Conformational analysis of carbonyl and thiocarbonyl ethyl esters: The HC(X) (X,Y = O or S) internal rotation

The internal rotation in the HC(?X)YCH₂CH₃ (X, Y = O or S) series of molecules was studied by the ab initio SCF-MO method using 3-21G and 3-21G + d(ζ = 0.65S) basis sets. Energies and structures of several conformations of these molecules, determined by gradient geometry refinement, are reported and used to assess the effects of oxygen-by-sulphur substitution on molecular properties. The nature and relative importance of intramolecular interactions involving both the ? CH₂CH₃ and the HC(?X)Y (X, Y = O or S) fragments are also discussed. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Determination of fluoride by two-phase titration with triphenyltinchloride and X-ray fluorescence spectrometric end-point determination

Summary Fluoride can be precisely and accurately determined in the presence of Al(III) by the two-phase titration with triphenyltinchloride and X-ray fluorescence spectrometric end-point determination. The end-point X_eq is calculated from the coefficients of the two regression linesY (X) andY (X) obtained for two-phase mixtures with an excess of Sn and F, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the equivalence point determination is better than 0.5%, if the total concentrationY=[Sn]_ot of tin in the organic phase (1-octanol) is determined for mixtures well mixed over night at 25° C. Either the volume or the mass ratio of the aqueous fluoride and organic tin solutions may be used as the independent variable (X=V _F/V _Sn orm _F/m _Sn). F^– must be released by complexation of Al(III) with cyclohexane-diamino-tetraacetate. The correlation between the releasing power of ligands and the quality of end-point determinations and also the role of chloride, present in the aqueous phase, are discussed in detail. The solubilities of the product Ph₃SnF and the titrating substance Ph₃SnCl are 1.67·10^–4 M and 0.1497M, respectively, in pure 1-octanol at 25° C. The solubility of Ph₃SnF in the aqueous phase mostly used was 1.7·10^–5 M at 25· C.

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Fluoridbestimmung durch Zweiphasentitration mit Triphenylzinnchlorid und röntgenfluoreszenz-spektrometrische Endpunktbestimmung

Zusammenfassung Fluorid kann in Gegenwart von Al(III) durch Zweiphasen-Titration mit Triphenylzinnchlorid und röntgenfluoreszenz-spektrometrische Endpunktbestimmung präzis und genau bestimmt werden. Der Endpunkt X_eq wird aus den Regressionskoeffizienten der beiden GeradenY (X) undY (X) berechnet, welche für einen überschuß von Sn bzw. F im Zweiphasensystem erhalten werden. Die relative Standardabweichung des Äquivalenzpunktes ist besser als 0,5%, falls die totale ZinnkonzentrationY=[Sn]_ot in der organischen Phase (1-Octanol) für Mischungen bestimmt wird, welche über Nacht bei 25° C intensiv gemischt werden. Als unabhängige VariableX kann entweder das Volumen-(X=V _F/V _Sn) oder das Massenverhältnis (X=m _F/m _Sn) der wässerigen Fluoridlösung und der organischen Zinnlösung benützt werden. F^– muß durch Komplexierung von Al(III) mit Cyklohexan-diamino-tetraacetat freigesetzt werden. Die Beziehung zwischen dem Komplexierungsvermögen der Liganden und der Qualität der Endpunktbestimmungen sowie die Rolle des in der wässerigen Phase anwesenden Chlorides werden ausführlich diskutiert. Die Löslichkeit des Produktes Ph₃SnF bzw. des Titrationsmittels PhsSnCl ist 1,67·10^–4 bzw. 0,1479M in reinem 1-Octanol bei 25° C. Die Löslichkeit von Ph₃SnF in der meistverwendeten wässerigen Phase beträgt 1,7·10^–5 M.

