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1.
The partitioning of a hydrophobic hexapeptide, N‐acetyl‐tryptophan‐pentaleucine (AcWL5), into self‐associated β‐sheets within a vesicle membrane was studied as a model for integral membrane protein folding and insertion via vibrational and electronic spectroscopy. Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy allows selective examination of the structures of amino acid side chains and the peptide backbone and provides information about local environment and molecular conformation. The secondary structure of AcWL5 within a vesicle membrane was investigated using 207.5‐nm excitation and found to consist of β‐sheets, in agreement with previous studies. The β‐sheet peptide shows enhanced Raman scattering cross‐sections for all amide modes as well as extensive hydrogen‐bonding networks. Tryptophan vibrational structure was probed using 230‐nm excitation. Increases in Raman cross‐sections of tryptophan modes W1, W3, W7, W10, W16, W17, and W18 of membrane‐incorporated AcWL5 are primarily attributed to greater resonance enhancement with the Bb electronic transition. The W17 mode, however, undergoes a much greater enhancement than is expected for a simple resonance effect, and this observation is discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding of the indole ring in a hydrophobic environment. The observed tryptophan mode frequencies and intensities overall support a hydrophobic environment for the indole ring within a vesicle, and these results have implications for the location of tryptophan in membrane protein systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

2.
The B‐band resonance Raman spectra of 2(1H)‐pyridinone (NHP) in water and acetonitrile were obtained, and their intensity patterns were found to be significantly different. To explore the underlying excited state tautomeric reaction mechanisms of NHP in water and acetonitrile, the vibrational analysis was carried out for NHP, 2(1D)‐pyridinone (NDP), NHP–(H2O)n (n = 1, 2) clusters, and NDP–(D2O)n (n = 1, 2) clusters on the basis of the FT‐Raman experiments, the B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) computations using PCM solvent model, and the normal mode analysis. Good agreements between experimental and theoretically predicted frequencies and intensities in different surrounding environments enabled reliable assignments of Raman bands in both the FT‐Raman and the resonance Raman spectra. The results indicated that most of the B‐band resonance Raman spectra in H2O was assignable to the fundamental, overtones, and combination bands of about ten vibration modes of ring‐type NHP–(H2O)2 cluster, while most of the B‐band resonance Raman spectra in CH3CN was assigned to the fundamental, overtones, and combination bands of about eight vibration modes of linear‐type NHP–CH3CN. The solvent effect of the excited state enol‐keto tautomeric reaction mechanisms was explored on the basis of the significant difference in the short‐time structural dynamics of NHP in H2O and CH3CN. The inter‐molecular and intra‐molecular ESPT reaction mechanisms were proposed respectively to explain the Franck–Condon region structural dynamics of NHP in H2O and CH3CN.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

3.
UV resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy is used to probe changes in vibrational structure associated with cation–π interactions for the most prevalent amino acid π–donor, tryptophan. The model compound studied here is a diaza crown ether with two indole substituents. In the presence of sodium or potassium sequestered in the crown ether, or a protonated diaza group on the compound, the indole moieties participate in a cation–π interaction in which the pyrrolo group acts as the primary π‐donor. Systematic shifts in relative intensity in the 760–780 cm−1 region are observed upon formation of this cation–π interaction; we propose that these modifications reflect shifts of the delocalized, ring‐breathing W18 and hydrogen‐out‐of‐plane (HOOP) vibrational modes in this spectral region. The observed changes are attributed to perturbations of the π‐electron density as well as of normal modes that involve large displacement of the hydrogen atom on the C2 position of the pyrrole ring. Modest variations in the UVRR spectra for the three complexes studied here are correlated to differences in cation–π strength. Specifically, the UVRR spectrum of the sodium‐bound complex differs from those of the potassium‐bound or protonated‐diaza complexes, and may reflect the observation that the C2 hydrogen atom in the sodium‐bound complex exhibits the greatest perturbation relative to the other species. Normal modes sensitive to hydrogen‐bonding, such as the tryptophan W10, W9, and W8 modes, also undergo shifts in the presence of the salts. These shifts reflect the strength of interaction of the indole N H group with the iodide or hexafluorophosphate counteranion. The current observation that the W18 and HOOP normal mode regions of the indole crown ether compound are sensitive to cation–pyrrolo π interactions suggests that this region may provide reliable spectroscopic evidence of these important interactions in proteins. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

