Particle chaos in the Earth's magnetotail

Nonlinear particle dynamics is studied both in current sheets and near neutral lines. The parameter governing particle chaos in a current sheet with a constant normal component, B(n), is kappa=(R(min)/rho(max))(1/2), where R(min) is the minimum field line radius of curvature and rho(max) is the maximum gyroradius. In such a current sheet, motion can be viewed as a combination of a component normal to the current sheet and a tangential component. The parameter kappa represents the ratio of the characteristic time scale of the normal component to the tangential, and thus, particle chaos is maximized for kappa approximately 1. For kappa<1, the slow motion preserves the action integral of the fast motion, J(z), except near the separatrix, the phase space boundary separating motion that crosses the current sheet midplane from that which does not. Near a linear neutral line, it is found that the parameter b(n), which is the ratio of the characteristic vertical and horizontal field strengths, rather than kappa governs particle chaos. In the limit b(n)<1, the slow motion again preserves J(z), and J(z) has the same analytic form as in a constant B(n) current sheet. In the limit of b(n)<1, the structure of x-p(x) phase space is controlled by the stable and unstable manifolds associated with the unstable fixed point orbit at (x,p(x))=(0,0), and this structure lies along a contour of constant J(z).     

Dust in Plasma I. Particle Size and Ion‐Neutral Collision Effects

A fully kinetic self‐consistent model of an absorbing particle immersed in stationary isotropic weakly collisional plasma has been developed. The combined effects of particle size and ion‐neutral charge exchange collisions have been investigated for intermediate regimes, where no analytic theories are available. It is shown that collisional effects related to the ion orbital destruction (presence of extrema in ion flux collected on the particle surface and in particle potential and charge) are important for small particles, while they are totally absent for large particles. The potential distribution around the particle is quite well represented by a Yukawa form, but with an effective screening length that shows different dependences from the gas pressure for small and large particle size. Analytical fitting formulas of particle charge and potential and screening length depending on the particle radius parameter and on the Knudsen number have been obtained (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Charge Shielding in Magnetized Plasmas

The shielding of a test charge imbedded into a magnetized plasma has been investigated by means of a PIC (particle‐in‐cell) model. It is shown that the ratio of the gyration radius to the Debye length is the main parameter in the analysis. For small values of this parameter the plasma surrounding the test charge is not able to compensate this additional charge and shielding does not occur. For high values of this parameter the effect of the magnetic field vanishes and the electric forces dominate. Scaling rules are given in order to compare different sets of plasma parameters.     

Charge to radius dependency for conductive particles charged by induction

Particle charge is a critical parameter that needs to be determined in order to accurately predict behavior of a charged particle exposed to electrical forces. The effectiveness of various electrostatic applications depends directly on this charge or, more specifically, the charge to mass ratio. Previous studies report conflicting data for the size dependency of charge. In this paper, the relation between the value of charge on a conductive particle and the particle radius in the process of induction charging is investigated. The results of numerical simulations of a liquid atomization process are presented and a novel approach to the analytical solution of the problem is introduced. It is found that the exponent in the particle charge to radius dependency is equal to two when the particle is in the direct contact with the bulk material. The radius exponent decreases rapidly as the atomizing ligament length is increased. For ligament lengths many times greater than the particle radius, the radius exponent approaches one. Agreement between numerical and analytical results is found to be very good. The results of this study clarify some of the conflicting data in the previously published literature and suggest that the particle charge is practically linearly dependent on radius for atomized liquid particles and proportional to particle surface area for solid particles. In addition it is shown that the charge to mass ratio for liquid particles can be maximized by ensuring the ligament length during atomization is maximum.     

Misfit dislocation loops in composite core-shell nanoparticles

The critical conditions have been calculated for the generation of circular prismatic loops of misfit dislocations at the interfaces in spherically symmetric composite core-shell nanoparticles. It has been shown that the formation of these loops becomes energetically favorable if the misfit parameter exceeds a critical value, which is determined by the geometry of the system. The most preferred position of the dislocation loop is in the equatorial plane of the nanoparticle. For a given radius of the nanoparticle, there is a minimum value of the critical misfit parameter below which the generation of a misfit dislocation is energetically unfavorable for any ratio of the core and shell radii. For a misfit parameter exceeding the minimum critical value, there are two critical values of the reduced radius of the particle core in the interval between which the generation of a dislocation loop is energetically favorable. This interval increases with increasing misfit parameter for a fixed particle size and decreases with decreasing particle size for a fixed misfit parameter.     

