无衍射光束的产生及其应用

近年来,随着激光技术的快速发展,相继产生了多种在远距离传输后中心光斑保持不变的无衍射光束,包括贝塞尔光束、高阶贝塞尔光束、马丢光束、高阶马丢光束、余弦光束、抛物线光束以及艾里光束.无衍射光束在激光打孔、激光精密准直、光学精密控制、光学微操控、光通信、等离子体导向、光子弹产生、光通信、自聚焦光束的合成以及非线性光学等领域中有着广泛的应用.本文介绍了各类无衍射光束的数学表达式、产生方法及对应的实验结果;就无衍射光束的特性和应用进行了归纳和讨论;并对其在未来的研究与应用前景中发挥的重要作用进行了简要总结与展望.     

非偏振贝塞尔高斯光束的球散射

无衍射光束球散射性质的研究目前一般采用贝塞尔光束,但是贝塞尔光束在物理上是不可实现的。贝塞尔高斯光束作为近似无衍射光束,是亥姆霍兹方程在傍轴条件下的解,并且可以用激光振荡器直接产生,但其光束宽是有限的。应用傅里叶变换,平面波谱展开和球面矢量波函数展开法,推导了非偏振贝塞尔高斯光束的球散射远场的无量纲散射函数。通过数值模拟,对非偏振的贝塞尔高斯光束与贝塞尔光束,高斯光束的球散射远场进行了比较,比较发现:当球散射体偏离光轴时,非偏振贝塞尔高斯光束跟贝塞尔光束散射远场的差异主要是散射强度的差异,但是散射极点所在的方向基本保持不变;贝塞尔高斯光束和贝塞尔光束的散射在光束圆锥角方向上比较显著,但高斯光束的前向散射比较显著。     

Light beats the spread: “non‐diffracting” beams

“Non‐diffracting” beams do not spread as they propagate. This property is useful in many areas. Here, the theory, generation, properties, and applications of various “non‐diffracting” beams, including the Bessel beam, Mathieu beam, and Airy beam is reviewed. Applications include imaging, micromanipulation, nonlinear optics, and optical transfection.     

Efficient generation of Bessel beam arrays by means of an SLM

We use a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) to produce arrays of Bessel beams by using multiple axicon phase-masks on the SLM. This approach utilises the whole of the SLM, rather than just a thin annular region (which is the case if the SLM is in the far-field of the generated Bessel beams). Using the whole SLM rather than just an annular region means that the required intensity on the SLM is an order of magnitude lower for a given power in the Bessel beams. Spreading the power over the whole SLM is important for high-power applications such as laser micromachining. We allow the axicons to overlap and interfere in the hologram, so the axial length of the Bessel beam core is maintained as we add more beams to the array.     

Intense femtosecond shaped laser beams for writing extended structures inside transparent dielectrics

We review recent results on the propagation and self-focusing of intense femtosecond laser pulses with shaped beam profiles in transparent dielectric media. At sufficiently high optical power, beam shaping seeds into the transverse modulation instability and results in the deterministic placement of intense laser filaments within the beam profile. Resulting spatial filament distributions may be utilized for writing complex extended structures inside transparent dielectrics. Specific examples of beam shapes we will discuss are Bessel beams, optical vortices, Bessel beams of higher order, and Airy beams.     

Generalization and propagation of spiraling Bessel beams with a helical axicon

A generalized type of spiral Bessel beam has been demonstrated by using a spatially displaced helical axicon (HA). The topological charge of the spiraling Bessel beams is determined by the order of the input Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beam and the topological charge of the HA. The obtained spiraling Bessel beams have an LG type of modulation along their propagation direction and exhibit annihilation-reconstruction properties. Theoretical analysis is presented, including that of the stability, propagation distance, topological charge, and spiraling dynamic characteristics. The mathematical and numerical results show that the propagation distance and helical revolution of the spiraling Bessel beams can be controlled through choosing appropriate radius of the HA.     

无衍射贝塞尔光束相干的理论与实验

 分别使用两种不同底角的轴棱锥产生无衍射贝塞尔光束。理论分析了单束贝塞尔光及两束贝塞尔光相干叠加后光场的光强分布,分析了产生的局域空心光束在一个完整周期内的特性。数值模拟了光沿纵向传播时光场的横向光强分布,并给出了相关的实验。对单束贝塞尔光及两束贝塞尔光干涉后的中心光斑的大小进行了测量,测量结果与理论计算结果吻合。     

