Ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for sensitive determination of aromatic amines in environmental water

Ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was developed for the extraction and preconcentration of aromatic amine from environmental water. A suitable mixture of extraction solvent (100 μL, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophoshate) and dispersive solvent (750 μL, methanol) were injected into the aqueous samples (10.00 mL), forming a cloudy solution. After centrifuging, enriched analytes in the sediment phase were determined by HPLC-UV. The effect of various factors, such as the extraction and dispersive solvent, sample pH, extraction time and salt effect were investigated. Under optimum conditions, enrichment factors for 2-anilinoethanol, o-chloroaniline and 4-bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline were above 50 and the limits of detection (LODs) were 0.023, 0.015 and 0.026 ng/mL, respectively. Their linear ranges were 0.8-400 ng/mL for 2-anilinoethanol, 0.5-200 ng/mL for o-chloroaniline and 0.4-200 ng/mL for 4-bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline, respectively. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were below 5.0%. The relative recoveries from samples of environmental water were in the range of 82.0-94.0%. Compared with other methods, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction is simple, rapid, sensitive and economical.     

基于离子液体的分散液液微萃取-柱前荧光衍生高效液相色谱法测定水样中8种磺胺类药物

建立了一种基于离子液体的分散液液微萃取技术结合柱前荧光衍生高效液相色谱(IL-DLLME-HPLC-FL)对8种磺胺类药物进行检测的方法,并成功应用于实际环境水样的分析。实验考察了萃取参数对磺胺萃取效率的影响及衍生产物的稳定性。最佳实验条件:以40 μL [C₆MIM]PF₆]为萃取剂,0.1 mL丙酮为分散剂,对pH=4且不含NaCl的水溶液进行不超声的分散液液微萃取,并衍生化反应6 h。结果表明:在最佳实验条件下,该法在0.2~10 μg/L和10~500 μg/L两个浓度范围内线性良好,线性相关系数r ≥0.9989;检出限为0.08~0.5 μg/L (S/N=3)。对实验室自来水、湖水、珠江水、池塘水分别加标5、50、200 μg/L的回收率为87.2%~101.4%,相对标准偏差为3.7%~6.2%。该法环保、简便,可用于测定实际水样中磺胺类药物。     

Ionic liquid/ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

In this article, a novel and simple microextraction method, termed ionic liquid/ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (IL/IL‐DLLME), has been designed and developed for the rapid enrichment and analysis of environmental pollutants. Instead of using hazardous organic solvents, two kinds of ILs, hydrophobic IL and hydrophilic IL, were used as extraction solvent and disperser solvent in IL/IL‐DLLME step, respectively. Permethrin and biphenthrin, two of the often‐used pyrethroid pesticides, were used as model compounds. Factors that may affect the enrichment efficiencies were investigated and optimized in detail. Under optimum conditions, permethrin and biphenthrin exhibited a wide linear relationship over the range 1–100 μg/L. For permethrin and biphenthrin, the precisions were 4.65–7.78%, and limits of detection were found to be 0.28 and 0.83 μg/L, respectively. Satisfactory results were achieved when the present method was applied to analyze the target compounds in real‐world water samples with spiked recoveries over the range 84.1–113.5%. All these facts indicated that IL/IL‐DLLME is a simple and rapid alternative for the enrichment and analysis of environmental pollutants and will have a wide application perspective in the future.     

Part-per-trillion determination of chlorobenzenes in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined gas chromatography-electron capture detection

In this study, a simple, rapid and efficient method, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD), for the determination of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in water samples, has been described. This method involves the use of an appropriate mixture of extraction solvent (9.5 μl chlorobenzene) and disperser solvent (0.50 ml acetone) for the formation of cloudy solution in 5.00 ml aqueous sample containing analytes. After extraction, phase separation was performed by centrifugation and the enriched analytes in sedimented phase were determined by gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Our simple conditions were conducted at room temperature with no stiring and no salt addition in order to minimize sample preparation steps. Parameters such as the kind and volume of extraction solvent, the kind and volume of disperser solvent, extraction time and salt effect, were studied and optimized. The method exhibited enrichment factors and recoveries ranging from 711 to 813 and 71.1 to 81.3%, respectively, within very short extraction time. The linearity of the method ranged from 0.05 to 100 μg l⁻¹ for dichlorobenzene isomers (DCB), 0.002-20 μg l⁻¹ for trichlorobenzene (TCB) and tetrachlorobenzene (TeCB) isomers and from 0.001 to 4 μg l⁻¹ for pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). The limit of detection was in the low μg l⁻¹ level, ranging between 0.0005 and 0.05 μg l⁻¹. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) for the concentration of DCB isomers, 5.00 μg l⁻¹, TCB and TeCB isomers, 0.500 μg l⁻¹, PeCB and HCB 0.100 μg l⁻¹ in water by using the internal standard were in the range of 0.52-2.8% (n = 5) and without the internal standard were in the range of 4.6-6.0% (n = 5). The relative recoveries of spiked CBs at different levels of chlorobenzene isomers in tap, well and river water samples were 109-121%, 105-113% and 87-120%, respectively. It is concluded that this method can be successfully applied for the determination of CBs in tap, river and well water samples.     

