反气相色谱测定非对称双阳离子型离子液体的溶解度参数

在343.15~363.15 K下采用反气相色谱法对实验室合成的3种非对称双阳离子型离子液体[PyC₅Pi]NTf₂]₂、[MpC₅Pi]NTf₂]₂和[PyC₆Pi]NTf₂]₂的溶解度参数进行了测定。以正辛烷、正癸烷、正十二烷、正十四烷和正十六烷作为探针溶剂,计算了在不同温度下探针溶剂在3种离子液体中的特性保留体积(V_g⁰)、摩尔吸收焓(ΔH₁^S)、无限稀释摩尔混合焓(ΔH_l^∞)、摩尔蒸发焓(ΔH_v)、无限稀释活度系数(Ω₁^∞)以及探针溶剂与3种离子液体的Flory-HuggirIs相互作用参数(χ₁₂^∞),得到了室温下3种离子液体的溶解度参数(δ₂)为28.52~32.66 (J·cm^-3)^1/2。分子结构中含有4-甲基吗啉比含有吡啶时溶解度参数更大。随着两个阳离子间连接基碳数的增加,溶解度参数增大。这一结果对研究离子液体的溶液性质和应用有指导作用。     

阴离子功能化生物柴油离子液体抗氧化剂[X][C6H5COO]的制备

设计合成了两种阴离子功能化离子液体抗氧化剂（[MI][C₆H₅COO]、[Ch][C₆H₅COO]）,采用核磁共振氢谱、傅里叶红外光谱对其结构进行了表征,并研究了两种离子液体抗氧化剂对小桐子生物柴油抗氧化性、铜片腐蚀性和油溶性能的影响。结果表明,离子液体抗氧化剂可有效提高生物柴油氧化稳定性,在添加量为0.3‰时,[MI][C₆H₅COO]的小桐子生物柴油诱导期提高了238%,超过了中国国家标准（6 h）,[Ch][C₆H₅COO]的小桐子生物柴油诱导期提高了141%,未达到中国国家标准。进一步研究了两种离子液体抗氧化剂的油溶性,油溶性能从大到小的顺序为[MI][C₆H₅COO] > [Ch][C₆H₅COO] > GA（合成离子液体抗氧化剂的原料）。实验表明,合成的两种离子液体抗氧化剂中含有亲油阳离子的[MI][C₆H₅COO]综合性能明显优于含有亲水阳离子的[Ch][C₆H₅COO]。     

Effect of various functional groups on biodiesel synthesis from soybean oils by acidic ionic liquids

Preparation of biodiesel from soybean oils catalyzed by five acidic ionic liquids with three cationic functional groups was investigated.The improvement of the catalytic activities was affected by various functional groups including pyridine group,Nmethylimidazole group,triethylamine group.Among them[C₄SO₃Hpy]HSO₄ with pyridine group showed better catalytic activity with the biodiesel yield of 94.5%,and still yielded more than 90%after six successive uses.The possible mechanism was also discussed by two reaction paths in detail.     

Synthesis and crystal structures of (C8h8)Nd(C5H9C5H4) (THF)2 and [(C8H8)Gd(C5H9C4H4(THF)][(C8H8)GD(C5H9C5H4(THF)2]

LnCl₃ (Ln=Nd, Gd) reacts with C₅H₉C₅H₄Na (or K₂C₈H₈) in THF (C₅H₉C₅H₄ = cyclopentylcyclopentadienyl) in the ratio of 1 : to give (C₅H₉C₅H₄)LnCl₂(THF)_n (orC₈H₈)LnCl₂(THF)_n], which further reacts with K₂C₈H₈ (or C₅H₉C₅H₄Na) in THF to form the litle complexes. If Ln=Nd the complex (C₈H₈)Nd(C₅H₉C₅H₄)(THF)₂ (a) was obtained: when Ln=Gd the 1 : 1 complex [(C₈H₈)Gd(C_%H₉)(THF)][(C₈H₈)Gd(C₅H₉H₄)(THF)₂] (b) was obtained in crystalline form.

The crystal structure analysis shows that in (C₈H₈)Ln(C₅H₉C₅H₄)(THF)₂ (Ln=Nd or Gd), the Cyclopentylcyclopentadieny (η⁵), cyclooctatetraenyl (η⁸) and two oxygen atoms from THF are coordinated to Nd³⁺ (or Gd³⁺) with coordination number 10.

