Identification of degradation impurities in aripiprazole oral solution using LC–MS and development of validated stability indicating method for assay and content of two preservatives by RP-HPLC

A simple and simultaneous reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the quantification of aripiprazole (ARI) and two preservatives, namely, methyl paraben and propyl paraben in ARI oral solution. The method was developed on ACE C18 (4.6?×?250?mm, 5?µm) column using gradient elution of 0.1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid in water and acetonitrile as mobile phase components. Flow rate of 1.0?mL/min and 30°C column temperature were used for the method at quantification wavelength of 254?nm. The developed method was validated in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization guideline for various parameters. Forced degradation study was conducted in acid, base, peroxide, heat, and light stress conditions. ARI was found to degrade in oxidation, acid hydrolysis, and heat while it was stable under the remaining conditions. Specificity of the method was verified using Photo Diode Array (PDA) detector by evaluating purity of peaks from degradation samples. Major degradation impurities formed during stress study were identified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method. The present method was useful for determining the content of all the three main analytes present in the oral solution without interference from degradation impurities. The method was robust under the deliberately modified conditions.     

Enantioseparation of Tropic Acid and Its Esters by CEKC Using Sulfated β-Cyclodextrin as a Chiral Selector

Capillary electrokinetic chromatography was successfully applied to the enantioseparation of tropic acid and its four alkyl esters (methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl), with the same chiral center, Separation was with sulfated β-cyclodextrin (4%, m/v) containing 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 3.0 as background electrolyte at 20 °C. The results showed that, besides hydrogen-bonding interactions between these compounds with sulfated β-CD, for tropic acid and its methyl ester the steric hindrance effect was also an important factor. However, for the other esters (ethyl, propyl and butyl), the hydrophobicity effect was higher.     

Enantioseparation of Tropic Acid and Its Esters by CEKC Using Sulfated β-Cyclodextrin as a Chiral Selector

Capillary electrokinetic chromatography was successfully applied to the enantioseparation of tropic acid and its four alkyl esters (methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl), with the same chiral center, Separation was with sulfated β-cyclodextrin (4%, m/v) containing 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 3.0 as background electrolyte at 20 °C. The results showed that, besides hydrogen-bonding interactions between these compounds with sulfated β-CD, for tropic acid and its methyl ester the steric hindrance effect was also an important factor. However, for the other esters (ethyl, propyl and butyl), the hydrophobicity effect was higher.

     

Development and application of a validated stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic method using photodiode array detection for simultaneous determination of granisetron, methylparaben, propylparaben, sodium benzoate, and their main degradation products in oral pharmaceutical preparations

A simple, rapid, and sensitive RP-HPLC method using photodiode array detection was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of granisetron hydrochloride, 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (the main degradation product of granisetron), sodium benzoate, methylparaben, propylparaben, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (the main degradation product of parabens) in granisetron oral drops and solutions. The separation of the compounds was achieved within 8 min on a SymmetryShield RP18 column (100 x 4.6 mm id, 3.5 microm particle size) using the mobile phase acetonitrile--0.05 M KH2PO4 buffered to pH 3 using H3PO4 (3+7, v/v). The photodiode array detector was used to test the purity of the peaks, and the chromatograms were extracted at 240 nm. The method was validated, and validation acceptance criteria were met in all cases. The robust method was successfully applied to the determination of granisetron and preservatives, as well as their degradation products in different batches of granisetron oral drops and solutions. The method proved to be sensitive for determination down to 0.04% (w/w) of granisetron degradation product relative to granisetron and 0.03% (w/w) 4-hydroxybenzoic acid relative to total parabens.     

Validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of tramadol and its impurities in oral drops as a pharmaceutical formulation

The novel, rapid high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tramadol hydrochloride and its three impurities was developed and validated. The method can simultaneously assay potassium sorbate, used as preservative, and saccharin sodium, used as sweetener in tramadol pharmaceutical formulation. The separation was carried out on a C(18) XTerra (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 mm) column using acetonitrile-0.015 M Na(2)HPO(4) buffer (2:8, v/v) as mobile phase (pH value 3.0 was adjusted with orthophosphoric acid) at a flow rate 1.0 ml min(-1), temperature of the column 20 degrees C and UV detection at 218 nm. The method was found to be linear (r > 0.999) in the range of 0.05-0.8 mg ml(-1) for tramadol hydrochloride, 0.1-1.2 mg ml(-1) for impurities B and C and for impurity A (r > 0.995) in the range 0.15-2.4 mg ml(-1). The low RSD values indicate good precision and high recovery values indicate excellent accuracy of the HPLC method. Developed method was successfully applied to the determination of tramadol hydrochloride, its investigated impurities and potassium sorbate in commercial formulation. The recovery of tramadol hydrochloride was 98.25% and RSD was 1.80%. The method is rapid and sensitive enough to be used to analyse Trodon oral drops.     