Speciation of mercury in water samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined with high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the speciation of mercury in water samples was described. Firstly methylmercury (MeHg⁺) and mercury (Hg²⁺) were complexed with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, and then the complexes were extracted into carbon tetrachloride by using DLLME. Under the optimized conditions, the enrichment factors of 138 and 350 for MeHg⁺ and Hg²⁺ were obtained from only 5.00 mL sample solution. The detection limits of the analytes (as Hg) were 0.0076 ng mL⁻¹ for MeHg⁺ and 0.0014 ng mL⁻¹ for Hg²⁺, respectively. The relative standard deviations for ten replicate measurements of 0.5 ng mL⁻¹ MeHg⁺ and Hg²⁺ were 6.9% and 4.4%, respectively. Standard reference material of seawater (GBW(E)080042) was analyzed to verify the accuracy of the method and the results were in good agreement with the certified values. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for the speciation of mercury in three environmental water samples.     

悬浮固化分散液液微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水体中邻苯二甲酸酯

建立了悬浮固化分散液液微萃取（SFO-DLLME）结合高效液相色谱（HPLC）快速测定水样中6种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的分析方法。通过对影响萃取效率因素的优化,确定了最佳萃取条件：十二烷醇萃取剂20 μL、萃取温度60℃、离子强度20 g/L、萃取时间1 min。6种PAEs在2~2000 μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数（r）为0.9995~0.9999,检出限（S/N=3）为0.3~0.6 μg/L。对自来水、湖水、江水、污水、海水、市售塑料瓶装纯净水和矿泉水进行测定,能检测到部分PAEs。对加标水样进行回收率试验（10、100和1000 μg/L）,6种PAEs的回收率为84.9%~94.5%,相对标准偏差为4.1%~6.8%（n=5）。该法环保、简单,可用于实际水样中6种PAEs的检测分析。     

分散液液微萃取-衍生化高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定环境水样中4种酚类内分泌干扰物

为实现小体积环境水样中酚类化合物的准确、快速、高灵敏测定,通过分散液液微萃取(DLLME)和荧光衍生化的结合,建立了高效液相色谱-荧光检测(HPLC-FLD)双酚A、壬基酚、辛基酚和对特辛基酚的分析方法。考察并优化了DLLME和衍生化条件,结果表明,最优的DLLME条件为萃取剂氯仿用量70μL,分散剂乙腈用量400μL,漩涡振荡3 min,高速离心2 min。以2-[2-(7 H-二苯并[a,g]咔唑-乙氧基)]-乙基氯甲酸酯(DBCEC-Cl)为柱前衍生试剂,在pH10.5的Na2CO3-NaHCO3缓冲液/乙腈溶液、50℃下衍生反应3 min得到稳定的衍生产物,于10min内实现了4种酚衍生物的分离。方法的检出限为0.9~1.6 ng/L,定量限为3.8~7.1 ng/L,具有良好的线性、精密度和回收率,与以往报道的方法相比具有一定的优势和实用性,可用于造纸厂废水、湖水、生活废水、自来水中4种酚类内分泌干扰物的测定。     

Simultaneous conduction of two- and three-phase hollow-fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of aromatic amines in environmental water samples