Mass number dependence in Λ–hypernuclei by means of the Hypervirial Theorems

The Hypervirial Theorems are applied to a wide class of single particle nuclear potentials, in order to study the mass number dependence of various quantities in Λ-hypernuclei. A very efficient model is assumed for the radius parameter of the potentials and the limitations of the whole method are discussed. Received: 27 November 1998     

TiO2 颗粒紫外区Mie散射特性

应用Mie散射理论对紫外光下TiO₂微粒光散射特性进行了理论分析与数值计算,得到了散射强度分布、偏振度与散射角、散射强度与参数X以及光学截面与粒子半径的关系。结果表明,前向散射强度随着粒子半径的增大而增强;当粒子半径为50 nm左右,散射截面和吸收截面达到最大值。     

烧结铜粉吸液芯毛细性能研究

本文通过实验和数值计算对均热板内烧结铜粉吸液芯的孔隙率、体积收缩率、渗透率、毛细性能等开展研究,实验样品包括烧结的10组(50个)单粒径铜粉吸液芯和8组(24个)复合粒径铜粉吸液芯,分别开展了渗透率实验和毛细上升红外测试实验,通过渗透率实验结果与计算结果对比分析,验证了计算的准确性;采用计算有效毛细半径作为吸液芯的实际有效毛细半径,计算了吸液芯的毛细性能因子,分析了铜粉粒径对于各参数的影响。     

The effective hydrodynamic radius in the Stokes–Einstein relation is not a constant

Variants based on the assumption of effective hydrodynamic radius being a constant are usually adopted to test the Stokes–Einstein (SE) relation. The rationality of the assumption is examined by performing molecular dynamics simulations with the truncated Lennard-Jones-like (TLJ) model, Kob–Andersen model and ortho-terphenyl (OTP) model. The results indicate the assumption is generally not established except for special case. The effective hydrodynamic radius is observed to increase with decreasing temperature for TLJ model but is decreased for Kob–Andersen and OTP model; and which is almost a constant for TLJ particle with enough rigidity. The variant of SE relation $D\sim T/\eta $ is invalid for the three models except for the TLJ particle with enough rigidity. We propose similar inconsistency may be also existed in other liquids and the assumption should be critically evaluated when adopted to test the SE relation.     

Potential of the test particle in the magnetic field II

The potential of the test particle in an external homogeneous magnetic field is studied for the collisionless magnetized plasma. It is shown for the case when the parallel velocity component of the test particle is greater than the thermal velocity of the background particles that the test particle potential has a Coulomb character. The test particle Larmor radius and the cyclotron and plasma frequencies of the background particles appear as additional parameters in this potential. When the parallel velocity component of the test particle is, on the contrary, small compared with the thermal velocity of the background particles, the potential has a rather complicated form. In the first approximation this potential is of a Debye character with the test particle Larmor radius as an additional parameter.     

Analysis of ultrasonic attenuation in particle-reinforced plastics by a differential scheme

Attenuation of ultrasonic longitudinal waves in some particle-reinforced polymer composites is studied theoretically by a micromechanical model based on a differential (incremental) scheme. A set of differential equations is established by which the attenuation spectrum of the composite can be computed from the known properties of viscoelastic matrix and elastic particles. For a composite reinforced with glass particles with radius 0.15 mm, the proposed scheme is shown to predict the attenuation in better agreement with the foregoing experimental results than the previous simplistic independent scattering model. Based on this scheme, the dependence of the longitudinal attenuation spectrum of a particulate polymer composite on the wavelength-to-particle radius ratio and the particle volume fraction is examined in detail. It is then shown theoretically that the attenuation of the composite decreases monotonically with the particle volume fraction when the particle radius is sufficiently small compared to the incident wavelength, while it shows non-monotonic particle-fraction dependence when the ratio of the particle radius to the wavelength is larger. To examine this theoretical finding from an experimental point of view, the longitudinal attenuation in a glass-particle-reinforced polyester composite with particle radius 0.0225 mm is measured for different particle volume fractions. The measured attenuation characteristics are shown to support the qualitative features of the theoretical prediction.     

Analysis of ultrasonic attenuation in particle-reinforced plastics by a differential scheme

Attenuation of ultrasonic longitudinal waves in some particle-reinforced polymer composites is studied theoretically by a micromechanical model based on a differential (incremental) scheme. A set of differential equations is established by which the attenuation spectrum of the composite can be computed from the known properties of viscoelastic matrix and elastic particles. For a composite reinforced with glass particles with radius 0.15 mm, the proposed scheme is shown to predict the attenuation in better agreement with the foregoing experimental results than the previous simplistic independent scattering model. Based on this scheme, the dependence of the longitudinal attenuation spectrum of a particulate polymer composite on the wavelength-to-particle radius ratio and the particle volume fraction is examined in detail. It is then shown theoretically that the attenuation of the composite decreases monotonically with the particle volume fraction when the particle radius is sufficiently small compared to the incident wavelength, while it shows non-monotonic particle-fraction dependence when the ratio of the particle radius to the wavelength is larger. To examine this theoretical finding from an experimental point of view, the longitudinal attenuation in a glass-particle-reinforced polyester composite with particle radius 0.0225 mm is measured for different particle volume fractions. The measured attenuation characteristics are shown to support the qualitative features of the theoretical prediction.     

