脆性断裂统计理论

本文试图用统计方法,将金属脆性断裂的微观过程与宏观过程结合起来,把断裂理论建立于微裂纹发展动力学的统计基础上。脆性断裂实质上是在小的范性变形过程中微裂纹成核长大的非平衡统计过程和单个主裂纹的传播过程。本文导出了描述这种非平衡统计过程的微分积分方程,并从位错机理出发研究了微裂纹动力学,从而解出了微裂纹的分布函数,求出了金属试样的断裂几率,进而导出了延伸率、断裂强度、范性功、裂纹扩展力、断裂韧性、临界裂纹长度、范性-脆性转变温度以及它们的统计偏差与其它有关物理量之间的函数关系。 关键词：     

金属的断裂韧性

本文根据微裂纹的随机演化及其长大需要堆积位错群进一步滑移以将领首位错挤入微裂纹中的机理,导出了微裂纹扩展力和断裂韧性及其统计分布函数,讨论了影响因素。 关键词：     

铁在范性形变过程中的低频内耗

在改装了的拉力试验机上测量了纯铁在范性形变过程中的内耗。研究了拉伸速率(在0.73×10^-6-50×10^-6/秒范围内)、测量频率(在0.3—3.6/秒范围内)、应变退火及含碳量等对纯铁范性形变过程中内耗的影响。所得结果表明,在屈服平台上,范性形变过程中内耗基本不变,且其值随范性形变速率的增加和测量频率倒数的增加而线性增加。将实验结果与范性形变过程内耗的位错动力学模型所得出的定量关系式进行了对比,得到了满意的符合。求得了退火纯铁在屈服平台上的位错动力学指数为10 关键词：     

计及应力效应的超导复合带的动态稳定性

讨论了在材料范性屈服条件下超导复合带的动态稳定性.基于二维平板模型导出了计及应力效应的稳定性判据为其中σ是外应力,ε为范性形变速率.锻炼效应的内在机制可能是因失超引起材料加工硬化,致使减小.估计了材料应力极限的数量级.     

延时断裂统计理论

本文研究了广泛应力范围内(1》(ασ)/(Kt)》1)热激活延时断裂统计理论,文中从微裂纹按原子键机理随机演化导致断裂的思路出发,导出了微裂纹分布函数、断裂几率、可靠性、强度和寿命的统计分布函数及其统计平均值。 关键词：     

陶瓷材料中圆形夹杂的本征应变导致的微开裂

由夹杂转变引起的微开裂与陶瓷材料的断裂和增韧机制密切相关。本文采用位错连续分布的方法,导出圆形夹杂发生本征应变时在母体材料中形成的微裂纹的位错密度函数、张开位移及应力强度因子的解析表达式,并据本文得到的结果进行了分析和讨论。 关键词：     

非线性滞弹性—一门新的学科领域

固体的力学性质包括弹性、范性和断裂，由于实际应用上的重要性，关于断裂的研究已经受到相当重视，但是范性形变是断裂过程的前奏，因此在解决固体材料破坏问题的整个环节中，必须研究范性形变的机制。另一方面，弹性形态是范性形变的先导，而目前作为阐明范性形变要制的基础的位错理论还不能与研究弹性形变的弹性理论衔接起来，所以需要重视从弹性到范性的过渡的研究。该文介绍的非线性滞弹性是关于这方面的一种初步尝试。     

片状切变型夹杂导致的脆性开裂

片状切变型夹杂可以表现一些重要物理过程的力学特征,例如在晶体材料中形成的滑移带、形变孪晶带以及片状马氏体等。这些过程与材料的断裂密切相关。本文采用位错连续分布方法,导出了位于片状夹杂端部的裂纹的应力强度因子的解析表达式。根据本文的结果,我们讨论了片状夹杂所导致的微裂纹扩展的特征。由夹杂理论可以得到多晶体孪晶脆断应力的Hall-Petch关系,理论计算与实验结果符合得好。 关键词：     

金属范性形变低频内耗的位错动力学模型

本文从位错理论及内耗理论的最基本图象出发,推导出一个能表达金属范性形变内耗与范性形变速率、屈服应力及测量内耗的频率等因素的定量关系式,并与实验结果进行了比较,得到了较满意的符合。     

镍碳固溶体在范性形变过程中的位错内耗

在小型拉力试验机上测量了含有不同碳量的镍在范性形变过程中的低频内耗,观察到当含碳量在某一适当范围以内时,内耗-应变曲线上出现了一系列的峯值。研究了不同热处理条件、预先冷加工以及测量温度对于这种内耗现象的影响。初步认为这一系列峯值是由于位错气团在形变过程中的更迭形成和解脱所引起的。     

A framework for statistical modelling of plastic yielding initiated cleavage fracture of structural steels

The well established consensus that cleavage fracture is preceded by plastic deformation in structural steels implies that plastic yielding is the threshold stress state for a volume element to incur cleavage fracture. An accurate compliance with this consensus underlies the normalisation of cumulative cleavage fracture probability and the justification of constraint effect on cleavage fracture. These understandings lead to the proposal of a framework for statistical modelling of cleavage fracture in structural steels. The framework takes the spatial microcrack distribution into account to formulate the cumulative failure probability model that allows for a pertinent physical interpretation of Weibull statistics, and derives the fracture probability of an elemental volume in conformity with the yielding condition from a set of commonly adopted microcrack size or strength distributions. Alternative approaches to calibrating model parameters are suggested based on frequency analysis of brittle particles as cleavage initiators and on statistical analysis of cleavage fracture stress. The strict adherence to plastic yielding as a prerequisite to cleavage fracture also reveals the probabilistic nature of notch brittleness and ductile-to-brittle transition behaviour.     

