The theory of nonlinear dispersion interferometers in the constant intensity approximation

The operation of a dispersion interferometer with intracavity location of a medium under study is analyzed in the constant intensity approximation taking into account the reciprocal influence of a harmonic on the phase of the exciting wave. This approximation allows the effects of phase mismatch and losses in a medium on the course of a nonlinear process to be taken into account simultaneously. Intensity minima of the harmonic (as opposed to the constant field approximation) in the constant intensity approximation are shown to depend on dispersion of the refractive index of the medium under study, which makes it possible to determine dispersion of the refractive index of the substance under study directly and accurately     

The concept of cyclic sound intensity and its application to acoustical imaging

This paper demonstrates how to take advantage of the cyclostationarity property of engine signals to define a new acoustical quantity, the cyclic sound intensity, which displays the instantaneous flux of acoustical energy in the angle-frequency domain during an average engine cycle. This quantity is attractive in that it possesses the ability of being instantaneous and averaged at the same time, thus reconciling two conflicting properties into a rigourous and unambiguous framework. Cyclic sound intensity is a rich concept with several original ramifications. Among other things, it returns a unique decomposition into instantaneous active and reactive parts. Associated to acoustical imaging techniques, it allows the construction of sound radiation movies that evolve within the engine cycle and whose each frame is a sound intensity map calculated at a specific time - or crankshaft angle - in the engine cycle. This enables the accurate localisation of sources in space, in frequency and in time (crankshaft angle). Furthermore, associated to cyclic Wiener filtering, this methodology makes it possible to decompose the overall radiated sound into several noise source contributions whose cyclic sound intensities can then be analysed independently.     

An improved shooting algorithm and its application to high-power fiber lasers

An improved shooting algorithm for high-power fiber laser is proposed based on the relation of the two-end boundary laser powers. By the improved shooting algorithm, the evolutions of the pump and laser powers along the fiber position for Yb-doped and Tm-doped high-power double-clad fiber lasers with the laser scattering loss are analyzed. The results prove that the improved shooting algorithm can be efficient even if the pump power is up to kilowatt level, and the initial value can all be fast convergent as long as the initial guessed laser power is smaller than the truth value. So, this improved shooting algorithm can be used in high-power double-clad fiber lasers efficiently.     

Triangular approximation for Ising model and its application to Boltzmann machine

When we consider a problem in information processing, it is convenient to formulate the problem by using a random Ising model in statistical physics. However, a kind of computational difficulty arises in a case that the number of nodes becomes large. Hence approximation schemes such as a mean field approximation and a Bethe approximation have been used extensively for overcoming the difficulty. When frustration is essential in some problems, the Bethe approximation gives unfavorable results. In those problems, more advanced approximation schemes are needed beyond the Bethe approximation. In the present paper, we present explicitly the triangular approximation, which is the next approximation to the Bethe approximation. We apply the obtained approximation scheme to a Boltzmann machine in order to investigate the validity of the triangular approximation.     

On the Poisson approximation to photon distribution for faint lasers

The photon number statistics for attenuated faint laser pulses is quantitatively studied. It confirms that, even for a non-Poissonian laser source, after being attenuated into faint laser with ultra-low mean photon number, the photon number distribution would approximately be a Poisson distribution. The error of such an approximation is estimated, and numerical tests verify our theoretical analysis. This work lays a sound mathematical foundation for the well-known intuitive idea which has been widely used in quantum cryptography.     

Functional renormalization group beyond the static approximation and its application to the two-dimensional Hubbard model

While the functional renormalization group is a powerful theoretical method, the static approximation has been usually adopted in which the Matsubara frequency dependence of vertex functions is ignored. We propose a formalism beyond the static approximation with an efficient parameterization in the Matsubara frequency space for the vertex functions to incorporate the self-energy.     