基于Mie散射理论的铌酸锂晶粒散射特性

基于Mie散射理论,对铌酸锂晶粒光散射特性进行了理论分析与数值计算,得到了散射强度分布、偏振度与散射角、散射强度与粒子尺寸参数,以及光学截面与粒子半径的关系。研究表明:前向散射占优势,并随粒子半径的增大而增强;当粒子半径为0.1 μm 左右,散射截面和吸收截面达到最大值。     

Al纳米颗粒增强微晶硅薄膜太阳电池光吸收的模拟研究

利用价格低廉、性能优良的金属纳米颗粒增强太阳电池的光吸收具有广阔的应用前景. 通过建立三维数值模型, 模拟了微晶硅薄膜电池前表面周期性分布的Al纳米颗粒阵列对电池光吸收的影响, 并对其结构参数进行了优化. 模拟结果表明: 对于球状Al纳米颗粒阵列, 影响电池光吸收的关键参数是周期P与半径R的比值, 或者说是颗粒的表面覆盖度; 当P/R=4–5时, 总的光吸收较参考电池提高可达20%. 与球状颗粒相比, 优化后的半球状Al纳米颗粒阵列可获得更好的陷光效果, 但后者对颗粒半径R的变化较敏感. 另外, 结合电场分布, 对电池光吸收增强的物理机理进行了分析.     

Some Effects on A Single Particle Energies

With the phenomenological Λ-nucleus potentials of Woods-Saxon shape,the effects of the mass-number dependence of the shrinkage,the effective mass mΛ^* and the charge-symmetry breaking (CSB) on the single particle energies are discussed.It is found that the single particle energies are not sensitive to the effective mass mΛ^*.But the radius parameter depended on the mass number (ro(Ac)=r1 r2Ac^-2/3) can substantially improve the results.We also found that CSB effect is significant for heavy hypernuclei with a large neutron excess.     

Mie理论递推公式计算散射相位函数

在激光雷达探测中,关于多次散射雷达回波的研究,散射相位函数是个非常重要的物理量。本文利用Mie理论的递推公式,对单一粒径介质的散射相位函数进行了计算,计算结果与散射理论中前、后向散射峰值大小随粒子半径的增大而增大相一致。同时,对非单一粒径介质的散射相位函数进行了计算,可用于大气、雾和云等气溶胶多次散射的研究。     

A CONCEPT FOR NEXT STEP ADVANCED TOKAMAK FUSION DEVICE

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Lorentz violation, two-time physics, and strings

The aim of this paper is to study the generalization of the relativistic particle recently proposed by Kostelecký. An alternative action for this system is presented, and it is shown that this action can be interpreted as a particle in curved space. Furthermore, the following results are established for the model: (i) there exists a limit where the system has more local symmetries than the usual relativistic particle; (ii) in this limit when Lorentz symmetry is restored, a direct relationship with the two-time physics is determined; (iii) if also Poincaré symmetry is recovered, the action of a relativistic bosonic string is obtained.     

高斯光束中吸收双层球形微粒的横向光俘获

为了研究吸收双层球形微粒的横向光俘获,基于几何光学模型提出了双层带吸收球形微粒的光俘获模型,对TEM₀₀模式高斯光束照射下外层有光吸收的双层电介质球形微粒受到的横向光俘获力进行了数值模拟,取得了光俘获力特性的一系列结果.结果显示,双层球形微粒的外层吸收系数对包括稳态俘获位置,峰值强度,稳态俘获的刚度等光俘获特性有很大影响.此外,内外径的比率对吸收双层球形微粒的光俘获特性也有调制性的影响.在一定条件下,带吸收的双层球形微粒可以被俘获在光轴上,也可能被俘获在中心在光轴上的圆环上. 关键词： 光俘获 几何光学模型 高斯光束 吸收双层球     

Interaction between glow discharge plasma and dust particles

The effect of dust particle concentration on gas discharge plasma parameters was studied through development of a self-consistent kinetic model which is based on solving the Boltzmann equation for the electron distribution function. It was shown that an increase in the Havnes parameter causes an increase in the average electric field and ion density, as well as a decrease in the charge of dust particles and electron density in a dust particle cloud. Self-consistent simulations for a wide range of plasma and dust particle parameters produced several scaling laws: these are laws for dust particle potential and electric field as a function of dust particle concentration and radius, and the discharge current density. The simulation results demonstrate that the process of self-consistent accommodation of parameters of dust particles and plasma in condition of particle concentration growth causes a growth in the number of high-energy electrons in plasma, but not to depletion of electron distribution function.