轴棱锥对无衍射光束的线聚焦特性

基于汉克尔波理论和衍射积分理论详细分析了轴棱锥对无衍射光束的线聚焦特性, 提出了一种产生周期性局域空心光束的新方法, 即无衍射贝塞尔光束经过轴棱锥聚焦后产生具有塔尔博特效应的局域空心光束. 数值模拟了无衍射贝塞尔光束照射轴棱锥后, 沿传输距离变化的光强分布及一个周期内光强的演变和局域空心光束的形成过程. 设计实验系统, 由He-Ne激光经过一套光学系统后透过轴棱锥, 产生近似无衍射贝塞尔光束, 再由第二个轴棱锥对产生的无衍射贝塞尔光束进行线聚焦, 在第二个轴棱锥后面由显微镜观测到周期性局域空心光束, 并用CCD照相机拍摄了两个周期内的光斑图, 实验结果和理论分析相符合. 研究结果可用于多层面微粒的操控, 对周期性局域空心光束在光学微操控领域的应用具有重要的指导意义. 关键词： 贝塞尔光束 轴棱锥 线聚焦 局域空心光束     

Bessel光束经椭圆环形孔径后的衍射光场

基于菲涅耳衍射积分理论及硬边孔径的复高斯函数展开法导出了Bessel光束经椭圆环形孔径后的光场表达式, 数值模拟了其光场的强度分布. 研究了Bessel光束经椭圆环形孔径后的光场变化及其传播过程; 在实验上利用轴棱锥输出的近似无衍射Bessel光, 通过椭圆环形孔径, 使用电荷耦合器件拍摄得到不同传播距离处的光强分布. 理论结果和实验结果均表明无衍射光束经椭圆环形孔径后会产生空心光束.     

Experimental investigation of light storage of diffraction-free and quasi-diffraction-free beams in hot atomic gas cell

In this article we report on the experimental investigation of light storage for several types of diffractionfree beams (Bessel and Airy beams) and quasi-diffraction-free beams by utilizing electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) technique in a hot atomic gas cell. The experimental results show that the diffraction-free and quasi-diffraction-free beams have better storage performances when compared with ordinary images possessing similar spatial profiles. Meanwhile, the Bessel beams and the quasidiffraction-free images are able to maintain their spatial profiles with a long storage time while the sidelobes of the Airy beam are gradually depleted with the increment of the storage time. We quantitatively analyze the storage results and give physical explanations behind these phenomena. Furthermore, the self-healing of the retrieved diffraction-free beams is verified, signifying that their characteristics preserve well after storage.     

Self-action of Bessel light beams in cubic gyrotropic photorefractive crystals

We have studied conversion and interaction of a Bessel laser beam of zero order in photorefractive crystals. We have established that in a cubic gyrotropic crystal, two Bessel light beams propagate with different wave vectors and cone angles, but with identical conicity parameters. As the power in the Bessel light beam increases, we have experimentally observed a new optical effect: self-action of a Bessel light beam. We have studied the effect of external influences and the parameters of the beam itself on the process of self-refraction in photorefractive crystals. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 488–493, July–August, 2006.     

Propagation characteristics of annular laser beams passing through the reflection Bragg grating with deformation

When high-power annular laser beams produced by the unstable resonator pass through the volume Bragg grating (VBG), absorption of light in the VBG will induce a temperature increment, resulting in changes in surface distortion. Considering that the surface distortion of the grating induces index and period differences, the scalar wave equations for the annular laser beams propagating in the VBG have been solved numerically and iteratively using finite-difference and sparse matrix methods. The variation in intensity distributions, the total power reflection coefficient, and the power in the bucket (PIB) for the annular laser beams passing through the reflection VBG with deformation have been analyzed quantitatively. It can be shown that the surface distortion of the VBG and the beam orders of the annular beams affect evidently the intensity distributions, the power reflection coefficient, and the PIB of the output beam. The peak intensity decreases as the deformation of the VBG increases. The total power reflection efficiency decreases significantly with the increase in deformations of the VBG. The PIB of the output beam decreases as the obscuration ratio β and the deformation of the VBG increase. For the given obscuration ratio β, the influence of deformation of reflection VBG on the PIB of the annular beams is more sensitive with increase in distortion of the VBG and decrease in beam order.     

像散Bessel光束自重建特性的理论和实验研究

基于菲涅耳衍射积分理论和巴比涅原理,推导出像散Bessel光束经圆形障碍物后的光强分布一般表达式.数值模拟了像散Bessel光束经圆形障碍物遮挡后光场的自重建过程,并设计相关实验进行验证,实验结果与理论模拟基本符合.结果表明：零阶像散Bessel光束经过轴上和离轴障碍物后均会发生光束重建现象.随着传输距离的增加,像散Bessel光束的外轮廓尺寸变大、中心光点阵列数增多,逐渐重建出不同于障碍物前的完整光束.并且观察到光束在重建过程中横向和纵向的重建速度并不一致,存在一定的速度差.利用螺旋相位板产生高阶像散Bessel光束,验证了高阶像散Bessel光束经障碍物遮挡后同样具有自重建特性.研究结果对像散Bessel光束在多层面粒子操纵方面的应用具有参考价值.     

