高温光栅应变法的研究

光栅应变法以高频反射式正交衍射光栅为传感器，通过考查光栅衍射图案的变化来确定试件被测点的全部面内应变分量的刚体转角。这种方法具有无机械接触、不需暗室、防震要求低、灵敏度可调以及易于实现数据采集与处理过程自动化等优点。文中对光栅应变法进行了新的分析，推导出物理意义明确、精度更高的计算公式，并首次将光栅应变法成功地应用于高温下的应变测量。     

云纹／光栅测试技术的几点讨论

本文用信号处理的方法系统地阐述了云纹／光栅测试技术。以面内云纹／光栅测试为例，首先说明了光栅是位移和变形信息的空间载体；位移和应变分别是对载体的相位和频率调制；而云纹现象则是试件栅频谱向零频处平移的结果或说云纹是对光栅载体信号解调的过程；进而讨论了云纹技术与光栅技术的本质区别。其次分析了云纹／光栅测试系统的性能，讨论了条纹分析方法及数字图象处理手段对云纹／光栅系统的测试精度、灵敏度、空间分辨率的影响。     

二维变线距光栅密度的检测

变线距全息光栅平面单色仪由于具有自动聚焦、消像差、高分辨率以及减少杂散光等能力，因而在同步辐射装置、激光核聚变装置以及太空望远镜等设备中有着重要的应用。由于变线距全息光栅的制作及检测存在着相当的难度，制约了变线距全息光栅的推广应用。因此，变线距全息光栅的制作及检测研究，具有十分重要的理论及应用意义。变线距全息光栅的制作必须有高精度的密度检测技术相配合。比如，在变线距全息光栅的制作过程中，需要对用于形成变线距光栅的全息干涉条纹的线密度进行检测；对于已经制成的变线距全息光栅的线密度也需要进行检测，以检查光栅的制作质量。因此，变线距全息光栅线密度的检测，对提高变线距全息光栅的制作质量起着十分关键的作用。文中给出了二维变线距光栅的密度描述公式，讨论了干涉条纹的物理意义；应用干涉云纹法和条纹图像处理技术，对二维变线距光栅的密度分布进行了检测研究，给出了光栅密度的全场分布，并讨论了检测精度。     

光纤光栅传感器对钢筋混凝土内部应变的测量及温度效应的研究

本文应用光纤光栅传感器实现了对钢筋混凝土试件内部应变的测量．试验不仅就应用光纤光栅进行混凝土结构内部应变测量的技术、工艺进行研究，还通过设计温度控制试验，考察了光纤光栅传感器的温度补偿问题，以及横向应变对测量结果的影响．     

分形与图象处理

介绍了分形几何的基本概念，分形几何在图象处理上的应用，分形图象压缩编码与分形滤波，结合以前的工作叙述了有关分形滤波的方法。     

图象处理技术在光测力学中的几点应用

本文介绍图象处理技术在物体变形与形貌测量中两个方面的应用，以寻求用现代计算机技术，信号处理技术来解决力学文体的途径。     

高灵敏度,高温全息云纹光栅及其应用

本文简要介绍了高灵敏度，高温全息云纹光栅技术，主要包括旋转点光源激光全息干涉制栅系统，折射率介质超高频光栅制作技术，双镀层抗高温氧化制栅技术，耐高温光刻胶模板及转移技术，现场变形栅转移技术。在此基础上还给出了高灵敏度，高温全息云纹光栅的几个典型应用实例     

LWS—5通用微机图象处理系统

简要介绍了通用微机图象处理系统的硬件结构和软件功能，包括图象处理的各主要功能，其中图象的边界取提取与区域分割是较新的算法，这些软件是长期工作的积累，比较实用，采用交互式窗口技术使用方便。     

可视化技术及其在光测力学中的应用

本文探讨了可视化软件系统的开发及可视化技术在光测力学中的应用问题。介绍了我们开发的条纹图象处理软件系统的视—算一体化的图象处理功能；应力波传播的波前可视化；应力主方向的全场彩色显示；及单向拉伸实验的干扰的特征可视化     

硅橡胶光栅在高温力学性能测试中的作用

在光栅制作中,硅橡胶是一种很好的光栅传递材料,而且普通的硅橡胶又具有耐高温性。我们利用硅橡胶的这些特性,通过大量的实验工作,制作了耐热试件光栅,用于材料高温力学性能测试,解决了350℃以下制作耐高温光栅的困难。本文详细地介绍了硅橡胶光栅复制技术,在铝基碳化硅材料的高温力学性能测试中得到了很好地应用。硅橡胶试件光栅的应用,对推广云纹干涉法,特别是高温云纹测试技术都具有重要意义。     

Slope-contour fringe multiplication by Fresnel diffraction

Coherent collimated monochromatic light emitted from a He?Ne laser was used to illuminate a transparent sheet specimen in plane stress. The light emerging from the specimen was concentrated by a thin positive lens on a coarse amplitude grating placed at the vicinity of the focus of the lens and projected on a ground-glass screen. The strongly coherent light of the laser was diffracted at the coarse grating. The deformed lateral surfaces of the loaded specimen worked as a thin lens of continuously variable focal length, which was interposed in the path of the beam and distorted the diffraction image. The pattern yielded the partialslope contours of the thickness variation in a direction normal to the rulings of the grating. Positioning the grating within the focal distance of the lens resulted in a predominant Fresnel diffraction of the opaque strips of the grating. Placing the grating beyond the focal plane created a Fresnel diffraction of the open slits. Both diffraction patterns yielded a high multiplication of fringes which increased considerably the accuracy of the experimental results.     