Purity assessment of recombinant human granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor in finished drug product by capillary zone electrophoresis

Current methods for determination of impurities with different charge‐to‐volume ratio are limited especially in terms of sensitivity and precision. The main goal of this research was to establish a quantitative method for determination of impurities with charges differing from that of recombinant human granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (rhG‐CSF, filgrastim) with superior precision and sensitivity compared to existing methods. A CZE method has been developed, optimized, and validated for a purity assessment of filgrastim in liquid pharmaceutical formulations. Optimal separation of filgrastim from the related impurities with different charges was achieved on a 50 μm id fused‐silica capillary of a total length of 80.5 cm. A BGE that contains 100 mM phosphoric acid adjusted to pH 7.0 with triethanolamine was used. The applied voltage was 20 kV while the temperature was maintained at 25°C. UV detection was set to 200 nm. Method was validated in terms of selectivity/specificity, linearity, precision, LOD, LOQ, stability, and robustness. Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 6–600 μg/mL and the LOQ was determined to be 0.3% relative to the concentration of filgrastim of 0.6 mg/mL. Other validation parameters were also found to be acceptable; thus the method was successfully applied for a quantitative purity assessment of filgrastim in a finished drug product.     

Rapid and sensitive detection of auxins and flavonoids in plant samples by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

Simultaneous determination of indole-3-acetic acid and methyl indole-3-acetic acid ester in small amounts of plant tissue is essential for elucidating their mutual transformation mechanism and the in vivo function of methyl indole-3-acetic acid ester. Rapid quantification of flavonoids in the same sample is important for clarifying their roles in the transport of auxins and other phytohormones. Herein, we describe a simple method for the simultaneous determination of indole-3-acetic acid and its methyl ester in the roots of the Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and a protocol for the rapid extraction and quantification of quercetin and kaempferol in these seedlings. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was used for the detection of all the compounds. Negative data for indole-3-acetic acid and positive data for methyl indole-3-acetic acid ester were collected in two successive files with a single injection of the extracted sample. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection for the four compounds was 2 ng/mL for indole-3-acetic acid, 0.5 ng/mL for methyl indole-3-acetic acid ester, 5 ng/mL for quercetin, and 1 ng/mL for kaempferol, respectively. Because of the high sensitivity of the assay, only 2-10 mg of the plant material was required to obtain quantitative results.     

Comparison of microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography and micellar electrokinetic chromatography methods for the analysis of phenolic compounds

In this study, microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were compared for their abilities to separate and detect thirteen phenolic compounds (syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-gallocatechin), and two other ingredients (caffeine and theophylline) in teas and grapes. Separation of phenolic compounds was improved by changing the SDS concentration for MEEKC, but the SDS concentration rarely affected the resolution for MEKC. Organic modifier (acetonitrile or methanol) was found to markedly influence the resolution and selectivity for both MEEKC and MEKC systems. In addition, a higher voltage and a higher column temperature improved the separation efficiency without any noticeable reduction in resolution for MEEKC whereas they caused a poor resolution for the MEKC system. Although separations with baseline resolution were achieved by the optimized MEEKC and MEKC methods, the separation selectivity resulting from the proposed MEEKC method was completely different from that of MEKC.     

Determination of pethidine in human plasma by LC–MS/MS

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of pethidine in human plasma was developed and validated over the concentration range of 4–2000 ng/mL. After addition of ketamine as internal standard, liquid–liquid extraction was used to produce a protein‐free extract. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a 100 × 2.1 mm, 5 µm particle, Allure^TM PFP propyl column, with 45:40:15 (v/v/v) acetonitrile–methanol–water containing 0.2% formic acid as mobile phase. The MS data acquisition was accomplished by multiple reactions monitoring mode with positive electrospray ionization interface. The lower limit of quantification was 4 ng/mL; for inter‐day and intra‐day tests, the precision (RSD) for the entire validation was less than 7%, and the accuracy was within 95.9–106.5%. The method is sensitive and simple, and was successfully applied to analysis of samples of clinical intoxication. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography to the analysis of a wide range of pharmaceuticals and excipients

Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) is a capillary electrophoresis (CE) technique in which solutes partition with moving oil droplets present in a microemulsion buffer. Ionised species will also separate by electrophoresis. In this paper MEEKC is shown to give highly efficient and relatively rapid separations for a wide range of pharmaceuticals, vitamins and excipients. A single set of operating conditions was used to resolve both water-soluble and insoluble compounds. The method was also used to separate both ionic and neutral compounds. The method was especially useful in the analysis of water-insoluble neutral compounds such as steroids and lecithin, which are difficult to analyse by CE. The method was found to be both quantitative and highly repeatable. The quality of the separation was found to be dependent upon the sample diluent used if large injection volumes are employed. The use of MEEKC for the determination of complex mixtures such as multi-ingredient formulations and drug-related impurities was successfully demonstrated. MEEKC offers significant advantages over many forms of CE and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) and should be considered as an extremely useful option in pharmaceutical analysis.     