金属穿晶脆性断裂统计理论

讨论了金属穿晶脆性断裂统计理论.根据穿晶裂纹和晶界作用的界面能模型及断裂非平衡统计理论框架,推导出了裂纹扩展速率、断裂强度、断裂韧性、脆性—韧性转变温度及其统计分布函数随晶粒尺度和界面能变化的公式. 关键词：     

Hardening and softening during fatigue fracture

Summary The comparison of the change of hardness and plastic deformation amplitude at a constant stress loading or stress amplitude at a constant deformation loading during the fatigue process shows some singularity of the hardening and softening effects. These effects were investigated on mean carbon and low-alloyed steel and on globular cast iron.The fatigue fractures at cycle numbers 10⁴÷10⁶ under stresses below the yield strength predominate in the softening process, which arises after an inconsiderable hardness increase extends in the region to 0·2 from the fracturing cycle number. Under the stresses above the yield strength, which in some cases for annealed and coarse-grained states are below the fatigue limit, the hardening process predominates, followed by a hardness increase in the field up to 0·25 and above the fracturing cycle number.At low cycle fatigue fractures with cycle numbers < 10⁴ depending on the cyclic plastic properties of steels the fatigue process can be followed by a continuous hardening or softening till fracture. This process is characterized by the change of the deformation amplitude and a one-sided accumulation of plastic deformations at a constant amplitude of active stresses. The one-sided accumulation of deformations commonly ends in a quasistatic failure. Under loading with a constant deformation amplitude during softening a fatigue fracture takes place as a result of damage accumulation under the alternating stresses with amplitudes decreasing with cycle number.     

Fundamental differences in mechanical behavior between two types of crystals at the nanoscale

We present differences in the mechanical behavior of nanoscale gold and molybdenum single crystals. A significant strength increase is observed as the size is reduced to 100 nm. Both nanocrystals exhibit discrete strain bursts during plastic deformation. We postulate that they arise from significant differences in the dislocation behavior. Dislocation starvation is the predominant mechanism of plasticity in nanoscale fcc crystals, while junction formation and hardening characterize bcc plasticity. A statistical analysis of strain bursts is performed as a function of size and compared with stochastic models.     

A macro-micro connected failure evolution equation for brittle metals

A macro-micro connected statistical failure evolution equation for brittle metals is derived. The coefficients of this equation, the microcrack growth rate and the microcrack nucleation rate, come from a micromechanism. The macro mechanical quantities and their statistical distribution functions can be calculated from the solution of this equation.     

Physics of the plasticity and fracture of high-strength crystals

Systematic studies of the mechanism of plastic deformation, strain hardening, and fracture of high-strength single crystals of heterophase alloys based on copper and austenitic stainless steels with nitrogen are reported. It is shown that the attainment of high resistance to the motion of dislocations results in the appearance of new mechanical behavior: strong orientation dependence of the critical shear stresses, a change in the deformation mechanism from slip to twinning, loss of mechanical flow stability at early stages in deformation, and a transition from viscous to brittle fracture.V. D. Kuznetsov Siberian Physicotechnical Institute, Tomsk State University. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9, pp. 3–24, September, 1992.     

On the temperature independence of statistical model parameters for cleavage fracture in ferritic steels

The work relates to the effect of temperature on the model parameters in local approaches (LAs) to cleavage fracture. According to a recently developed LA model, the physical consensus of plastic deformation being a prerequisite to cleavage fracture enforces any LA model of cleavage fracture to observe initial yielding of a volume element as its threshold stress state to incur cleavage fracture in addition to the conventional practice of confining the fracture process zone within the plastic deformation zone. The physical consistency of the new LA model to the basic LA methodology and the differences between the new LA model and other existing models are interpreted. Then this new LA model is adopted to investigate the temperature dependence of LA model parameters using circumferentially notched round tensile specimens. With the published strength data as input, finite element (FE) calculation is conducted for elastic-perfectly plastic deformation and the realistic elastic-plastic hardening, respectively, to provide stress distributions for model calibration. The calibration results in temperature independent model parameters. This leads to the establishment of a ‘master curve’ characteristic to synchronise the correlation between the nominal strength and the corresponding cleavage fracture probability at different temperatures. This ‘master curve’ behaviour is verified by strength data from three different steels, providing a new path to calculate cleavage fracture probability with significantly reduced FE efforts.