新型二维材料在固体激光器中的应用研究进展

本文主要介绍了二维可饱和吸收体材料在固体激光器中的应用与研究进展。简要介绍了新型二维材料的性质和优点。以石墨烯、拓扑绝缘体、过渡金属硫化物和黑磷等新型二维材料为例分析了它们在固体激光器中实现调Q或锁模的过程,展示了二维材料在脉冲固体激光研究中的重要应用前景。二维材料与固体激光器的结合,可进一步推进二维材料的研究,有望开发出大量新型固体激光器件并且作为基础光源应用于多个领域,推动相关领域的发展。     

Soliton in fiber lasers beyond the Ginzburg-Landau equation approximation

Operation of a passively mode-locked fiber laser beyond the Ginzburg-Landau Equation (GLE) approximation is numerically investigated. It is found that even in the Maxwell-Bloch formalism stable solitary waves can still be obtained in the laser due to the cavity pulse peak clamping effect. We further show that the gain bandwidth plays a significant role in determining the detailed property of the formed solitary pulses.     

Bistability and intensity fluctuations in Zeeman lasers and amplifiers

It is shown that the fluctuation properties of certain Zeeman lasers and amplifiers are exhibit a sudden change when the coupling constant ξ is varied near ξ = 1. The possibility of a phase transition at ξ = 1 is discussed and fluctua properties both above and below this point are investigated using some previously derived equations for two-mode lasers.     

Development of the self-consistent approximation and its application to the problem of magnetoelastic resonance in an inhomogeneous medium

Our previously proposed approximation involving both the first and second terms of the expansion of the vertex function is generalized to the system of two interacting wavefields of different physical nature. A system of self-consistent equations for the matrix Green’s function and matrix vertex function is derived. On the basis of this matrix generalization of the new self-consistent approximation, a theory of magnetoelastic resonance is developed for a ferromagnetic model, where the magnetoelastic coupling parameter ε(x) is inhomogeneous. Equations for magnetoelastic resonance are analyzed for one-dimensional inhomogeneities of the coupling parameter. The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of the matrix Green’s function of the system of coupled spin and elastic waves are calculated with the change in the ratio between the average value ε and rms fluctuation Δε of the coupling parameter between waves from the homogeneous case (ε ≠ 0, Δε = 0) to the extremely randomized case (ε = 0, Δε ≠ 0) at various correlation wavenumbers of inhomogeneities k _c. For the limiting case of infinite correlation radius (k _c = 0), in addition to approximate expressions, exact analytical expressions corresponding to the summation of all diagrams of elements of the matrix Green’s function are obtained. The results calculated for an arbitrary k _c value in the new self-consistent approximation are compared to the results obtained in the standard self-consistent approximation, where only the first term of the expansion of the vertex function is taken into account. It is shown that the new approximation corrects disadvantages of the Green’s functions calculated in the standard approximation such as the dome shape of resonances and bends on the sides of resonance peaks. The appearance of a fine structure of the spectrum in the form of a narrow resonance on the Green’s function of spin waves and a narrow antiresonance on the Green’s function of elastic waves, which was previously predicted in the standard self-consistent approximation, is confirmed. With an increase in the parameter k _c, the Green’s functions calculated in the standard and new approximations approach each other and almost coincide with each other at k _c/k ≥ 0.5. At the same time, the results of this work indicate that the new self-consistent approximation has a certain advantage for studying the problems of stochastic radiophysics in media with long-wavelength inhomogeneities (small k _c values), because it describes both the shape and width of peaks much better than the standard approximation.     

Nucleation of wave defects and formation of optical localized structures in bi-directional ring lasers

This work is a contribution to the calculation of transport coefficients for nitrogen, hydrogen, Mars and Titan atmospheres plasmas. The calculation which assumes local thermodynamic equilibrium is performed using Lennard-Jones potential and simple combining rules for the potential parameters for neutral-neutral interaction. A discussion is made for the other interactions: neutral-charged, charged-charged and electron-neutral. The results are compared with those of published theoretical studies for a temperature up to 30 000 K.     