     

Karplus-type relationships between scalar coupling constants: 3JHH molecular versus 4hJHH supramolecular coupling constants

The ³J_HH coupling constants in six H–X–Y–H systems (ethane, methylamine, methanol, hydrazine, hydroxylamine and hydrogen peroxide) and ^4hJ_HH coupling constants in four H–...XH...Y–H, namely [H₃NHNH₃]⁺ (two arrangements), HOHNH₃ and HOHOH₂ have been calculated theoretically as a function of the torsion angle . For covalent situations, the corresponding Karplus equations have been fitted to calculated ³J_HH=acos2 +bcos +c. The a, b and c terms have been analyzed as a function of the electronegativities of X and Y. In the case of ammonium/ammonia complexes (proton shared and not), water/ammonia, and water dimer the values are low (maximum 0.5 Hz) but follow closely a Karplus relationship. Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at     

Determination of Fluoride Ions by Diffuse Reflectance Spectrometry Using Chromaticity Functions of Adsorbates of the Thorium Complex of Arsenazo I

Diffuse reflectance spectrometry in combination with chromaticity measurements was used for the determination of trace fluoride ions. The determination method was based on a decrease in the color intensity of the thorium complex of Arsenazo I. Silica gel Silochrom-120 was studied as the substrate. The linearity ranges were determined for chromaticity functions (chromaticity coordinates X, Y, and Z in the X, Y, Z system; lightness L; chromaticity coordinates A and B in the CIELAB system; color saturation S; yellowness G; hue T; whiteness W; and total color difference E); in a homogeneous system, for the sorption on silica gel and in the presence of a surfactant, the linearity ranges are 10–40, 5–20, and 2–15 g of fluoride per 25 mL of the solution, respectively. The sensitivity of the chromaticity functions as analytical signals and the measurement errors were examined. The procedure was used for the analysis of tap water and toothpaste.     

Thermodynamic analysis of polymer‐solid adhesion: Sticker and receptor group effects

Adhesion of dense linear polymer chains containing a small number of randomly distributed sticker groups (?_X) to a solid substrate containing receptor groups (?_Y) has been analyzed by a single‐chain scaling approach. An entanglement sink probability (ESP) model motivated by vector percolation explains the nonmonotonic influences of sticker concentration (?_X), receptor concentration (?_Y), and their interaction strength (χ) on the adhesion strength G_IC of the polymer‐solid interface. The ESP model quantifies the degree of interdigitation between adsorbed and neighboring chains on the basis of the adsorbed chain domain with an extension of the scaling treatment of de Gennes. Here, the adsorbed chain domain changes thermodynamically with respect to the energy of interaction parameter, r = χ?_X?_Y. This model considers the situation of a blend consisting of a small volume fraction of adhesive molecules as a compatibilizer at the interface, where these molecules promote adhesion by adsorbing to the surface via sticker‐receptor interactions. The percolation model scales solely with r = χ?_X?_Y, and this parameter can be related to both the adhesive potential (G_A) and the cohesive potential (G_C). G_A describes adhesive failure between adsorbed chains and the solid surface and linearly behaves as G_A ～ r = χ?_X?_Y. The cohesive strength between adsorbed and neighboring chains corresponds to G_C ～ r^?0.5～?1.0 = (χ?_X?_Y)^?0.5～?1.0. When the fracture stresses for cohesive and adhesive failure are equal, the model predicts maximum adhesion strength at an optimal value of r* = (χ?_X?_Y)*. Thus, for a given χ value, optimal values ? and ? exist for the sticker and receptor groups, above or below which the fracture energy will not be optimized. Alternatively, if the X‐Y interaction strength χ increases, then the number of sticker groups required to achieve the optimum strength decreases. Significantly, the optimum strength is not obtained when the surface is completely covered with receptor groups (?_Y = 1) but is closer to 30%. For polybutadiene, the optimum value of r* was determined experimentally (Lee, I.; Wool, R. P. J Adhesion 2001, 75, 299), and typically ? ≈ 1–3%, ? ≈ 25–30%. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2343–2353, 2002     