4.
In this work we employed UV resonance Raman spectroscopy with 229 nm excitation to study two tryptophan‐containing antimicrobial peptides with a broad‐spectrum activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria: lactoferricin B (LfB, RRWQWRMKKLG) and pEM‐2 (KKWRWWLKALAKK). UV resonance Raman spectra of both peptides are dominated by tryptophan bands. Raman spectra of LfB and pEM‐2 in D2O and 2,2,2‐trifluoro ethanol (TFE) have been measured and used to identify the hydrogen‐bond strength marker bands W6 and W17. The tryptophan doublet, W7, at 1340 and 1360 cm−1 was used to detect an increase in the hydrophobicity of Trp environment in TFE. The spectra of LfB in complex with model cell membranes composed of zwitterionic dipalmitoylglycero‐phosphocholine (DPPC) or anionic dipalmitoyglycero‐phosphoglycerol (DPPG) lipid vesicles revealed a more hydrophobic Trp environment in DPPG, suggesting stronger interactions between the cationic peptide and anionic model cell membrane. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

5.
The short‐time structural dynamics of 4‐formaldehyde imidazole and imidazole in light absorbing S2(ππ*) state were studied by using resonance Raman spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations. The vibrational spectra and ultraviolet absorption spectra of 4‐formaldehyde imidazole were assigned. The resonance Raman spectra of imidazole and 4‐formaldehyde imidazole were obtained in methanol and acetonitrile with excitation wavelengths in resonance with the first intense absorption band to probe the short‐time structural dynamics. complete active space self‐consistent field calculations were carried out to determine the minimal singlet excitation energies and structures of S1(nπ*), S2(ππ*), and conical intersection point S1(nπ*)/S2(ππ*). The results show that the A‐band structural dynamics of imidazole is predominantly along the N1H/C4H/C5H/C2H in‐plane bending reaction coordinate, which suggests that excited state proton or hydrogen transfer reaction takes place somewhere nearby the Franck–Condon region. The significant difference in the short‐time structural dynamics between 4‐formaldehyde imidazole and imidazole is observed, and the underlying mechanism is interpreted in term of excited state charge redistribution. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

6.
The excited state structural dynamics of 4‐cyanobenzaldehyde (p‐CNB) were studied by using the resonance Raman spectroscopy and the quantum mechanical calculations. The experimental A‐ and B‐band absorptions were, respectively, assigned to the major nO → π3* and π2 → π3* transitions according to the B3LYP‐TD/6‐31G(d) and CIS/6‐31G(d) computations, and the resonance Raman spectra. It was determined that the actual S22π3) state was in energy lower than S31π3), which was just opposite to the B3LYP‐TD/6‐31G(d) calculated order of the S21π3) and S32π3). The vibrational assignments were carried out for the A‐ and B‐band resonance Raman spectra. The B‐band resonance Raman intensities of p‐CNB were dominated by the C2–C3/C5–C6 symmetric stretch mode ν8, the overtones nν8 and their combination bands with the ring C–H bend mode ν17, the C9–N10 stretch mode ν6, the C7–O8 stretch mode ν7 and the remaining modes. The conical intersection between S1(nOπ3) and S22π3) states of p‐CNB was determined at complete active space self‐consistent field (CASSCF)(8,7)/6‐311G(d,p) level of theory. The B‐band short‐time structural dynamics and the corresponding decay dynamics of p‐CNB were obtained by analysis of the resonance Raman intensity pattern and CASSCF computations. The resonance Raman spectra indicated that CI[S1(nOπ3)/S21π2π3π4)] located nearby the Franck–Condon region. The excited state decay dynamics evolving from the S2, FC2π3) to the S1(nOπ3) state was proposed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

7.
The photophysics and photochemistry of pyrazine (C4H4N2, D2h) after excitation to the S2 (1 1B2u, 1ππ*) electronic state were studied by using the resonance Raman spectroscopy and complete active space self‐consistent field method calculations. The B‐band resonance Raman spectra in cyclohexane solvent were obtained at 266.0, 252.7, and 245.9 nm excitation wavelengths to probe the structural dynamics of pyrazine in the S2 (1 1B2u, 1ππ*) state. Three electronic states 1 1B3u, 1 1B1g, and 1 1B2g were found to couple with the S2 (1 1B2u, 1ππ*) state. Two conical intersection (CI) points CI[S2(B2u)/S1(B3u)] and CI[S1/S0] and one transition state of the isomerization between pyrazine and pyrimidine were predicted to play important roles in the photochemistry of pyrazine. On the basis of the calculations, the mechanism of the photoisomerization reaction between pyrazine and pyrimidine has been proposed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