The centroid of the cyclopentadienyl ring (Cp′) in C₅H₉C₅H₄ group, cyclooctatetraenyl centroid (COTL) and two oxygens (THF) form a twisted tetrahedron around Nd³⁺ (or Gd³⁺). In (C₈H₈)Gd(C₅H₉C₅H₄)(THF), the cyclopentyl-cyclopentadienyl (η⁵), cyclooctatetraenyl (η⁸) and one oxygen atom are coordinated to Gd³⁺ with the coordination number of 9 and Cp′, COT and oxygen atom form a triangular plane around Gd³⁺, which is almost in the plane (dev. -0.0144 Å).     

Modelling the volumetric properties of ionic liquids using a modified perturbed hard-sphere-chain equation of state

In this paper, a modified perturbed hard-sphere-chain equation of state (EOS) by Eslami [H. Eslami, Fluid Phase Equilib. 216 (2004) 21–26], is applied for modelling the thermodynamic properties of some ionic liquids (ILs). Two reliable scaling constants are used to determine two temperature-dependent parameters in the proposed EOS. The unique adjustable parameter that is reflecting the number of segments per molecule, r, compensates the uncertainties in the calculated temperature-dependent parameters. The reliability of the proposed EOS has been checked by comparing the results with 1561 experimental data points for 18 ILs over a broad range of pressures and temperatures. The overall average absolute deviation is 0.35%. A comparison of the predicted results, using the present EOS with the results of some previous models, indicates that the determined results of this EOS are in more accordance with experimental data than those.     

C59(C6H4OCH3)N的结构、光谱和二阶非线性光学性质的理论研究

用INDO系列方法对由(C₅₉N)₂和苯甲醚合成的衍生物C₅₉(C₆H₄OCH₃)N进行了理论研究,得到了分子的稳定构型.结果表明,C₅₉(C₆H₄OCH₃)N具有C_s对称性.以优化构型为基础讨论了分子的UV-Vis光谱、NMR谱线数,结果与实验符合得很好.本文还计算了C₅₉(C₆H₄OCH₃)N的二阶非线性光学系数β_μ,结果表明这种物质具有较大的二阶非线性光学系数.     

Estimation of speed of sound of ionic liquids using surface tensions and densities: A volume based approach

The limited availability of experimental data and their quality have been preventing the development of predictive methods and Computer Aided Molecular Design (CAMD) of ionic liquids (ILs). Based on experimental speed of sound data collected from the literature, the inter-relationship of surface tension (σ), density (ρ), and speed of sound (u) has been examined for imidazolium based ILs containing hexafluorophosphate (PF₆), tetrafluoroborate (BF₄), bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl) amide (NTf₂), methyl sulphate (MeSO₄), ethyl sulphate (EtSO₄), and trifluoromethanesulphonate (CF₃SO₃) anions, covering wide ranges of temperature, 278.15–343.15 K and speed of sound, 1129.0–1851.0 m s⁻¹. The speed of sound was correlated with a modified Auerbach's relation, by using surface tension and density data obtained from volume based predictive methods previously proposed by the authors. It is shown that a good agreement with literature data is obtained. For 133 data points of 14 ILs studied a mean percent deviation (MPD) of 1.96% with a maximum deviation inferior to 5% was observed. The correlations developed here can thus be used to evaluate the speeds of sound of new ionic liquids.     

Theoretical Study on the Kinetics for the Reactions of Heptyl Radicals with Methanol

Ab initio study of the reactions of n-heptyl radicals(1-C₇H₁₅, 2-C₇H₁₅, 3-C₇H₁₅, and 4-C₇H₁₅) with methanol was conducted over the temperature range of 300-1500 K. Transition states for the reaction channels producing C₇H₁₅OH, CH₃, C₇H₁₅OCH₃, H, C₇H₁₆, CH₂OH and CH₃O were identified and the geometries of all stationary points were calculated at BB1K/MG3S level of theory. The potential barrier heights of the corresponding transition states were predicted by the CBS-QB3//BB1K and G4//BB1K methods, indicating that the eight H-abstraction channels are more kinetically favorable than the channels where OH transfers from CH₃OH to C₇H₁₅ and where the C₇H₁₅OCH₃+H products are given. The rate constants of H-abstraction channels were calculated with TST and TST/Eck. Both the forward and reverse rate constants have positive temperature dependence and the tunneling effect is only important at the temperature lower than 700 K. For the reactions of H-atom abstraction from methyl in CH₃OH by n-heptyl, a reverse and the corresponding forward rate constant are roughly equal. For the reactions of H-atom abstraction from OH in CH₃OH by n-heptyl, a reverse rate constant is larger by several orders of magnitude than the corresponding forward one.     