Vesicle formation in oleyldimethylamine oxide/sodium oleate mixtures

Vesicle formation in a mixture of oleyldimethylamine oxide (OleylDMAO) and sodium oleate (NaOl) was investigated by viscoelastic measurements and cryoscopic transmission electron micrograph (cryo-TEM) observations. The viscoelastic properties changed with increasing mole fraction of NaOl (X _NaOl) from the Maxwell behavior of OleylDMAO solutions (X _NaOl=0) suggesting a transient network of long flexible chains. For X _NaOl=0.2 and 0.4 mixtures, both the shear storage modulus G and the shear loss modulus G showed weak dependences on angular frequency with a relation G>G. From cryo-TEM observations, vesicles coexisted with threadlike micelles in mixtures of X _NaOl=0.2 and 0.3. As X _NaOl increased further (X _NaOl=0.5 and 0.6), threadlike micelles disappeared and the coexistence of vesicles and globular micelles was observed. At X _NaOl=0.5, the viscosity decreased remarkably, which was consistent with the disappearance of threadlike micelles. The results indicated that vesicles were formed by the addition of NaOl to OleylDMAO solutions, contrary to the expectation of a decrease of the packing parameter with the introduction of electric charges.     

Selective solvation of copper(I) thiocyanate in acetonitrile-water mixtures at 30°C

The selective solvation of copper(I) thiocyanate has been studied in water-acetonitrile (AN) mixtures at 30°C by solubility and EMF measurements. The solubility of the salt increases continuously and changes only slightly beyond X _AN =0.7 mole fraction. The Gibbs energy of transfer of copper(I) ion from water to mixtures with acetonitrile (determined on the basis of the ferrocene reference method) decreases continuously, while that of the thiocyanate ion increases with the addition of acetonitrile. The solvent transport number of acetonitrile passes through a maximum (=6.4) at X _AN =0.25. These results were interpreted as arising due to a heteroselective solvation of the salt, the copper(I) ion being preferentially solvated by acetonitrile and the thiocyanate ion by water in these mixtures.     

Enthalpies of 1,4-Dioxane, 1,2-Dimethoxyethane, and Ethylacetate Solvation in the Water–1-Propanol and Water–Glycerol Binary Mixtures

The enthalpies of 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and ethylacetate solution in binarymixtures of water with 1-propanol and glycerol were measured at 25°C using a precise isoperibol calorimeter. The enthalpies of the solute solvation were calculated and compared with the experimental data for other solutes. The results obtained were interpreted in terms of universal and specific solute solvation using parameters of a solvent polarity. It was found that the extreme shape of the curve _solv H° vs. X for ethylacetate in the mixtures of water with 1-propanol results from peculiarities of carbotylate-group solvation and appears to be not connected with the influence of alcohol microaggregates in the mixed solvent.     

The Apparent Molal Volume and Compressibility of Seawater Fit to the Pitzer Equations

The density and compressibility of seawater salt solutions for ionic strengths 0to 0.8 m, temperatures 0–40°C, and applied pressure 0 to 1000 barare fitted tothe Pitzer equations. The apparent molal volumes and compressibilities (X) arefitted to equations of the form

Migration Effects in Reversible System [Fe(CN)6]3–/4– on a Microelectrode

Migration factors Y are determined for an [Fe(CN)₆]^3–/4– reversible system at a platinum microelectrode 10 m in radius by measuring anodic and cathodic limiting currents at different concentrations of the redox forms in solution, from which Y _a and Y _c are calculated. The obtained results agree with theory. The experimental error for the Y _a/Y _c ratio is smaller than for each factor taken separately.     