Evanescent Bessel beam generation through filtering highly focused cylindrical vector beams with a defect mode one-dimensional photonic crystal

We propose a simple setup for generating evanescent Bessel beams using the defect mode of one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal. The angular selectivity provided by the defect mode mimics the role of an axicon for Bessel beam generation. When an azimuthally polarized beam is strongly focused onto a 1D defect mode photonic crystal interface, an evanescent Bessel beam of the first-order is produced, while an evanescent Bessel beam of the zeroth-order will be created under a radially polarized beam illumination. Switching between a donut shape and a solid focal distribution can be easily realized by controlling the polarization of the illumination. Such a versatile evanescent Bessel beam generation may find potential applications in optical trapping.     

Refractive system for generation of high-power diffraction-free laser beams

A refractive system is designed to convert a high-power annular beam into a circular Bessel beam. The input and output surface of the proposed system is derived. We provide cubic polynomial approximation of the surface profiles. A ray tracing through the complete system is provided to verify the design. The design parameters can be selected to choose the desired beam power in the central lobe and length of the refractive system.     

圆波导契伦柯夫自由电子激光的单粒子理论

用单粒子理论研究了契伦柯夫自由电子激光的基本性质,给出了空心束圆柱衬介质波导契伦柯夫自由电子激光调谐特性,导出了增长率表达式,计算了克服谐振腔损失所需阈值电流和相互作用效率,讨论了束与介质间间隙的影响,并对空心束与实心束进行了比较,最后讨论了电子束品质对契伦柯夫自由电子激光的影响。     

激光束光强分布对材料激光加热的影响

 对激光强度空间均匀分布光束、高斯、超高斯以及平顶高斯光束进行了分析比较,在激光功率与光斑半径相同条件下,计算了各种光束的峰值光强和光束填充因子与光束阶次的关系,给出了光强分布的表达式。并将不同空间分布的光束作为热源,耦合到材料热传导方程中,以数值计算说明了各种光束辐照下,2mm厚30CrMnSiA钢材料靶面不同的热效应。     

环形光束锥形衍射出射光场偏振特性及光场调控

环形光束的锥形衍射效应对于微粒的操控具有重要的应用价值.本文建立了环状高斯光束的锥形衍射模型,并基于Berry理论给出了线偏振态下环形光束锥形衍射出射光场的计算公式.理论仿真了环状光锥形衍射出射光场的偏振特性,得出环光锥形衍射出射光场的内、外亮环具有相互正交的偏振分布特性.搭建了线偏振态下环状高斯光锥形衍射的实验系统,实验验证了出射光场的偏振特性.针对环形光束锥形衍射出射光场具备的偏振特性,设计了一种组合偏振片,理论和实验研究了该组合偏振片对环光锥形衍射出射光场的调控.结果表明,随着组合偏振片方位角的变化,锥形衍射出射光场的内、外环强度发生周期性的变化.     

Area scintillations of Bessel Gaussian and modified Bessel Gaussian beams of zeroth order

As an extension of our previous study, the area scintillation aspects of Bessel Gaussian and modified Bessel Gaussian beams of zeroth order are investigated. The analysis is carried out on the basis of equal source sizes and equal source powers. It is found that, when compared on equal source size basis, modified Bessel Gaussian beams always have less area scintillations than a Gaussian beam, while Bessel Gaussian beams exhibit more area scintillations. Comparison on equal source power basis, however, removes the advantage of modified Bessel Gaussian beams, that is, their area scintillations become nearly the same as those of the Gaussian beam. On the other hand, for the case of equal source powers, Bessel Gaussian beams with larger width parameters continue to have higher area scintillations than the Gaussian beam. We provide graphical illustrations for profiles of equal source size beams, equal source power beams and the curves to aid the selection of equal source power beams.     

Scintillation index of astigmatic annular beams in a turbulent atmosphere

The scintillation properties of astigmatic annular beams in a weak turbulent atmosphere are investigated. Expression for the on-axis scintillation index of an astigmatic annular beam is derived. It is found that the scintillation index of an astigmatic annular beam can be smaller than that of a Gaussian beam, an elliptical Gaussian beam and a stigmatic annular beam in a weak turbulent atmosphere under certain conditions. The scintillation properties of astigmatic annular beams are closely controlled by its beam parameters.