不同进样方式对气相色谱法测定液化石油气组成结果的影响

考察了3种不同进样方式对气相色谱法测定液化石油气组成结果的影响。结果表明,与盘管闪蒸进样相比,减压式闪蒸和液体阀进样所测烃类体积分数校正因子更接近标准给定的经典校正因子。当进样压力低于1 MPa时宜选择减压式闪蒸进样。当进样压力高于1 MPa时,减压式闪蒸和液体阀进样所测结果均具有较高的精密度和准确度。当液化石油气中存在一定量C₂组分的情况下,减压式闪蒸和液体阀进样均能满足要求,但减压式闪蒸进样比液体阀进样的测定结果具有更高的精密度和准确度。     

高温高压下煤液化油气液平衡体系的研究

煤液化过程中,反应单元和分离单元是整个液化体系的核心部分,反应器和分离器中各组分在气、液相中的平衡组成确定不仅决定设备的尺寸设计,而且对液化过程中供氢溶剂的选择和反应条件的优化起到关键作用。但由于煤液化油在高温高压下的气、液平衡数据不足,使得反应器内的组成分布无法预测,相关的反应器设计过程仅能凭经验进行。为得到反应条件下的气液平衡数据,研究引入流程模拟软件Aspen Plus,将煤液化油蒸馏得到的窄馏分段与各种气体组分（如H₂、C₂H₆等）共同建立了煤液化油闪蒸过程,得到了高温高压下煤液化油气液平衡体系。利用闪蒸体系计算得到在给定温度、压力情况下,各组分在高温、低温分离器内的气、液两相分布情况,通过改变高温分离器的温度和压力,分析了高温分离器内相平衡常数随温度（623.15K~723.15K）、压力（10MPa~21MPa）变化的规律。为进一步归纳适用于煤液化油的气液平衡方程,以高温分离器数据为基础,对推导建立的高压下烃类相平衡方程中的参数进行回归,得到高温高压下,适用于神华煤液化油并具有物理意义的二元（T,p）气液相平衡常数方程。     

C_8芳烃异构体+异丙醇或叔丁醇体系的恒压汽液平衡

这是为了较好地解决高效分离混合二甲苯所进行的一项基础性研究。准确测定了 0 .0 999MPa压力下邻、间、对二甲苯或乙苯 +异丙醇或叔丁醇八个体系的恒压汽液平衡数据 ,计算了该压力下八个体系中二组分的活度系数 ,作出了各体系的汽液平衡曲线及活度系数曲线 ,并讨论所呈现的规律。     

羰基和砜基共交联磺化聚酰亚胺质子交换膜的高温燃料电池性能及各向异性

研究了羰基和砜基共交联聚酰亚胺膜M1C和M2C的膜溶胀和质子传导的各向异性,以及在高温和低湿度条件下燃料电池的发电和耐久性能.研究结果表明,M1C和M2C膜厚方向溶胀比砜基交联质子交换膜(R1C)的小,且无显著的膜面方向尺寸变化.M1C和M2C的膜厚方向质子传导率明显大于R1C.温度、压力和相对湿度在很大程度上影响了燃料电池的性能.在相同条件下,M1C的燃料电池发电性能优于R1C.90℃时,较高的相对湿度(RH)82%下,M1C和R1C具有与Nafion相近的发电性能;随着相对湿度降低到27%,M1C的电池性能显著降低,但仍高于R1C.随着操作温度从90℃提高到110℃,所有质子交换膜的性能都大幅下降.在0.2 MPa及RH为49%时,M1C的最大输出功率比R1C高21%.当电池压力上升至0.3 MPa后,M1C的最大输出功率从0.2 MPa时的0.17 W/cm~2提高到0.38 W/cm~2.M1C在110℃下连续运行330 h后性能未见明显下降,说明羰基和砜基共交联的磺化聚酰亚胺质子交换膜具有良好的高温燃料电池耐久性能.     