This paper describes a simultaneously performed two-/three-phase hollow-fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) method for the determination of aromatic amines with a wide range of pK_a (−4.25 to 4.6) and log K_OW (0.9–2.8) values in environmental water samples. Analytes including aniline, 4-nitroaniline, 2,4-dinitroaniline and dicloran were extracted from basic aqueous samples (donor phase, DP) into the microliter volume of organic membrane phase impregnated into the pores of the polypropylene hollow fiber wall, then back extracted into the acidified aqueous solution (acceptor phase, AP) filling in the lumen of the hollow fiber. The mass transfer of the analytes from the donor phase through the organic membrane phase into acceptor phase was driven by both the counter-coupled transport of hydrogen ions and the pH gradient. Afterwards, the hollow fiber was eluted with 50 μL methanol to capture the analytes from both the organic membrane and the acceptor phase. Factors relevant to the enrichment factors (EFs) were investigated. Under the optimized condition (DP: 100 mL of 0.1 M NaOH with 2 M Na₂SO₄; organic phase: di-n-hexyl with 8% trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO); AP: 10 μL of 8 M HCl; extraction time of 80 min), the obtained EFs were 405–2000, dynamic linear ranges were 5–200 μg/L (R > 0.9976), and limits of detection were 0.5–1.5 μg/L. The presence of humic acid (0–25 mg/L dissolved organic carbon) had no significant effect on the extraction efficiency. The proposed procedure worked very well for real environmental water samples with microgram per liter level of analytes, and good spike recoveries (80–103%) were obtained.     

Determination of aromatic amines from textiles using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

A dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction procedure coupled with GC‐MS is described for preconcentration and determination of banned aromatic amines from textile samples. Experimental conditions affecting the microextraction procedure were optimized. A mixture of 30 μL chlorobenzene (extraction solvent) and 800 μL ACN (disperser solvent), 5 min extraction time, and 5 mL aqueous sample volume were chosen for the best extraction efficiency by the proposed procedure. Satisfactory linearity (with correlation coefficients >0.9962) and repeatability (<9.78%) were obtained for all 20 aromatic amines; detection limits attained were much lower than the standardized liquid–liquid method. The proposed method has advantages of being quicker and easier to operate, and lower consumption of organic solvent.     

超声辅助分散液液微萃取-高效液相色谱测定水样中的4种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂

建立了采用超声辅助分散液液微萃取技术结合高效液相色谱法(UA-DLLME-HPLC)对4种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)进行富集、检测的方法,并成功应用于实际水样分析。实验中采用富集因子来评价萃取效率,考察并优化了影响萃取效率的主要因素,包括萃取剂类型和用量、分散剂类型和用量、超声时间、离子强度、萃取时间和pH值等。结果表明: 在最佳萃取条件下,该法对4种PAEs（邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯）具有较高的富集能力,富集因子分别为71、144、169和159;检出限分别为3.78、1.77、3.07和3.30 μg/L。对实验室自来水、某品牌矿泉水以及湖水分别加标50、200及500 μg/L的回收率为82.99%～114.47%,相对标准偏差为1.93%～8.31%。该法简便、快速、环保,可以用于测定实际水样中的PAEs类增塑剂。     

A new high-speed hollow fiber based liquid phase microextraction method using volatile organic solvent for determination of aromatic amines in environmental water samples prior to high-performance liquid chromatography

A new and fast hollow fiber based liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) method using volatile organic solvents coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for determination of aromatic amines in the environmental water samples. Analytes including 3-nitroaniline, 3-chloroaniline and 4-bromoaniline were extracted from 6 mL basic aqueous sample solution (donor phase, NaOH 1 mol L⁻¹) into the thin film of organic solvent that surrounded and impregnated the pores of the polypropylene hollow fiber wall (toluene, 20 μL), then back-extracted into the 6 μL acidified aqueous solution (acceptor phase, HCl 0.5 mol L⁻¹) in the lumen of the two-end sealed hollow fiber. After the extraction, 5 μL of the acceptor phase was withdrawn into the syringe and injected directly into the HPLC system for the analysis. The parameters influencing the extraction efficiency including the kind of organic solvent and its volume, composition of donor and acceptor phases and the volume ratio between them, extraction time, stirring rate, salt addition and the effect of the analyte complexation with 18-crown-6 ether were investigated and optimized. Under the optimal conditions (donor phase: 6 mL of 1 mol L⁻¹ NaOH with 10% NaCl; organic phase: 20 μL of toluene; acceptor phase: 6 μL of 0.5 mol L⁻¹ HCl and 600 m mol L⁻¹ 18-crown-6 ether; pre-extraction and back-extraction times: 75 s and 10 min, respectively; stirring rate: 800 rpm), the obtained EFs were between 259 and 674, dynamic linear ranges were 0.1-1000 μg L⁻¹ (R > 0.9991), and also the limits of detection were in the range of 0.01-0.1 μg L⁻¹. The proposed procedure worked very well for real environmental water samples with microgram per liter level of the analytes, and good relative recoveries (91-102%) were obtained for the spiked sample solutions.     