8.
The substrate‐dependent surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of 4‐aminobenzenethiol (4‐ABT) adsorbed on Au surfaces has been investigated. 4‐ABT is one of the very unique adsorbate molecules whose SERS spectral patterns are known to be noticeably dependent on the relative contribution of chemical enhancement mechanism vs electromagnetic enhancement mechanism. The SERS spectral patterns of 4‐ABT adsorbed on gold substrates with various surface morphology have thus been analyzed in terms of the symmetry types of the vibrational modes. Almost invisibly weak b2 type vibrational bands were observed in the SERS spectra of the 4‐ABT adsorbed on Au colloidal sol nanoparticles or commercially available Au micro‐powders because of the weak contribution of the chemical enhancement. However, greatly enhanced b2 vibrational bands were observed in the spectra of the 4‐ABT molecules adsorbed on the synthesized Au(Zn) sponge or the electrochemically roughened Au(ORC) foil caused by the strong contribution of the chemical enhancement mechanism. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

9.
Structure and vibrational dynamics of γ′‐V2O5 synthesized from a pristine γ‐LiV2O5 sample via a chemical oxidation route was studied by means of Raman spectroscopy and quantum‐chemical calculations. The calculations based on density functional theory reliably reproduce the experimental structure of the γ′‐V2O5 lattice. The calculated Raman spectrum agrees remarkably well with the experimental one. Making use of the agreement, a complete assignment of Raman bands to vibrations of particular structural units is proposed. The comparison of Raman spectra and structural features of α‐V2O5 and γ′‐V2O5 polymorphs allowed establishing reliable ‘structure–spectrum’ correlations and identifying Raman peaks characteristic for different structural units. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

10.
We have synthesized 4‐[N‐phenyl‐N‐(3‐methylphenyl)‐amino]‐benzoic acid (4‐[PBA]) and investigated its molecular vibrations by infrared and Raman spectroscopies as well as by calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) approach. The Fourier transform (FT) Raman, dispersive Raman and FT‐IR spectra of 4‐[PBA] were recorded in the solid phase. We analyzed the optimized geometric structure and energies of 4‐[PBA] in the ground state. Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions and charge delocalization was studied using natural bond orbital analysis. The results show that change in electron density in the σ* and π* antibonding orbitals and E2 energies confirm the occurrence of intramolecular charge transfer within the molecule. Theoretical calculations were performed at the DFT level using the Gaussian 09 program. Selected experimental bands were assigned and characterized on the basis of the scaled theoretical wavenumbers by their total energy distribution. The good agreement between the experimental and theoretical spectra allowed positive assignment of the observed vibrational absorption bands. Finally, the calculation results were applied to simulate the Raman and IR spectra of the title compound, which show agreement with the observed spectra. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

11.
Identification of specific packing interactions within in the hydrophobic core of proteins is important for understanding the integrity of protein structure. Finding such interactions is challenging because few tools allow monitoring of a specific interaction in the presence of several non‐specific forces that hold proteins together. It is important to understand how and when such interactions develop during protein folding. In this study, we have used the intrinsic tryptophan residue, Trp53, as an ultraviolet resonance Raman probe to elucidate the packing interactions in the hydrophobic core of the protein barstar. Barstar is extensively studied for its folding, unfolding and aggregation properties. The Trp53 residue is known to be completely buried in the hydrophobic core of the protein and is used extensively as an intrinsic probe to monitor the folding and unfolding reactions of barstar. A comparison of the resonance Raman cross sections of some bands of Trp53 with those observed for N‐acetyl‐tryptophanoamide in water suggests that Trp53 in barstar is indeed isolated from water. Intensity ratio of the Fermi doublet suggests that Trp53 is surrounded by several aliphatic amino acid residues in corroboration with the crystal structure of barstar. Importantly, we show that the side chain of Trp53 is involved in a unique CH–π interaction with CH groups of Phe56 as well as a steric interaction with the methyl group of Ile5. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