用水发电的那些事*

水不仅是生命之源,而且还作为介质为人类提供了极其丰富的绿色能源。选取了几种利用水驱动发电的技术,包括传统水力发电、潮汐能发电、海洋温差发电,也详细探讨了近年新兴的盐差发电和“水伏”发电,力求以通俗的语言将水发电技术进行科普介绍。     

摩擦焊接工艺对PP焊缝结构和力学性能的影响

将聚丙烯树脂PP(API-2208 HFP2B-S0219)在一定注塑工艺条件下制备成用于焊接用的拉伸制件,经过振动摩擦焊接形成拉伸样条,通过万能试验机和二次元影像,研究摩擦焊接工艺条件对PP焊接缝结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,摩擦焊接时的振幅、压力、深度、时间、保持时间与保持压力对焊接缝结构和力学性能有着明显的影响。在适当的焊接条件下,焊接振幅大于0.9 mm,压力在3.5~4.5 MPa,深度为1.2 mm,保持压力4~6 s,保持压力3.0 MPa,得到的焊接样条焊缝质量较好,焊接样的拉伸强度可达16.1 MPa,为母体材料的53.7%(母体拉伸强度为30 MPa)。     

超临界CO2萃取异甘草素的提取工艺

采用正交试验与单因素试验相结合方法对异甘草素的超临界CO2提取工艺进行了研究,并与常规索氏提取法的实验结果进行了对比。得到的最佳工艺参数为:萃取压力30 MPa、萃取温度45℃、夹带剂85％乙醇、液固比为5:1、CO2流量10 kg／h、分离压力5．5 MPa、分离温度35℃。实验结果表明,在优化的条件下,超临界CO2萃取异甘草素的提取率为0．035％,异甘草素在提取物中的质量分数为0．84％,分别是索氏提取法提取率的3．5倍,质量分数的3．0倍。超临界CO2萃取异甘草素所用时间短、溶剂用量少、提取效率高、环境友好,是一种高效、快速提取异甘草素的方法。     

Pt/SAPO-11临氢异构化催化剂反应特性的研究

以正庚烷为模型化合物，在10 mL连续流动固定床反应装置上，考察了温度、压力、空速与氢烃摩尔比对0.4%Pt/SAPO-11催化剂临氢异构化反应性能的影响。结果表明，催化反应以烷烃异构化为主，正庚烷转化率达70%时异构产物选择性保持在90%以上，压力和氢烃摩尔比较小时，产物的选择性较高；压力太高裂解产物生成量增多对异构化选择性不利。获得了正庚烷在Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上临氢异构化的优化反应条件为，360 ℃～380 ℃，0.5 MPa～1.0 MPa，2.1 h-1～4.1 h-1，H2/CH(摩尔比)2～6；烷烃临氢异构化反应的一个条件变化，需要其他条件的改变来达到最佳的匹配。     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠-超临界二氧化碳萃取槐花总黄酮的工艺研究

在单因素试验的基础上,以槐花总黄酮提取率为评价指标,进行了L9(34)正交优化实验,考察了表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)对超临界CO2萃取槐花总黄酮提取率的影响,确定了槐花总黄酮的优化提取工艺.结果表明,引入十二烷基苯磺酸钠使得槐花总黄酮的提取率提高了93.7%.槐花总黄酮的优化提取工艺为:萃取温度50℃,萃取压力35MPa,SDBS质量分数为2%,夹带剂乙醇体积分数75%.     

在Co(OAc)2/CCl3COOH/O2/含氮配体催化体系中苯选择羰基化制苯甲醛

 在O2存在的条件下,采用Co(OAc)2/CCl3COOH/含氮配体催化体系催化苯选择羰基化制得了苯甲醛,反应的副产物为氯苯、苯酚及苯甲酸. 考察了不同的含氮配体以及CO和O2的压力对反应的影响. 在采用吡啶为含氮配体,CO和O2的压力分别为1.2 MPa和0.4 MPa时,苯甲醛的收率可达37.3%,选择性达79%.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。