Origin of the blackhole information paradox

It is argued that the blackhole information paradox originates from treating the blackhole geometry as strictly classical. It is further argued that the theory of quantum fields in a classical curved space with a horizon is an ill posed problem. If the geometry is allowed to fluctuate quantum mechanically, then the horizon effectively disappears. The sharp horizon emerges only in the classical limit when the ratio of the Compton wavelength of the black hole to its Schwarzschild radius vanishes. The region of strong gravity that develops when matter collapses to form the blackhole remains visible to the whole of spacetime and has to be described by a microscopic theory of strong gravity. The arguments imply that the information paradox is demoted from a paradox involving fundamental principles of physics to the problem of describing how matter at the highest densities gravitates.     

The dynamical model and quantization of the Schwarzschild black hole

The mass of the Schwarzschild black hole, an observable quantity, is defined as a dynamical variable, while the corresponding conjugate is considered as a generalized momentum. Then a two-dimensional phase space is composed of the two variables. In the two-dimensional phase space, a harmonic oscillator model of the Schwarzschild black hole is obtained by a canonical transformation. By this model, the mass spectrum of the Schwarzschild black hole is firstly obtained. Further the horizon area operator, quantum area spectrum and entropy are obtained in the Fock representation. Lastly, the wave function of the horizon area is derived also. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10773002) and the Natural Research Foundation of Heze University (Grant No. XY05WL02)     

Horizon-less Spherically Symmetric Vacuum-Solutions in a Higgs Scalar-Tensor Theory of Gravity

The exact static and spherically symmetric solutions of the vacuum field equations for a Higgs Scalar-Tensor theory (HSTT) are derived in Schwarzschild coordinates. It is shown that in general there exists no Schwarzschild horizon and that the fields are only singular (as naked singularity) at the center (i.e. for the case of a point-particle). However, the Schwarzschild solution as in usual general relativity (GR) is obtained for the vanishing limit of Higgs field excitations.     

Ergebnisse von Ballonmessungen an sekundären Elektronen und Photonen

A scintillation counter telescope has been flown in the upper atmosphere at2.4g/cm² from Bergen/Lüneburger Heide for the measurement of electrons and photons of the secondary cosmic radiation. The aim was to get the differential energy spectra of secondary photons in an energy range from 1 to 44 MeV and of secondary and return albedo electrons from 2 to 35 MeV for three different zenith angles (0 °, 90 ° and 180 °). The received photon spectrum is in good agreement to the results of other authors as well to lower as to higher energies. It has been shown, that the spectrum has a great anisotropy with a maximum of intensity around the horizon. The main reason therefore is the atmospheric deepness in the different directions. In this energy range we have found that the Bremsstrahlung of the return albedo electrons is the main reason for the photon flux and secondly the π⁰-decay. The measured electron spectra don't show any significant difference relative to the three zenith angles. These secondary electrons are produced isotropically in the upper atmosphere and they consist of a mixture of secondary and return albedo electrons.     

Red shift of spectral lines in the Sun's chromosphere

An unexplained center-to-limb variation (CLV) of solar wavelengths has been known for 75 years. A theory is described which not only explains this variation but also predicts its amplitude without the use of any adjustable parameter. The model considered is based on the fact that the momentum transfer of the solar photons to the electrons of the atoms of the solar atmosphere produces secondary radiation due to bremsstrahlung. The energy of this bremsstrahlung radiation is taken away from the energy of the initial photons and leads to a red shift. No ad hoc parameters are used, and all constants are either fundamental physical constants or well-known solar parameters. The model can explain the variation of the CLV as a function of its position on the disk and near the limb, and even the change in the lineshapes especially near the limb     

Spacetime Embedding Diagrams for Spherically Symmetric Black Holes

We show that it is possible to embed the 1 + 1 dimensional reduction of certain spherically symmetric black hole spacetimes into 2 + 1 Minkowski space. The spacetimes of interest (Schwarzschild de-Sitter, Schwarzschild anti de-Sitter, and Reissner-Nordström near the outer horizon) represent a class of metrics whose geometries allow for such embeddings. The embedding diagrams have a dynamic character which allows one to represent the motion of test particles. We also analyze various features of the embedding construction, deriving the general conditions under which our procedure provides a smooth embedding. These conditions also yield an embedding constant related to the surface gravity of the relevant horizon.     