Transfer activity coefficient of the proton in water-pyridine mixtures. A comparison of some extrathermodynamic assumptions

Various water-pyridine mixtures have been selected in order to compare several of the most popular extrathermodynamic assumptions involved in the determination of the transfer activity coefficient of the proton, _t(H⁺). Two techniques have been utilized for this purpose: voltammetry [study of the ferrocene, ferricyanide, or thallium(1) systems] and potentiometry at equilibrium (emf measurements of various galvanic cells, including liquid junctions and hydrogen electrode or silver electrode as a test electrode). The assumptions have been classified into various groups [e.g., _t(Z^p+)=_t(Z^q+) or _t(X^–)=_t(Y⁺)], and the values of _t(H⁺) have been experimentally determined in each case. The results vary depending upon the basic assumption (several pH units); less important differences (e.g., 0.5 pH unit) occur within a given group, and this may be assigned to the nature of the reference species chosen. A simple model of solvation has been also examined; the application of the law of mass action to the corresponding equilibrium provides results close to the _t(X^–) =_t(Y⁺)type of assumptions which ultimately leads to most self-consistent results.     

Preferential solvation of silver(I) acetate in water,methanol and their mixtures with dimethyl sulfoxide

The solvent transport number, , of dimethyl sulfoxide andGibbs solvation energies of silver acetate in the binary solvent systems, water—DMSO and methanol—DMSO, were determined by employingEMF and solubility measurements. While the transfer free energy of the salt increases from water to water—DMSO mixtures (up toX _DMSO =0.7) and then decreases, it continuously decreases from methanol to methanol—DMSO mixtures. In both mixed solvents, G° _t(Ag+) decreases down to pureDMSO and that of acetate ion increases with increasing composition ofDMSO indicating that silver ion is preferentially solvated byDMSO and acetate ion by water or methanol in these mixtures. The solvent transport numbers, , ofDMSO are positive throughout, passing through a maximum atX _DMSO =0.45 (=1.0) in the case of water—DMSO mixtures and atX _DMSO =0.25 (=1.8) in methanol—DMSO mixtures. This observation is shown to be in accord with the conclusions arrived at from the transfer energy data of the salt in the two mixtures.

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Bevorzugte Solvatation von Silber(I) acetat in Wasser, Methanol und deren Mischungen mit Dimethylsulfoxid

Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Lösungsmitteltransportzahl () von Dimethylsulfoxid und dieGibbssche Solvatationsenergie von Silberacetat in den binären Lösungsmittelsystemen Wasser—DMSO und Methanol—DMSO mittelsEMK- und Löslichkeitsmessungen ermittelt. Während die freie Energie des Transfers des Salzes beim Übergang von Wasser zu Wasser—DMSO-Mischungen zunächst ansteigt (bisX _DMSO =0,7) und dann abfällt, ist für das System Methanol bzw. Methanol—DMSO ein kontinuierlicher Anstieg feststellbar. In beiden Mischsystemen fällt G°t(Ag⁺) bis zu reinemDMSO, der entsprechende Wert für Acetat steigt bei großeren Anteilen vonDMSO an. Das zeigt, daß das Silber(I)ion bevorzugt vonDMSO solvatisiert wird, Acetat von der jeweils anderen Komponente (Wasser bzw. Methanol). Die Lösungsmitteltransportzahl fürDMSO ist stets positiv mit Maxima beiX _DMSO =0,45 (=1,0) für Wasser—DMSO undX _DMSO =0,25 (=1,8) für Methanol—DMSO. Diese Beobachtung steht im Einklang mit Rückschlüssen, die aus den Transferenergiedaten des Salzes in den zwei untersuchten Systemen getroffen werden können.