凝胶渗透色谱-气相色谱法测定豆瓣酱中6种防腐剂

提出了气相色谱法测定豆瓣酱中山梨酸、苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丁酯共6种防腐剂含量的方法。豆瓣酱样品用乙醚提取,所得提取液须经凝胶色谱净化大分子干扰物质。方法中采用Biobeads S-X3凝胶渗透色谱净化柱和乙酸乙酯-环己烷(1+1)混合溶液作流动相,采用Rxi(-17(0.25 mm×30 m,0.25μm)毛细管柱分离后,用氢火焰离子化检测器检测。6种防腐剂的质量浓度均在10.0~400 mg.L-1范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)在0.56~0.74 mg.kg-1之间。在3个浓度水平下对方法的回收率和精密度进行了试验,测定回收率在91.4%~98.8%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)在2.9%~5.3%之间。     

Preparation and evaluation of molecularly imprinted microspheres for solid-phase extraction of 1,4-hydroxybenzoic acid esters in soy

Molecularly imprinted microspheres (MIMs) were prepared by precipitation polymerization for the binding and recognition of 1,4-hydroxybenzoic acid esters. Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate (EtPHB) was used as the template molecule, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, ethylene dimethacrylate as the linking agent. It was evaluated by solid-phase extraction column packed with MIMs combined with liquid chromatography to determine trace preservatives including benzoic acid, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, EtPHB, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate in food products. A solid-phase extraction based on MIM procedure was used to isolate four additives from the food matrix before quantitative analysis. The Scatchard plot suggested that the template-polymer system had two-site binding behavior with the dissociation constants of 0.3577 and 3.952 mg/g, respectively. The rebinding test, based on the molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction column technique, showed the recoveries of soy samples spiked with four additives within 88.4-110.6%, with the relative standard deviations of 1.97-3.82%. Finally, the method was successfully applied for the analysis of parabens in foodstuff without traditional pretreatment.     

Development and validation of a reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatographic method for assay of lacidipine and related substances

A simple isocratic, RP-ultra-performance LC method was developed and validated for the determination of lacidipine, three process impurities formed during synthesis, and three degradation products present in drug substance and the drug product. An efficient chromatographic separation was achieved on an Acquity BEH C18 column using pH 4.5 ammonium acetate-acetic acid buffer-methanol (70 + 30, v/v) mobile phase. The monitoring wavelength was 240 nm, and the flow rate 0.25 mL/min. Forced degradation studies using acid, alkali, peroxide, water, heat, and light were conducted, and all impurities were separated. The method was validated successfully for specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, LOD, LOQ, and robustness, according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The linearity of the calibration curve for lacidipine and each impurity was found to be very good (r2 > 0.999). This method is shown to be suitable for analysis of lacidipine to evaluate the quality of drug substance and a drug product.     

Separation,determination of six impurities in methotrexate drug substance using ultra-performance liquid chromatography

Methotrexate(MTX) is an antineoplastic therapeutic medicine as antimetabolite of folic acid. In this paper, a sensitive and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatographic(UPLC) method was developed and validated for the separation and determination of impurities in MTX drug substances. The UPLC method was accomplished on an Agilent Zorbax Extend C-18(50 mm 4.6 mm, 1.8 mm) with a gradient elution system composed of sodium dihydrogen phosphate in water(20 mmol/L, pH 3.0) and acetonitrile. The flow rate was 2.2 mL/min. The method was validated. The calibration curves displayed good linearity(r 0.999) within the tested concentration ranges. The limit of detection(LOD) and limit of quantification(LOQ) of the six analytes were all less than 0.774 mg/mL and 1.03 mg/mL. The relative standard deviation(RSD) for intra- and inter-day precision of the six analytes was less than 9.8%, including at the LOQ. The average recovery ranged from 95.2% to 103% except at the LOQ, where recovery ranged from 82.7% to 117%. The validated method was successfully used to determine the relative abundance of six impurities in the MTX drug substances.     