Black holes coupled to scalar fields in higher-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theory

We derive in this paper an exact spherically symmetric solution coupled to scalar fields inn-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theory. A seven-dimensional solution is shown as a special case of the general solution. The solution has two even horizons. The inner horizon corresponds to the Schwarzschild black hole and the outer horizon is due to the scalar fields.     

Five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein black holes coupled to massive scalar particles

Spherically symmetric solutions coupled to massive scalar particles in five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theory are obtained. The solutions contain two event horizons. The inner horizon corresponds to the Schwarzschild black hole and the outer one is a new horizon which is produced by the massive scalar particles. It is found that the massive modes contribute an effective cosmological constant to the four-dimensional Einstein theory.     

Dirac Particles＇ Hawking Radiation from a Schwarzschild Black Hole

Considering energy conservation and the backreaction of particles to spacetime, we investigate the massless/massive Dirac particles＇ Hawking radiation from a Schwarzschild black hole, The exact expression of the emission rate near the horizon is obtained and the result indicates that Hawking radiation spectrum is not purely thermal. The result obtained is consistent with the results obtained before. It satisfies the underlying unitary theory and offers a possible mechanism to explain the information loss paradox. Whereas the improved Damour-Rufflni method is more concise and understandable,     

The effect of negative-energy shells on the Schwarzschild black hole

We construct Penrose diagrams for Schwarzschild spacetimes joined by massless shells of matter, in the process correcting minor flaws in the similar diagrams drawn by Dray and ’t Hooft (Commun Math Phys 99:613–625, 1985), and confirming their result that such shells generate a horizon shift. We then consider shells with negative energy density, showing that the horizon shift in this case allows for travel between the heretofore causally separated exterior regions of the Schwarzschild geometry. These drawing techniques are then used to investigate the properties of successive shells, joining multiple Schwarzschild regions. Again, the presence of negative-energy shells leads to a causal connection between the exterior regions, even in (some) cases with two successive shells of equal but opposite total energy.     

Representation of the Universe as a Dendrogramic Hologram Endowed with Relational Interpretation

A proposal for a fundamental theory is described in which classical and quantum physics as a representation of the universe as a gigantic dendrogram are unified. The latter is the explicate order structure corresponding to the purely number-theoretical implicate order structure given by p-adic numbers. This number field was zero-dimensional, totally disconnected, and disordered. Physical systems (such as electrons, photons) are sub-dendrograms of the universal dendrogram. Measurement process is described as interactions among dendrograms; in particular, quantum measurement problems can be resolved using this process. The theory is realistic, but realism is expressed via the the Leibniz principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles. The classical-quantum interplay is based on the degree of indistinguishability between dendrograms (in which the ergodicity assumption is removed). Depending on this degree, some physical quantities behave more or less in a quantum manner (versus classic manner). Conceptually, our theory is very close to Smolin’s dynamics of difference and Rovelli’s relational quantum mechanics. The presence of classical behavior in nature implies a finiteness of the Universe-dendrogram. (Infinite Universe is considered to be purely quantum.) Reconstruction of events in a four-dimensional space type is based on the holographic principle. Our model reproduces Bell-type correlations in the dendrogramic framework. By adjusting dendrogram complexity, violation of the Bell inequality can be made larger or smaller.     

Approach to a Cauchy Problem in Stability Study of the Schwarzschild Black Hole

Generally, the Schwarzschild black hole is proven to be stable by two different methods： the mode-decomposition method and the integral method. We show that the integral method can only apply to the initial data vanishing at both the horizon and the spatial infinity. It can not treat the initial data only vanishing at the spatial infinity. We give an example to show the misleading information caused by the use of tortoise coordinates in the perturbation equations. Subsequently, the perturbation equations in the Schwarzschild coordinates are shown to be insuftlcient for the stability study.     