     

Apparent molar heat capacities and volumes of electrolytes and ions int-butanol-water mixtures

The apparent molar volumes V and heat capacities C _p, of NaCl, LiCl, NaF, KI, NaBPh₄ and Ph₄PCl have been determined in solutions of H₂O containing up to 40 mass% t-butyl alcohol (TBA) by flow densitometry and flow microcalorimetry. Combination of these results with literature data allows calculation of V and C _p, for 16 ions in these mixtures using the assumption that _tX(Ph₄P⁺) = _tX(BPh ₄ ^– ) where X=V or C _p and _tX is the change in X for a species on transfer from H₂O to TBA-H₂O mixtures. These are the first reported single ion values for C _p, in a mixed solvent. While whole electrolyte volumes and heat capacities show relatively smooth changes with solvent composition, _tX(ion) exhibit two well-developed extrema at around 10 and 25 mass% TBA. The shape of the _tX(ion) curves shows considerable uniformity among the alkali metal cations and the halide ions but the extrema become more pronounced with increasing size among the tetraalkylammonium ions. These extrema are analogous to those observed in aqueous organic mixtures of surfactants and are probably indicative of microphase transitions in these strongly interacting solvent mixtures.     

Theoretical studies on the molecular electron densities and electrostatic potentials in azacubanes

Energetics and the charge distributions in azacubanes (C₈NH_8–) have been obtained using the ab initio Hartree–Fock, second-order Mø øller–Plesset perturbation theory and hybrid density functional methods. For diazacubane to hexaazacubane the lowest-energy conformers have nitrogen atoms occupying the face opposite corners of a cube. The topography of the molecular electrostatic potential and the electron density of azacubane conformers have been investigated. The electrostatic potential studies have shown that successive substitution of nitrogen instead of CH groups of cubane engenders smaller and more localized electron-rich regions around the nitrogens of a cube. Further the bond ellipticity and the electron density at the bond critical point of the X–N bonds (X=C or N) in a cubanoid increase from azacubane to octaazacubane. The heats of formation of azacubanes calculated by the isodesmic reaction approach using different levels of theory correlate well with the electron density at the bond critical point of X–N (X=C or N) bonds in a cubanoid.     

Parametric analysis of kinetic models, 10. Catalytic oscillator with a diffustion step

A mechanism of catalytic reaction suggested allows self-oscillations when a step of diffusion exchange is added: Z₁X₁, X₁Y₁, 2X₁+Y₁3Z₁, X₁+Z₂Z₁ +X₂. For the corresponding kinetic model parametric portraits are built and regions with unique unstable steady states (st. s.) are revealed.     

Komplexverbindungen von Germaniumsäure mit ÄDTE und ÄDTE-Analogen, 2. Mitt.: 1,2-Diaminopropan-N,N,N′,N′-tetraessigsäure; N-2-Hydroxyäthyl-1,2-diaminoäthan-N,N′,N′-triessigsäure

Zusammenfassung Feste 11-Komplexverbindungen von Germaniumsäure mit 1,2-Diaminopropan-N,N,N,N-tetraessigsäure und N-2-Hydroxyäthyl-1,2-diaminoäthan-N,N,N-triessigsäure werden dargestellt. Auf Grund von TG-, DTG-, DTA- sowie IR-spektroskopischen Untersuchungen wird ein Strukturvorschlag für die erhaltenen Verbindungen (GeY·2 H₂O, GeY, GeZ·H₂O, GeZ, GeX·H₂O, GeX ^*** abgeleitet.In wäßriger Lösung erweist sich GeZ·H₂O als einbasige Säure, H[Ge(OH)Z], mit einer DissoziationskonstanteK _c =3,15·10^–3 (pK _c =2,50±0,03) für 25° C, Ionenstärke 0,1m.Es werden die Stabilitätskonstanten der Komplexverbindungen H[Ge(OH)Z], [Ge(OH)Z]^– und GeX·H₂O in wäßriger Lösung bestimmt: (25° C, Ionenstärke 0,1 m).Mit 3 Abbildungen1. Mitt.:N. Konopik undP. Mészáros, Mh. Chem.99, 902 (1968).Auszugsweise vorgetragen auf der Jahrestagung des Vereines Österreichischer Chemiker am 5. Oktober 1967 in Wien. Vgl. Allgem. u. Prakt. Chemie18, 268 (1967).     