APPLICATION OF GRATING DIFFRACTION IN STRAIN MEASUREMENT

In this paper a new technique for measuring strain is presented.Usinggrating as the strain sensor,we can obtain strain and stress components by measuringthe deformation of the space position of diffraction spots.The cost of the hologra hicgrating by embossing is much reduced.By using the video and computer techniques thestrain and stress Values can be obtained automatically.     

Diffraction by a grating of cylinders with an arbitrary cross-section

The diffraction of a monochromatic plane electromagnetic wave by a grating consisting of parallel, electrically perfectly conducting cylinders is investigated. Two separate two-dimensional scalar problems are dealt with viz. the case ofE-polarization and the case ofH-polarization. A new Green's function formulation of the problem is employed leading to integral equations for the unknown field distributions on an elementary scatterer of the grating. Numerical results are presented for a grating of cylinders with either square or circular cross-section.     

Two new optical techniques to measure strain

A grating engraved on the surface to be analyzed is utilized to measure strain. The grating is illuminated by a monochromatic, plane wavefront. A lens produces the diffraction spectrum of the grating, and an opaque screen is located in the plane of the spectrum. A window allows a single diffraction order to go through the screen. Two techniques are presented. In the point-by-point technique, the illuminating wavefront is reduced to a very small area. Behind the window a light sensor detects the changes of light intensity that are produced by loading the specimen. In the field technique, an image of the specimen is produced, and the light sensor is located in the image plane. In both cases, changes of light intensity are related to strains. Using crossed gratings, a rosette strain gage is obtained. Examples of application of both techniques are presented, showing a very good agreement between the strains measured by the proposed methods and by independent means.     

A moiré microscope for finite deformation micro-mechanical studies

A new version of a moiré microscope is presented that embodies the theory of optical moiré interferometry. To interrogate the deformed specimen grating, the device uses a transmission diffraction grating that allows for a simple and quick change of the virtual reference grating vector without disturbing the optical alignment of the other components in the optical train. To analyze deformation from the acquired moiré interference fringe patterns, the displacement light-itensity moiré optical law introduced by Sciammarella is revisited. The analysis of deformation is consistent with the continuum principles of finite deformation and can readily be used to obtain micro-mechanical quantities of interest such as the local strains, stretches and rotations.     

光栅应变法的误差分析与改进

将光栅制作于试件表面作为应变传感器，激光束照射试件被测点所产生的衍射图案随该点的变形发生变化。测定衍射图案的变化可以直接计算出被测点的变形。本文分析了该方法中公式简化、离面转角、离面位移引起的误差，结果表明后两个因素的影响不容忽视。本文还对误差的减小和消除进行了讨论。     

Grating holographic interferometry

A holographic interferometric technique, combining an image hologram with a grating approach, is proposed for three-dimensional deformation measurements on opaque planar object surfaces. In this technique, the holographic plate is brought close to the object surface, onto which a high-frequency crossed-line diffraction grating has been replicated. The grating surface produces multiple object waves rather than the usual diffusely reflected object waves. The double-exposed single holograms can be reconstructed at multiple off-axis angles. Four independent high-contrast fringe patterns are extracted simultaneously. Displacement vectors over the entire measurement area are separated in three orthogonal directions. The resultant displacements are presented as three-dimensional meshed plots and topographic contour maps. The optical system for both recording and reconstruction of the holograms has been simplified compared to conventional holographic interferometry. Experimental errors associated with fringe readout and system geometry are reduced because of the sharp images and the well-defined spatial orientation in the reconstruction system.     

Grating interrogations: from small to large strain measurement

Our purpose is the direct strain measurement from the interrogation of a crossed grating marked on the surface of a specimen. The observation of the object through a master grid (as in moiré method) is replaced by a direct characterization of the pattern using a Fourier transform. This gives direct access to the modification of the pitches which leads to quantification of the strain without the intermediary of a fringe pattern. The comparison between the undeformed and deformed states allows the determination of the magnitude and orientation of principal strains and of the local rigid-body rotation. We describe three analysis techniques, one using the diffraction phenomenon, another utilizing a numerical spectral evaluation and third combining diffraction and phase-shifting procedure. These grid interrogations have different domains of application and a suitable choice of these analysis techniques allows a very large measurement range (10^–5 to high strain according to the grating resistance).     

Diffraction Assisted Image Correlation: A Novel Method for Measuring Three-Dimensional Deformation using Two-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) provides a full-field non-contact optical method for accurate deformation measurement of materials, devices and structures. The measurement of three-dimensional (3D) deformation using DIC in general requires imaging with two cameras and a 3D-DIC code. In the present work, a new experimental technique, namely, Diffraction Assisted Image Correlation (DAIC) for 3D displacement measurement using a single camera and 2D-DIC algorithm is presented. A transmission diffraction grating is placed between the specimen and the camera, resulting in multiple images which are then used to obtain apparent in-plane displacements using 2D-DIC. The true in-plane and out-of-plane displacements of the specimen are obtained from the apparent in-plane displacements and the diffraction angle of the grating. The validity and accuracy of the DAIC method are demonstrated through 3D displacement measurement of a small thin membrane. This technique provides new avenues for performing 3D deformation measurements at small length scales and/or dynamic loading conditions.