Pyrolysis mechanism of carbon matrix precursor cyclohexane(III)—pyrolysis process of intermediate 1-hexene

The pyrolysis mechanism of important intermediate 1-hexene of carbon matrix precursor cyclohexane was studied theoretically. Possible reaction paths were designed based on the potential surface scan and electron structure of the initial C–C bond breaking reactions. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the possible reaction paths were computed by UB3LYP/6-31+G* at different temperature ranges. The results show that 1-hexene pyrolyzes at 873 K. When below 1273 K, the major reaction paths are those that produce C₃H₄, and above 1273 K, the major reaction paths are those that produce C₃H₃ from the viewpoint of thermodynamics. From the viewpoint of kinetics, the major product is C₃H₃, it results from the pyrolysis reaction of 1-hexene cracking bond C₃–C₄ and generating C₃H₅ and C₃H₇ with the activation energy ΔE₀^≠θ=296.32 kJ/mol. Kinetic results also show that product C₃H₄ accompany simultaneously, which is the side reaction starting from the pyrolysis of 1-hexene forming C₄H₇ and C₂H₅ with the activation energy of 356.73 kJ/mol. When reaching 1473 K, the rate constant of the rate-determining steps of these two reaction paths do not show much difference, which means both the reaction paths exist in the pyrolysis process at the high temperature. The above results are basically in accordance with mass spectrum analysis and far more specific.     

PSRK: A Group Contribution Equation of State Based on UNIFAC

A group contribution equation of state called PSRK (Predictive Soave-Redlich-Kwong) which is based on the Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation (Soave, 1972) has been developed. It uses the UNIFAC method to calculate the mixture parameter a and includes all already existing UNIFAC parameters. This concept makes use of recent developments by Michelsen (1990b) and has the main advantage, that vapor-uquid-equilibria (VLB) can be predicted for a large number of systems without introducing new model parameters that must be fitted to experimental VLB-data. The PSRK equation of state can be used for VLB-predictions over a much larger temperature and pressure range than the UNIFAC γ--approach and is easily extended to mixtures containing supercritical compounds. Additional PSRK parameters, which allow the calculation of gas/gas and gas/alkane phase equilibria, are given in this paper. In addition to those mixtures covered by UNIFAC, phase equilibrium calculations may also include gases like CH₄ C₂H₆, C₃H₆, c₄H₁₀, CO₂, N₂, H₂ and CO.     

多环芳烃与不饱和自由基氢提取反应类的动力学研究

对2~6个环的多环芳烃的氢提取反应类进行了系统研究, 提取氢原子的不饱和自由基包括丙炔基自由基（C₃H₃）、 烯丙基自由基（C₃H₅）、 丁二烯基自由基（nC₄H₅, iC₄H₅）、 环戊二烯基自由基（C₅H₅）以及苯基自由基（C₆H₅）. 采用M06-2X/cc-pVTZ方法得到了多环芳烃的电子结构信息, 利用过渡态理论并结合Eckart隧道校正, 计算了所有反应在500~2500 K范围内的反应速率常数.考察了多环芳烃的大小、 结构对反应速率常数的影响, 对比了不同氢提取自由基及不同氢提取反应类型的速率常数. 结果表明, 多环芳烃的大小对反应速率常数影响不大, 但是多环芳烃的环结构对反应速率常数影响较大. 将不同的氢提取反应类简化为发生在五元环上的C₅类和发生在六元环上的C₆类两类, 结果表明, C₆类的反应活性高于C₅类. 研究了nC₄H₅, iC₄H₅以及C₆H₅自由基与多环芳烃的氢提取反应, 它们的氢提取反应活性大小顺序为C₆H₅>nC₄H₅>iC₄H₅. 通过对每类典型反应的速率常数取平均值, 总结出相应类型的速率规则, 可用于构建多环芳烃和碳烟机理.     