Novel method for the determination of five carbamate pesticides in water samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography

A novel method for the determination of five carbamate pesticides(metolcarb,carbofuran,carbaryl,isoprocard and diethofencard)in water samples was developed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction(DLLME)coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector(HPLC-DAD).Some experimental parameters that influence the extraction efficiency were studied and optimized to obtain the best extraction results.Under the optimum conditions for the method,the calibration curve was linear in the c...     

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and liquid chromatographic determination of pentachlorophenol in water

A simple and sensitive dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for extraction and preconcentration of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in water samples is presented. After adjusting the sample pH to 3, extraction was performed in the presence of 1% W/V sodium chloride by injecting 1 mL acetone as disperser solvent containing 15 μL tetrachloroethylene as extraction solvent. The proposed DLLME method was followed by HPLC-DAD for determination of PCP. It has good linearity (0.994) with wide linear dynamic range (0.1–1000 μg L⁻¹) and low detection limit (0.03 μg L⁻¹), which makes it suitable for determination of PCP in water samples.      

Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of three phthalate esters in water samples

A novel method, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-variable wavelength detector (HPLC-VWD), has been developed for the determination of three phthalate esters (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP)) in water samples. A mixture of extraction solvent (41 μL carbon tetrachloride) and dispersive solvent (0.75 mL acetonitrile) were rapidly injected into 5.0 mL aqueous sample for the formation of cloudy solution, the analytes in the sample were extracted into the fine droplets of CCl₄. After extraction, phase separation was performed by centrifugation and the enriched analytes in the sedimented phase were determined by HPLC-VWD. Some important parameters, such as the kind and volume of extraction solvent and dispersive solvent, extraction time and salt effect were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum extraction condition, the method yields a linear calibration curve in the concentration range from 5 to 5000 ng mL⁻¹ for target analytes. The enrichment factors for DMP, DEP and DnBP were 45, 92 and 196, respectively, and the limits of detection were 1.8, 0.88 and 0.64 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) for the extraction of 10 ng mL⁻¹ of phthalate esters were in the range of 4.3-5.9% (n = 7). Lake water, tap water and bottled mineral water samples were successfully analyzed using the proposed method.     

Ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase micro-extraction: A novel approach for the sensitive determination of aromatic amines in water samples

Ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase micro-extraction was developed for the determination of four aromatic amines such as 2,4-dichloroaniline, 1-naphthylamine, 6-chloroanline and N,N-dimethylaniline. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detector was used for the determination of aromatic amines. In the novel procedure, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C₆MIM] [PF₆] was dispersed into the aqueous sample solution as fine droplets by ultrasonication, and which promoted the analytes more easily migrate into the ionic liquid phase. Variable affecting such as the volume of [C₆MIM] [PF₆], sample pH, ultrasonication time, extraction time, centrifuging time have been investigated in detail. The proposed method has been found to have excellent detection sensitivity with limits of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) in the range of 0.17–0.49 μg L⁻¹ and precisions in the range of 2.0–6.1% (RSDs, n = 6). This method has been also successfully applied to analyze the real water samples and good spiked recoveries over the range of 92.2–119.3% were obtained.     

A novel, environmentally friendly dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure for the determination of copper

A novel, simple and environmentally friendly procedure for copper determination has been developed. The method is based on the formation of an ion associate of Cu(I) with 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[5-(1,3,3-trimethyl-1,3-dihydroindol-2-ylidene)-penta-1,3-dienyl]-3H-indolium (DIDC) in the presence of chloride ions as ligand, followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) of the formed ion associate into organic phase and UV-Vis spectrophotometric detection. The following experimental conditions were used: pH 3, 0.24 mol L^− 1 chloride ions, 0.06 mmol L^− 1 DIDC. The effect of the nature of the extraction solvent, auxiliary solvent and disperser solvent used was studied. A mixture of amyl acetate, tetrachloromethane, and methanol in a 1:1:3 v/v/v ratio was selected for the DLLME procedure. The absorbance of the coloured extracts at 640 nm wavelength obeys Beer's law in the range 0.020-0.090 mg L^− 1 of Cu. The limit of detection calculated from a blank test (n = 10) based on 3s is 0.005 mg L^− 1 of Cu. The developed procedure was applied to the analysis of water samples. The suggested DLLME is compared with two procedures previously reported from our laboratory based on (1) conventional liquid-liquid extraction, and (2) sequential injection extraction performed in a dual-valve sequential injection system. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed.     