12.
Infrared spectra of 1,2‐bis(trifluorosilyl)ethane (SiF3CH2CH2SiF3) were obtained in the vapour and liquid phases, in argon matrices and in the solid phase. Raman spectra of the compound as a liquid were recorded at various temperatures between 293 and 270 K and spectra of an apparently crystalline solid were observed. The spectra revealed the existence of two conformers (anti and gauche) in the vapour, liquid and in the matrix. When the vapour was chock‐frozen on a cold finger at 78 K and annealed to 150 K, certain weak Raman bands vanished in the crystal. The vibrational spectra of the crystal demonstrated mutual exclusion between IR and Raman bands in accordance with C2h symmetry. Intensity variations between 293 and 270 K of pairs of various Raman bands gave ΔH(gauche—anti) = 5.6 ± 0.5 kJ mol−1 in the liquid, suggesting 85% anti and 15% gauche in equilibrium at room temperature. Annealing experiments indicate that the anti conformer also has a lower energy in the argon matrices, is the low‐energy conformer in the liquid and is also present in the crystal. The spectra of both conformers have been interpreted, and 34 anti and 17 gauche bands were tentatively identified. Ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed giving optimized geometries, infrared and Raman intensities and anharmonic vibrational frequencies for both conformers. The conformational energy difference derived in CBS‐QB3 and in G3 calculations was 5 kJ mol−1. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
We report the observation of large surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) (106) for 4‐tert‐butylpyridine molecules adsorbed on a silver electrode surface in an electrochemical cell with electrode potential set at − 0.5 V. A decrease in electrode potential to − 0.3 V was accompanied by a decrease in relative intensities of the vibrational modes. However, there were no changes in vibrational wavenumbers. Comparison of both normal solution Raman and SERS spectra shows very large enhancement of the intensities of a1, a2, and b2 modes at laser excitation of 488 nm. Enhancement of the non‐totally symmetric modes indicates the presence of charge transfer as a contributor to the enhancement. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
A rutile β‐MnO2 film was grown on MgO substrate using plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) monitored by reflection high‐energy electron diffraction (RHEED). Polarized Raman spectra at various temperatures were obtained to investigate the influence of the helimagnetic structure on the vibrational modes of β‐MnO2. A red shift of Eg modes indicates a gradual formation of spin angles between neighboring Mn4+ ions. The intensities of the Eg and A1g modes with y‐polarized incidence increase remarkably below the Néel temperature. A new view as vibrational mode projection (VMP) indicates the interactions between the magnetic component of incident light and the helimagnetic structure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
Raman spectroscopy complemented by infrared spectroscopy was used to characterise both gallium oxyhydroxide (α‐GaO(OH)) and gallium oxide (β‐Ga2O3) nanorods synthesised with and without the surfactants using a soft chemical methodology at low temperatures. Nano‐ to micro‐sized gallium oxyhydroxide and gallium oxide materials were characterised and analysed by both X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Rod‐like GaO(OH) crystals with average length of ∼2.5 µm and width of 1.5 µm were obtained. Upon thermally treating gallium oxyhydroxide GaO(OH) to 900 °C, β‐Ga2O3 was synthesised retaining the initial GaO(OH) morphology. Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the structure of nanorods of GaO(OH) and Ga2O3 crystals. Raman spectroscopy shows bands characteristic of GaO(OH) at 950 and ∼1000 cm−1 attributed to Ga OH deformation modes. Bands at 261, 275, 433 and 522 cm−1 are assigned to vibrational modes involving Ga OH units. Bands observed at 320, 346, 418 and 472 cm−1 are assigned to the deformation modes of Ga2O6 octahedra. Two sharp infrared bands at 2948 and 2916 cm−1 are attributed to the GaO(OH) symmetric stretching vibrations. Raman spectroscopy of Ga2O3 provides bands at 630, 656 and 767 cm−1 which are assigned to the bending and stretching of GaO4 units. Raman bands at 417 and 475 cm−1 are attributed to the symmetric stretching modes of GaO2 units. The Raman bands at 319 and 347 cm−1 are assigned to the bending modes of GaO2 units. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

16.
Single‐crystal Raman and polycrystalline thin‐film infrared measurements have been obtained for the polar organic nonlinear optical material 2‐(α‐methylbenzylamino)‐5‐nitropyridine (MBANP). For comparison, thin‐film polycrystalline infrared measurements were also made on 2‐(α‐methylbenzylamino)‐3,5‐dinitropyridine (MBADNP). The long wavelength electronic absorption was measured in several solvents and as a thin solid film. The Raman spectra are dominated by three intense bands attributed to vibrations of the ring, the NO2 substituent, and the N H bond. The most intense scattering and absorption arose from the αbb component of the polarisability tensor. This implies that the most significant contribution to the transition polarisability arises from the electronic transition near 383 nm, polarised along the b‐axis of the crystal. The strongest bands in the infrared spectra are also associated with the same three bands, consistent with the predictions of the effective conjugation coordinate (ECC) theory, implying efficient electron–phonon coupling (or electronic delocalisation) in the conjugated system. DFT calculations of vibrational wavenumbers and eigenvectors were used to assign relevant vibrational features and to derive useful information about the molecular structure. This single‐crystal material is also a strong candidate for an efficient laser Raman converter with a large wavenumber shift of 3404 cm−1 and a high damage threshold. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