Volumes and heat capacities of anionic-nonionic surfactant mixtures

Density, heat capacity and surface tension measurements of sodium decylsulfate (NaDeS)-dodecyldimethylamine oxide (DDAO)-water mixtures were carried out as functions of the surfactants total molality m_t at fixed stoichiometric mixture compositions X_NaDeS. From the surface tension data, the critical micelle concentration of NaDeS-DDAO mixtures as a function of X_NaDeS were obtained. From density and heat capacity data, the apparent molar volume V_,2 and heat capacity C_,2 of NaDeS-DDAO mixtures in water were calculated, respectively. At a given mole fraction, V_,2 and C_,2 monotonically increases and decreases, respectively, with increasing mt. However, anomalies were observed at X_NaDeS=0.1 and 0.3 for both V_,2 and C_,2 vs. mt curves. The nonideal contributions to the thermodynamic properties for the formation of surfactant-surfactant mixed micelles in water by mixing aqueous solutions of pure NaDeS and DDAO micelles were calculated at 0.3 mol-kg^–1 for the micellized surfactants mixture. The excess volume V^exc and heat capacity as functions of X_NaDeS are concave and S-shaped curves, respectively. All the properties are compared to those for sodium dodecylsulfate-DDAO mixture. In addition, to clarify the effect of the change in the hydrophobicity of the surfactants mixtures V^exc for the dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide-decyltrimethylammonium bromide mixture were calculated from literature data.     

Treatment of excess thermodynamic quantities for liquid mixtures

Thermodynamic data on mixtures of liquids are usually expressed as excess quantitiesY ^EX and analyzed with the Redlich-Kister equation. This approach can in some cases be misleading and hide strong interactions at low concentrations. In agreement with the original statement of Redlich and Kister, it is therefore better to plot such data asY ^EX/X ₂(1-X ₂). This quantity, which is directly related to the apparent molar quantities of both components, is often a more useful quantity and has just as much a thermodynamic significance asY ^EX.     

Rheological studies of aqueous alkylpolyglucoside surfactant solutions

Alkylpolyglucosides (C _Y G _X ) are industrial products of mixtures consisting of a hydrocarbon chain with Y carbon atoms linked to X sugar residues. Based on detailed analytical investigation of technical grade alkylpolyglucosides (C_8–10G _X , C_12–14G _X and C_8–16G _X )/water systems using high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with a special kind of mass spectroscopy their rheological behaviour is discussed and compared to the rheological behaviour of pure alkyl monoglycosides (C₈G₁ and C₁₀G₁) in water. The rheological properties that exhibit a dependence on the alkyl chain length, Y, and the degree of polymerisation, X, are investigated by rotation and oscillation experiments over an extended concentration range. The Maxwell model fits the frequency dependence of the dynamic functions fairly well. The viscosity shows an Arrhenius-like dependence on temperature. A comparison is drawn between the monoglucosides and the polyglucosides, which shows that the rheological properties are more sensitive to the a change in chain length than in the degree of polymerisation. Phase transitions, especially liquid-crystalline to isotropic solutions, phase split into two coexisting liquid phases, and could be followed using visual observation and rheology. Depending on the difference in the rheological properties of the corresponding phases, viscoelastic measurements showed these transitions clearly. Additionally, the changes in viscosities were measured after addition of a second surfactant. Received: 4 January 1999 Accepted in revised form: 12 April 1999     

Electrochemical and kinetic behavior of the MnO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">X</Emphasis></Subscript>/C–β-PbO<Subscript>2</Subscript> electrode

The MnO_X/C–-PbO₂ electrode was obtained by admixture of -PbO₂ to MnO_X/C. Slow scan voltammetry shows a double reduction peak which is discussed. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique curves are also used and the value of the proton diffusion coefficient, D(H⁺), is determined. All studies are made in 2 M KOH.Presented at the 3rd International Meeting on Advanced Batteries and Accumulators, 16–20 June 2002, Brno, Czech Republic