Synchronization of spatiotemporal semiconductor lasers and its application in color image encryption

Optical chaos is a topic of current research characterized by high-dimensional nonlinearity which is attributed to the delay-induced dynamics, high bandwidth and easy modular implementation of optical feedback. In light of these facts, which add enough confusion and diffusion properties for secure communications, we explore the synchronization phenomena in spatiotemporal semiconductor laser systems. The novel system is used in a two-phase colored image encryption process. The high-dimensional chaotic attractor generated by the system produces a completely randomized chaotic time series, which is ideal in the secure encoding of messages. The scheme thus illustrated is a two-phase encryption method, which provides sufficiently high confusion and diffusion properties of chaotic cryptosystem employed with unique data sets of processed chaotic sequences. In this novel method of cryptography, the chaotic phase masks are represented as images using the chaotic sequences as the elements of the image. The scheme drastically permutes the positions of the picture elements. The next additional layer of security further alters the statistical information of the original image to a great extent along the three-color planes. The intermediate results during encryption demonstrate the infeasibility for an unauthorized user to decipher the cipher image. Exhaustive statistical tests conducted validate that the scheme is robust against noise and resistant to common attacks due to the double shield of encryption and the infinite dimensionality of the relevant system of partial differential equations.     

The application of semiconductor diode lasers to the soldering of electronic components

Work being carried out at the University of Hull into the application of high power laser diodes to the soldering process is described. The commercial availability of semiconductor diode lasers has brought an exciting new soldering tool to the manufacturers of electronics assemblies: trends in electronics assembly are to increasingly high-density interconnections and increasing device functionality. Packages are reducing in size and pin-out counts are increasing. Currently 0.010–0.016 inch lead pitch devices are being introduced by many manufacturers. Lasers can be used with advantage in the soldering of such fine and precise devices and high-power semiconductor laser diodes can be used to build compact, flexible and controllable soldering units. With computer control of the power and duration of the laser energy it is possible to ensure consistent and reliable soldering. To achieve this, however, the various parameters involved in the laser beam-solder assembly interaction need to be carefully defined. This paper reports on our identification of these parameters and the salient design features of an automated diode laser soldering system.     

Synchronization of chaotic erbium-doped fibre lasers and its application in secure communication

We have investigated the synchronization of chaotic dual-ring erbium-doped fibre lasers using the delay feedback－injection scheme. Numerical simulation shows that two chaotic dual-ring erbium-doped fibre lasers can be well synchronized if the strengths of delay feedback and injection are suitable. Even though the effects of the noises and the difference between the two lasers are considered, the twins can still reach good synchronization. Secure communication could be realized using the scheme of message-masking based on the synchronization of the chaotic dual-ring erbium-doped fibre lasers.     

Dielectric constant and optical confinement in homostructure PbSnTe diode lasers

The refractive index of PbSnTe is calculated as a function of carrier concentration, wavelength and temperature. The derived values are used in the determination of the electric field distribution and the optical confinement in homostructure Pb_0.85Sn_0.15Te lasers. It is shown that large refractive index steps and efficient optical confinement can be achieved in homostructure lasers having an appropriate carrier concentration profile.     

Electromagnetic transition in waveguide with application to lasers

The electromagnetic transition of two-level atomic systems in a waveguide is calculated. Compared with the result in free space, the spontaneous emission rate decrease because the phase space is smaller, and meanwhile, some resonance appears in some cases. Moreover, the influence of non-uniform electromagnetic field in a waveguide on absorption and stimulated emission is considered. Applying the results to lasers, a method to enhance the laser power is proposed. Received 29 May 2001 and Received in final form 25 October 2001     

地转动量近似下的Q矢量及其在天气图上的应用

将Hoskins等提出的准地转Q矢量表达式推广到地转动量近似下的Q矢量表达式,并讨论了如何在天气图上用地转动量近似下的Q矢量表达式定性估计垂直运动方向的方法.地转动量近似下的Q矢量与准地转Q矢量相比,表达式中多了与位势高度极值和风速极值相关的两项,分别将地转动量近似下的Q矢量表达式中的每一项写成在天气图上便于判断的表达式.结果表明,在天气图上可以通过以下三种方式定性判断垂直运动方向:一是当等高线呈波状槽脊形式及通过急流的入口和出口区时,使用地转动量近似下的Q矢量的第一项(即准地转Q矢量)加以判断;二是当存在闭合气压系统且等高线与风向有交角时,使用地转动量近似下的Q矢量的第二项加以判断;三是在急流核上使用地转动量近似下的Q矢量的第三项加以判断.