制备方法,概述了Pd多面体纳米晶体作为催化剂在燃料电池阴极和阳极中的应用。最后总结展望了Pd多面体纳米晶体作为催化剂的研究方向及其发展前景。     

Multishelled Metal Oxide Hollow Spheres: Easy Synthesis and Formation Mechanism

Uniform multishelled NiO, Co₃O₄, ZnO, and Au@NiO hollow spheres were synthesized (NiO and Co₃O₄ hollow spheres for the first time) by a simple shell‐by‐shell self‐assembly allowing for tuning of the the size, thickness and shell numbers by controlling the heat treatment, glucose/metal salt molar ratio, and hydrothermal reaction time. These findings further the development of synthetic methodologies for multishelled hollow structures and could open up new opportunities for deeper understanding of the mechanisms of shell‐by‐shell self‐assembly. Moreover, the double‐shelled NiO hollow sphere exhibits a higher photocatalytic activity for degradation of methyl orange than its morphological counterparts.     

球形和花形ZnO纳米结构的可控制备及其光催化机理

报道了一种简单的制备球形和花形ZnO纳米结构的无模板水热法。在Zn(NO_3)_2·6H_2O与NH_3·H_2O的体系中,通过改变乙二醇和水的体积比,140℃水热反应2 h分别制备出球形和花形ZnO纳米结构。采用SEM、XRD、UV-Vis DRS和PL对其进行了表征和分析,结果表明球形ZnO纳米结构的直径为500 nm~1μm,它是由纳米颗粒自组装而成;花形ZnO纳米结构是由长度为300~700 nm,直径为100~300 nm的纳米棒组装而成。研究了乙二醇在球形和花形ZnO纳米结构形成过程中的作用并提出了可能的生长机理。室温下分别以球形和花形ZnO纳米结构为光催化剂,以偶氮染料甲基橙MO作为光催化研究对象,紫外光照2 h,对MO的降解率分别为83%和55%。以叔丁醇(t-Butanol)、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-2Na)为自由基和空穴的捕获剂,推测其催化机理主要为空穴氧化和自由基协同氧化历程。     

One-Pot Synthesis and Formation Mechanism of Hollow ZSM-5

Coffin-shaped hollow ZSM-5 zeolite (HZZ) particles with shell thickness of about 200 nm and hollow diameter of approximately 1.5 μm were synthesized in one pot by using tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr), aluminum triisopropoxide Al[OCH(CH₃)₂]₃ and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the structure-directing agent (SDA), aluminum and silica source, respectively. The appropriate molar ratios of TPABr/SiO₂ and Si/Al as well as suitable crystallization temperature are the key factors for the formation of HZZ. The formation of the HZZ can be attributed to the existence of intrinsic density variation inside the initial amorphous aggregates and the Al zoning in the outer surface of the ZSM-5 particles. Amorphous silica with low crystallinity formed at early stages and low Al concentration, which has been subsequently dissolved and recrystallized on the ZSM-5 particle surface through Ostwald ripening, leading to the formation of HZZ. This approach, which uses a high concentration of SDA, will provide new possibilities and insight into the prospective fabrication of hollow zeolites.     

Controllable Synthesis of Nearly Monodisperse Spherical Aggregates of CeO2 Nanocrystals and Their Catalytic Activity for HCHO Oxidation

Herein, we report a facile surfactant‐assisted solvothermal synthetic method to prepare nearly monodisperse spherical CeO₂ nanocrystals. A good control of the size of CeO₂ nanocrystals in the range of 100–500 nm was achieved by simply varying the synthetic parameters such as reaction time, volume ratio of ethanol to water (R), molar ratio of PVP, and concentration of Ce(NO₃)₃?6 H₂O in solution. A possible mechanism for the growth of spherical CeO₂ nanocrystals is proposed. The obtained CeO₂ nanocrystals with a surface area of up to 47 m²g^?1 were then employed as a catalyst support. By loading Au‐Pd nanoparticles (about 3 wt. %) onto the CeO₂ support, an Au‐Pd/CeO₂ catalyst was prepared that exhibited high catalytic activity for HCHO oxidation. At the low temperature of 50 °C, the percentage of HCHO conversion was 100 %, suggesting potential applications in preferential oxidation and other catalytic reactions. These Au‐Pd/CeO₂ catalysts may also find applications in indoor formaldehyde decontamination and industrial catalysis. The facile solvothermal method can be extended to the preparation of other metal oxide nanocrystals and provides guidance for size‐ and morphology‐controlled synthesis.     

立方介孔相含钕氧化硅的合成与表征

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为结构导向剂，通过水热法合成了具有立方结构的含钕Nd-MCM-48介孔分子筛材料。XRD和TEM测试表明当n_Nd/n_Si<0.05时可以获得典型的长程有序介孔立方结构相，随n_Nd/n_Si比的增加，晶胞参数的增大和红外吸收光谱(FT-IR)的变化为Nd进入介孔分子筛骨架中提供了有力证据。N₂吸附-脱附实验给出了其BET表面积为1 195 m²·g^-1，BJH平均孔径为3.6 nm。紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)证明钕氧形成一种八面体结构。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)进一步证明钕主要以三价形式存在于立方介孔分子筛骨架中。     

MoO2微米空心球的水热合成及合成机理研究

Micrometer-sized MoO2 hollow spheres were synthesized hydrothermally with ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate as molybdenum source, Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as structure-directing agent and C2H5OH as reducing agent, respectively. The products were investigated by X-ray diffraction, thermo- gravimetry and differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A morphology transition of "blocks-solid spheres-hollow spheres" during the growth process was observed and the possible mechanism for the formation of MoO2 samples was proposed to be through a microscale Kirkendall effect.     

Divalent Europium Nanocrystals: Controllable Synthesis,Properties, and Applications

Magnetic and luminescent bifunctional divalent europium nanocrystals (Eu²⁺ NCs) are a promising class of novel advanced materials that have various applications in magneto‐optic devices, catalysis, bioimaging, and solar cells. In the past few decades, much work has been carried out to study the synthesis, properties, and applications of Eu²⁺ NCs. The aim of this Minireview is to present the progress in preparing Eu²⁺ NCs based on the reported research, by describing the advantages and disadvantages of the synthesis methods. The morphologies and size are controlled through adjusting the experimental conditions. Eu²⁺ NCs show superior magnetic and luminescence properties simultaneously. Self‐assembly and doping with other ions are important routes to improve their magnetic and luminescence properties. Their applications in magneto‐optic devices are discussed. Some difficulties and challenges in the fabrication of Eu²⁺ NCs are discussed, such as water‐soluble Eu²⁺ NCs and tunable luminescence in the whole visible region.