丙烷在Ce-Fe/Al2O3/cordierite上选择性催化还原NO

利用凝胶溶胶法和浸渍法制备了Ce-Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite催化剂,实验研究了其催化丙烷选择性还原NO的特性。结果表明,当铈的负载量从1%增加至5%时,Ce-Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite的C₃H₈-SCR性能先增强后减弱,3.5Ce-Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite具有最佳的脱硝性能,在有氧条件下,600℃时可实现96.5%的脱硝效率。Ce的加入能够提升Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite催化剂的抗硫性能。烟气中通入0.02%的SO₂后,3.5Ce-Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite催化丙烷还原NO的转化率始终维持在93%,而没有经过Ce修饰的Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite的NO转化率从88%下降为80%左右。利用XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、SEM、H₂-TPR、吡啶吸附红外光谱等手段研究了催化剂的物理化学性质。结果表明,加入助剂铈能与Fe形成了固溶体,增加催化剂表面Lewis酸浓度和氧化还原能力,从而提高了催化丙烷还原NO的性能。过多的铈引入会减少Fe₂O₃结晶体的形成,不利于在C₃H₈-SCR反应中形成NO₂/NO₃^-物种,从而导致NO还原效率下降。     

阴离子插层镁铝水滑石结构及相互作用的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算了MgAl-LDHs层板与无机阴离子(F^-、Cl^-、NO₃^-、CO₃^2-、SO₄^2-)和有机阴离子(水杨酸根离子([HO(C₆H₄)COO]^-)、苯甲酸根离子([(C₆H₅)COO]^-)、对二甲氨基苯甲酸根离子([p-(CH₃)₂N(C₆H₄)COO]^-)、十二烷基磺酸根离子[C₁₂H₂₅SO₃]^-、己烷基磺酸根离子[C₆H₁₃SO₃]^-、丙烷基磺酸根离子[C₃H₇SO₃]^-)间的相互作用,获得稳定超分子几何结构及相互作用能。层板主体与客体间存在较强的超分子作用,包括主客体间静电作用和氢键等。主、客体间相互作用能数值大小顺序为CO₃^2- > SO₄^2- > F^-> Cl^-> NO₃^-;[p-(CH₃)₂N(C₆H₄)COO]^-> [(C₆H₅)COO]^-> [HO(C₆H₄)COO]^-和[C₁₂H₂₅SO₃]^-> [C₆H₁₃SO₃]^- > [C₃H₇SO₃]^-。另外,还采用自然键轨道(NBO)计算和分析了LDHs 层板与阴离子间作用机理,从二阶微扰理论计算得到的稳定化能变化趋势与相互作用能数据基本吻合。     

过渡金属离子与烷烃反应机理的理论研究──镍离子(2D)与丙烷反应中氢分子的还原消除机理

以Ni⁺与C₃H₈反应作为过渡金属离子与烷烃反应的范例体系,用B₃LYP密度泛函方法计算了[Ni,C₃,H₈]⁺基态势能面上各驻点的构型、频率和能量,结果表明,该反应的H₂分子消除需经历两个基元步骤,即Ni⁺首先插入一级或二级C-H键,然后经H转移过渡态异构化为较稳定的中间体,继而解离产生H₂分子.计算的反应热为142.28kJ/mol,与相应的实验值(127.85kJ/mol)符合较好.     

皂荚素的表面活性及其二元体系的热力学研究

通过表面张力的测定研究了皂荚素(GS)的表面活性及其热力学性质随温度的变化.测定了皂荚素分别与十二烷基磺酸钠、十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠、全氟辛酸钠、十二烷基脂肪醇聚氧乙烯(9)醚、辛基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚及十六烷基三甲基溴化铵等复配的表面张力-浓度对数关系(γ～lgc)曲线,并用二维晶格模型及正规溶液理论计算了含皂荚素的二元表面活性剂溶液表面吸附层的组成、分子相互作用参数及分子交换能.结果表明,皂荚素主要呈现非离子表面活性剂的性质,与阳离子表面活性剂复配呈微弱的离子性.复配后分子交换能均小于零,复配增效.增效顺序为GS/阳离子>GS/非离子>GS/阴离子(表面活性剂复配体系).     