超声提取-毛细管气相色谱法检测酱腌菜中对羟基苯甲酸酯

采用超声提取法提取酱腌菜中的对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯及对羟基苯甲酸丙酯,在SE30毛细管柱(33 m×0.53 mm,2.65μm)上得到了良好分离。对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯及对羟基苯甲酸丙酯在0～750μg/mL浓度范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9999。对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯的检出限分别为0.1,0.1,0.2μg/mL,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于3.6%(n=11),平均回收率为84.5%～97.1%。     

Evaluation and differentiation of the Betulaceae birch bark species and their bioactive triterpene content using analytical FT-vibrational spectroscopy and GC-MS

A new simple, rapid and sensitive reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of sulpiride (SUL) and mebeverine Hydrochloride (MEB) in the presence of their impurities and degradation products. The separation of these compounds was achieved within 6 min on a 250 mm, 4.6 mm i.d., 5 m particle size Waters^?-C18 column using isocractic mobile phase containing a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.01 M dihydrogenphosphate buffer (45:55) at pH = 4.0. The analysis was performed at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with fluorescence-detection at excitation 300 nm and emission at 365 nm. The concentration-response relationship was linear over a concentration range of 10- 100 ng/mL for both MEB and SUL with a limit of detection 0.73 ng/mL and 0.85 ng/mL for MEB and SUL respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of both MEB and SUL in bulk with average recoveries of 100.22 ± 0.757% and 99.96 ± 0.625% respectively, and in commercial tablets with average recoveries of 100.04 ± 0.93% and 100.03 ± 0.376% for MEB and SUL respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of MEB metabolite (veratic acid) in real plasma simultaneously with SUL. The mean% recoveries (n = 3) for both MEB metabolite (veratic acid) and SUL were 100.36 ± 2.92 and 99.06 ± 2.11 for spiked human plasma respectively. For real human plasma, the mean% recoveries (n = 3) were and respectively.     

Development of validated stability-indicating chromatographic method for the determination of fexofenadine hydrochloride and its related impurities in pharmaceutical tablets

ABSTRACT: A simple reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) has been developed and subsequently validated for the determination of fexofenadine hydrochloride (FEX) and its related compounds; keto fexofenadine (Impurity A), meta isomer of fexofenadine (Impurity B), methyl ester of fexofenadine (Impurity C) in addition to the methyl ester of ketofexofenadine (Impurity D). The separation was based on the use of a Hypersil BDS C-18 analytical column (250 × 4.6 mm, i.d., 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of phosphate buffer containing 0.1 gm% of 1-octane sulphonic acid sodium salt monohydrate and 1% (v/v) of triethylamine, pH 2.7 and methanol (60:40, v/v). The separation was carried out at ambient temperature with a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 215 nm using lisinopril as internal standard, with linear calibration curves at concentration ranges 0.1-50 μg/ml for FEX and its related compounds. The optimized conditions were used to develop a stability-indicating HPLC-DAD method for the quantitative determination of FEX and its related compounds in tablet dosage forms. The drugs were subjected to oxidation, hydrolysis, photolysis and heat to apply stress conditions. Complete separation was achieved for the parent compounds and all degradation products. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines in terms of accuracy, precision, robustness, limits of detection and quantitation and other aspects of analytical validation.     

Ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 5-aminosalicylic acid and related impurities in bulk chemical

An ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) bulk chemical in the presence of thirteen potential synthetic process impurities. In addition, the method is suitable for the determination of the in process intermediate, 5-nitrosalicylic acid. A selective method was achieved on a Hypersil-BDS reversed-phase column using 1-heptanesulfonic acid sodium salt as the ion-pairing reagent in a 0.08 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 2) containing 0.005 M 1-heptanesulfonic acid sodium salt and 0.07 M sodium chloride-methanol-tetrahydrofuran (85:11:4, v/v/v) isocratic mobile phase. The method was validated using a multi-day, intra-laboratory protocol. The validation addressed linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and ruggedness of the method. The validated method characterizes the purity of 5-ASA bulk chemical.     

Determination of Carvedilol and its Impurities in Pharmaceuticals

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for separation of carvedilol and its impurities from Karvileks tablets. The best separation was achieved on a 100 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size, Chromolit RP 8e column. Use of acetonitrile-water, 45:55 (v/v), adjusted to pH 2.5 with formic acid, as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min^?1 enabled acceptable resolution of carvedilol, in large excess, from possible impurities, in a short elution time. UV detection was performed at 280 nm. Linearity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, and robustness were validated and found to be satisfactory. Overall, the proposed method was found to be highly sensitive, suitable, and accurate for quantitative determination of carvedilol and its impurities in dosage forms and in raw materials.