Bremsstrahlung of the free electrons arising in an irradiated specimen

A model of the bremsstrahlung produced by photoelectrons, Auger electrons, and Compton electrons arising in an irradiated specimen is proposed. Calculations have shown that the contribution of the Compton electron bremsstrahlung shows up for monochromatic primary radiation of high-energy photons. For the primary radiation of x-ray tubes, only the bremsstrahlung spectrum of photoelectrons and Auger electrons is significant. The factors affecting the proportions between these components are considered. The bremsstrahlung spectral distribution of the mentioned electrons shows considerable deviations from that predicted by the Kramers theory that are due to the large depth of their occurrence and to the ambiguity of their energy. The region of the spectrum has been determined where the intensity of the electron bremsstrahlung is greater than the intensity of the x-ray tube polychromatic primary radiation scattered by the irradiated object.     

Coherent excitation of then=3 level of hydrogen in a field free region

The theory of coherent excitation of then=3 level of atomic hydrogen by electron impact is studied using density matrix techniques. A set of multipole parameters is defined which allows to characterise coherently excited states with different angular momenta. Numerical results of these parameters, calculated in first order Born approximation, are tabulated for several energies and angles. Angular distribution and polarization of Balmer-α radiation are expressed in terms of the initial multipole parameters for the case that scattered electrons and emitted photons are detected in coincidence. The theory of cascade effects is briefly considered and applied to the case where scattered electrons and Lyman-α photons are detected in coincidence, generalising earlier formulations. Most of the formulas presented here are quite general and can be applied, for example, to an analysis of light emitted by beam foil excited hydrogenic levels.     

Quantum fluctuations in the conformally flat and the schwarzschild space-times

A general technique is described for dealing with the quantum fluctuations between conformally flat space-times. The second part of the paper deals with the Schwarzschild spacetime. It is shown there that this space-time is stable against fluctuations of mass, but transitions between two space-times of different masses can be obtained via conformai fluctuations. Purely conformal fluctuations of the Schwarzschild metric are, however, damped at the event horizon. Similar conclusions are drawn about the Reissner-Nordstrom space-time.     

Conformal Fluctuations of the Interior Schwarzschild Solution

The basic formalism for conformal fluctuations of the gravitational field is presented. After developing a master propagator for the interior Schwarzschild solution, the time development of the gravitational wave function is considered. The effect of the two classical singularities (resp. pseudo-singularities) of the Schwarzschild solution on the quantum wave function for the gravitational field is studied using a wave function initially localized on the classical solution. While the true singularity at r = 0 imparts consequences on the wave function that cannot be ignored, the pseudo-singularity at the event horizon does not seem to cause any divergences on the interior fluctuations of the Schwarzschild solution.     

Localization of gravitational energy

In the general relativity theory gravitational energy-momentum density is usually described by a pseudo-tensor with strange transformation properties so that one does not have localization of gravitational energy. It is proposed to set up a gravitational energy-momentum density tensor having a unique form in a given coordinate system by making use of a bimetric formalism. Two versions are considered: (1) a bimetric theory with a flat-space background metric which retains the physics of the general relativity theory and (2) one with a background corresponding to a space of constant curvature which introduces modifications into general relativity under certain conditions. The gravitational energy density in the case of the Schwarzschild solution is obtained.     

Tunneling Confronts Special Relativity

Experiments with evanescent modes and tunneling particles have shown that (i) their signal velocity may be faster than light, (ii) they are described by virtual particles, (iii) they are nonlocal and act at a distance, (iv) experimental tunneling data of phonons, photons, and electrons display a universal scattering time at the tunneling barrier front, and (v) the properties of evanescent, i.e. tunneling modes are not compatible with the special theory of relativity.     

Møller’s Energy-Momentum Complex for a Spacetime Geometry on a Noncommutative Curved D3-Brane

Møller’s energy-momentum complex is employed in order to determine the energy and momentum distributions for a spacetime described by a “generalized Schwarzschild” geometry in (3+1)-dimensions on a noncommutative curved D3-brane in an effective, open bosonic string theory. The geometry considered is obtained by an effective theory of gravity coupled with a nonlinear electromagnetic field and depends only on the generalized (effective) mass and charge which incorporate corrections of first order in the noncommutativity parameter.