Magnetic susceptibility of 1,1′,2,2′-tetramethylcobaltocene and 1,1′-diethylcobaltocene: Evidence for the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect

The magnetic susceptibility of 1,1′,2,2′-tetramethylcobaltocene, Co[C₅H₃(CH₃)₂]₂, and 1,1′-diethylcobaltocene, Co(C₅H₄C₂H₅)₂, has been studied between 0.99 and 296 K. The data are well reproduced by a calculation of the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect for the ²E_1g(a_1g²e_2g⁴e_1g) ground state of D_5d symmetry. A suitable set of parameter values is given by ζ = 100 cm⁻¹, δ = 150 cm⁻¹, k_JT = 0.40, κ = 0.70. The magnetism of cobaltocene, Co(C₅H₅)₂, may be described by parameter values of comparable magnitude. The results imply a significantly larger reduction of the spin-orbit coupling parameter ζ due to covalency than of the orbital reduction factor κ.     

Thermal decomposition study on mixed ligand thymine complexes of divalent nickel(II) with dianions of some dicarboxylic acids

Thermal decomposition of mixed ligand thymine (2,4-dihydroxy-5-methylpyrimidine) complexes of divalent Ni(II) with aspartate, glutamate and ADA (N-2-acetamido)iminodiacetate dianions was monitored by TG, DTG and DTA analysis in static atmosphere of air. The decomposition course and steps of complexes [Ni(C₅H₆N₂O₂)(C₄H₅NO₄)²⁻(H₂O)₂]·H₂O, [Ni(C₅H₆N₂O₂)(C₅H₇NO₄)²⁻(H₂O)₂]·H₂O and [Ni(C₅H₆N₂O₂)(C₆H₈N₂O₅)²⁻(H₂O)₂]·1.5H₂O were analyzed. The final decomposition products are found to be the corresponding metal oxides. The kinetic parameters namely, activation energy (E*), enthalpy (ΔH*), entropy (ΔS*) and free energy change of decomposition (ΔG*) are calculated from the TG curves using Coats–Redfern and Horowitz–Metzger equations. The stability order found for these complexes follows the trend aspartate > ADA > glutamate.     

The decomposition of C4H8 complexes at controlled internal energies

A coincidence technique is used to study the influence of the internal energy of the reactant ion on the cross section of the ion-molecule reactions in the C₂H₄⁺ + C₂H₄ system. The experiment is performed at thermal collision energies. In the ion-molecule reactions of C₂H₄⁺ + C₂H₄ our measurements indicate a barrier between the initially formed collision complex (C₂H₄)₂⁺* and a tight complex (C₄H₈⁺)*. Using an extension of our earlier developed statistical model, now including a potential barrier between the initially formed loose complex (C₂H₄)₂⁺* and the tight complex (C₄H₈⁺)*, our experimental data can be reproduced. For comparison also the internal energy dependence of the unimolecular decomposition of photoionised 1-C₄H₈⁺ is measured. Assuming that the photoionised 1-C₄H₈⁺ is identical with the tight (C₄H₈⁺)* complex, the model applied to the ion-molecule reactions describes also the unimolecular decay of 1-C₄H₈⁺ correctly, using the same set of parameters.     

A theoretical study of the reaction of SiH2 with C2H2 and C2D2

Potential energy surfaces of the reaction of SiH₂ and C₂H₂ (and C₂D₂) have been calculated by means of ab initio molecular orbital theory at the QCISD/6-311G++(2df, 2p)//MP2/6-31G(d, p) level with corrections for the triple excitations to the QCISD energies. The barrier heights for the two reaction channels of the adduct, thus calculated, were further utilized for the dynamical calculation of the rate constants in the framework of quantum statistical Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel theory. Contributions of the rate constants of the various pathways to the total rate constant (K_T) for the disappearance of the reactants are critically examined and compared with experiment. The pressure dependence of K_T(C₂H₂) is primarily due to the formation of silirene. K_T(C₂D₂) is consistently higher than K_T(C₂H₂). The standard heat of formation of silirene is predicted to be 72.1 ± 3 kcal/mol. Rearrangement of silirene to vinylsilylene requires an activation energy smaller than that to silylacetylene.     

Thermogravimetry of some uranium 8-hydroxyquinolates

The thermogravimetric behaviour of UO₂(C₉H₆NO)₂.C₉H₆NOH and [UO₂(C₉H₆NO)₂]₂.C₉H₆NOH prepared by precipitation from homogeneous solution with 8-acetoxy-quinoline has been found to closely resemble that of UO₂(C₉H₆NO)₂.C₉H₆NOH prepared by direct precipitation of uranium^VI with 8-hydroxyquinoline.