分散液-液微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定环境水样中的多环芳烃

建立了简便、快速、有效的分散液-液微萃取-高效液相色谱-荧光检测(DLLME-HPLC-FLD)测定环境水样中15种多环芳烃(PAHs)的方法。重点探讨了萃取剂的种类和用量、分散剂的种类和用量以及萃取时间等对PAHs萃取效率的影响。在优化的条件下,评价了方法的可靠性。15种PAHs在0.01～10 μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r均不小于0.9913,峰面积的相对标准偏差(RSD)在2.3%～4.7%之间(n=6)。在优化条件下,富集因子和萃取回收率良好,分别为674～1032和67.4%～103.2%,15种PAHs的检出限(S/N=3)在0.0003～0.002 μg/L之间。建立的方法应用于敖江水样中PAHs的检测,平均加标回收率在79.5%～92.3%之间,RSD在4.3%～6.7%范围内(n=5)。该方法适用于环境水样中痕量PAHs的分析。     

基于分子络合的分散液液微萃取与高效液相色谱联用检测环境水样中2种苯氧羧酸类除草剂

建立了基于分子络合的分散液液微萃取（DLLME）方法,以磷酸三丁酯为萃取剂,以甲醇为分散剂,与高效液相色谱联用检测了环境水样中麦草畏和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D酸）2种苯氧羧酸类除草剂,对影响前处理效果的因素（包括水样的pH值、萃取剂的种类和体积、分散剂的种类和体积、反萃液的pH值、反萃液的体积和盐浓度等）进行了详细考察,在最佳萃取条件下（水样体积10 mL,水样的pH值为0~1.0、100 μL磷酸三丁酯萃取剂、1000 μL甲醇分散剂、0.01 mol/L的氢氧化钾反萃液的体积为80 μL）,2种苯氧羧酸类除草剂在0.50~1000 μg/L范围内具有良好的线性,相关系数不小于0.9985,麦草畏和2,4-D酸的检出限分别为0.44 μg/L和0.49 μg/L,富集倍数分别为85和90,在实际样品中的加标回收率为75.7%~104.0%。该方法基于分子络合反应机理,将新型萃取剂磷酸三丁酯应用于分散液液微萃取,与HPLC联用实现了麦草畏和2,4-D酸的富集与检测,为环境水样中苯氧羧酸类除草剂的检测提供了新的前处理方法。     

Quantitation of antioxidants in water samples using ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection

A simple and efficient method, ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), has been applied for the extraction and determination of some antioxidants (Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076 and Irgafos 168) in water samples. The microextraction efficiency factors were investigated and optimized: 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C(6)MIM][PF(6)] (0.06 g) as extracting solvent, methanol (0.5 mL) as disperser solvent without salt addition. Under the selected conditions, enrichment factors up to 48-fold, limits of detection (LODs) of 5.0-10.0 ng/mL and dynamic linear ranges of 25-1500 ng/mL were obtained. A reasonable repeatability (RSD≤11.8%, n=5) with satisfactory linearity (r(2)≥0.9954) of the results illustrated a good performance of the presented method. The accuracy of the method was tested by the relative recovery experiments on spiked samples, with results ranging from 85 to 118%. Finally, the method was successfully applied for determination of the analytes in several real water samples.     

Determination of phthalate esters in water samples by ionic liquid cold-induced aggregation dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography

A novel method, termed ionic liquid cold-induced aggregation dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (IL-CIA-DLLME), combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the determination of three phthalate esters in water samples. Several important parameters influencing the IL-CIA-DLLME extraction efficiency, such as the type of extraction and disperser solvent, the volume of extraction and disperser solvent, temperature, extraction time and salt effect, were investigated. Under optimal extraction conditions, the enrichment factors and extraction recoveries ranged from 174 to 212 and 69.9 to 84.8%, respectively. Excellent linearity with coefficients of correlation from 0.9968 to 0.9994 was observed in the concentration range of 2–100 ng mL⁻¹. The repeatability of the proposed method expressed as relative standard deviations ranged from 2.2 to 3.7% (n = 5). Limits of detection were between 0.68 and 1.36 ng mL⁻¹. Good relative recoveries for phthalate esters in tap, bottled mineral and river water samples were obtained in the ranges of 91.5–98.1%, 92.4–99.2% and 90.1–96.8%, respectively. Thus, the proposed method has excellent potential for the determination of phthalate esters in the environmental field.