17.
Polarized micro‐Raman spectroscopy was carried out on the (001) face of a 0.67PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3‐33%PbTiO3 (PMN‐33%PT) single crystal. The Raman images revealed the spatial variations of the intensity of the Raman bands, suggesting that the structure in the PMN‐33%PT single crystal varied from one micro‐area to another. When changing the polarization direction of the incident light with respect to the selected crystalline axes, the intensities of the Raman modes varied periodically. According to the Raman selection rules (RSRs), the angular dependences of the Raman modes indicated that the PMN‐33%PT single crystal is in the monoclinic phase. Furthermore, the color patterns in the Raman images were associated with the coexistence of the MA‐ and MC‐type monoclinic phases in the PMN‐33%PT single crystal. Our results provide useful information for understanding the microheterogeneity of the relaxor PMN‐xPT single crystals with compositions near the morphotropic phase boundary region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
Infrared (IR) and Raman spectra were obtained for N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in the solid state and in CHCl3 solution. Structures and vibrational spectra of isolated, gas‐phase DCC molecules with C2 and Ci symmetries, computed at the B3‐LYP/cc‐pVTZ level, show that the IR and Raman spectra provide convincing evidence for a C2 structure in both the solid state and in CHCl3 solution. Using a scaled quantum‐chemical force field, these density functional theory calculations have provided detailed assignments of the observed IR and Raman bands in terms of potential energy distributions. Comparison of solid‐state and solution spectra, together with a Raman study of the melting behaviour of DCC, revealed that no solid‐state effects were evident in the spectra. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

19.
Experimental vibrational spectroscopic studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the di‐amino acid peptide derivatives α‐ and β‐N‐acetyl‐L‐Asp‐L‐Glu have been undertaken. Raman and infrared spectra have been recorded for samples in the solid state. DFT simulations were conducted using the B3‐LYP correlation functional and the cc‐pVDZ basis set to determine energy minimized/geometry optimized structures (based on a single isolated molecule in the gaseous state). Normal coordinate calculations have provided vibrational assignments for fundamental modes, including their potential energy distributions. Significant differences are observed between α‐ and β‐N‐acetyl‐L‐Asp‐L‐Glu both in the computed structures and in the vibrational spectra. The combination of experimental and calculated spectra provide an insight into the structural and vibrational spectroscopic properties of di‐amino acid peptide derivatives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

20.
The photophysics of 3‐methyl‐3‐pentene‐2‐one (3M3P2O) after excitation to the S2(ππ*) electronic state were studied using the resonance Raman spectroscopy and complete active space self‐consistent field (CASSCF) method calculations. The A‐band resonance Raman spectra were obtained in cyclohexane, acetonitrile, and methanol with excitation wavelengths in resonance with the first intense absorption band to probe the structural dynamics of 3M3P2O. The B3LYP‐TD/6‐31++G(d, p) computation was carried out to determine the relative A‐band resonance Raman intensities of the fundamental modes, and the result was used to reproduce the corresponding fundamental band intensities of the 223.1 nm resonance Raman spectrum and thus to examine whether the vibronic‐coupling existed in Franck‐Condon region or not. CASSCF calculations were carried out to determine the minimal singlet excitation energies of S1, FC, S1,min (nπ*), S2, FC, S2,min (ππ*), the transition energies of the conical intersection points Sn/Sπ, Sn/S0, and the optimized excited state geometries as well as the geometry structures of the conical intersection points. The A‐band short‐time structural dynamics and the corresponding decay dynamics of 3M3P2O were obtained by the analysis of the resonance Raman intensity pattern and CASSCF computations. It was revealed that the initial structural dynamics of 3M3P2O was towards the simultaneous C3=C4 and C2=O7 bond elongation, with the C3=C4 bond length lengthening greater at the very beginning, whereas the C2=O7 bond length changing greater at the later evolution time before reaching the CI(S2/S1) conical intersection point. The decay dynamics from S2(ππ*) to S1(nπ*) via S2(ππ*)/S1(nπ*) in singlet realm and from S1(nπ*) to T1(nπ*) via ISC[S1(nπ*)/T2(ππ*)/T1(nπ*)] in triplet realm are proposed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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