The synthesis and photoactive properties of cyclic amphiphilic polymers with azobenzene in main chain

The cyclic amphiphilic polymers with azobenzene in main chain, cyclic azobenzene tetraethylene glycol polystyrene (cyclic‐Azo‐TEG‐PS) with different molecular weights, were successfully synthesized by combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and Cu (I)‐catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), proton nuclear resonance (¹H NMR), Fourier transform‐infrared (FT‐IR), and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry were used to prove the complete conversion from linear polymers to cyclic ones. The thermal properties and photoisomerization behaviors of obtained cyclic polymers have been investigated by comparison with the linear analogues. The cyclic polymer displayed a higher glass transition temperature compared with the linear one, measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that the trans‐to‐cis and cis‐to‐trans isomerization of cyclic polymers was both slower than that of their respective linear counterparts upon irradiation by UV/visible light. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 1834–1841     

Polymer‐based fluorescence sensors incorporating chiral binaphthyl and benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazole moieties for Hg2+ detection

Three chiral polymers P‐1 , P‐2 , and P‐3 could be obtained by the polymerization of (R)‐6,6′‐dibutyl‐3,3′‐diiodo‐2, 2′‐binaphthol (R‐M‐1) , (R)‐6,6′‐dibutyl‐3,3′‐diiodo‐2,2′‐bisoctoxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl ( R‐M‐2 ), and (R)‐6,6′‐dibutyl‐3,3′‐diiodo‐2,2′‐bis (diethylaminoethoxy)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl ( R‐M‐3 ) with 4,7‐diethynyl‐benzo[2,1,3]‐thiadiazole ( M‐1) via Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira reaction, respectively. P‐1 , P‐2 , and P‐3 can show pale red, blue–green, and orange fluorescence. The responsive optical properties of these polymers on various metal ions were investigated by fluorescence spectra. Compared with other cations, such as Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ag⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺, Hg²⁺ can exhibit the most pronounced fluorescence response of these polymers. P‐1 and P‐2 show obvious fluorescence quenching effect upon addition of Hg²⁺, on the contrary, P‐3 shows fluorescence enhancement. Three polymer‐based fluorescent sensors also show excellent fluorescence response for Hg²⁺ detection without interference from other metal ions. The results indicate that these kinds of tunable chiral polybinaphthyls can be used as fluorescence sensors for Hg²⁺ detection. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 997–1006, 2010     

Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Characterization of a New Twophoton Absorbing Organic Dye：DMAHAS

IntroductionThepotentialforuseoftwo photonabsorbingmoleculesinapplicationsrangingfromopticallimiting1 3tothreedimensional (3D)fluorescencemicroscopy4 and 3Dmicrofabricationandopticaldatastorage5,6 hasstimulatedresearchonthedesign ,synthesis ,andcharacterizationofnewmoleculeswithlargetwo photonabsorptivities .7,8Thetwo photonabsorption (2PA)processconsideredherein volvesthesimultaneousabsorptionoftwophotons ,eitherdegeneratingornondegenerating ,atwavelengthswellbe yondthelinearabsorptionspectr…     

Synthesis and characterization of fluorescent copolymer containing rare earth metal complex and its interaction with DNA

A complex of Eu³⁺, acrylic acid (AA), and 1, 10‐phenanthroline (Phen) was synthesized. The structure and fluorescence of Eu(AA)₃Phen was characterized with elemental analysis, FTIR, ¹H NMR, and fluorescence spectroscopy. A novel copolymer containing rare earth complex, poly(PEGMA‐co‐NIPAm‐co‐Eu(AA)3Phen) (PPNEu), was prepared by free radical copolymerization in methanol with azodiisobutyronitrile as initiator. ¹H NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, UV‐vis spectroscopy, and TEM were used to characterize this copolymer. The interaction of PPNEu with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy, UV‐vis spectroscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis. The results of fluorescence, UV‐vis absorption, and agarose electrophoresis indicated that the PPNEu could interact with DNA in an electrostatic bonding mode. The TEM observation showed that the PPNEu could form spherical micelles in water solution small than 100 nm; the efficient complexation of PPNEu with DNA occurred. These results suggested the potential of the PPNEu as gene detective reagent and gene delivery carrier. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010     

Synthesis and Properties of a New Two—Photon—absorbed Material DMAEAS

IntroductionSubstitutedstilbeneshavesignificantpotentialapplica tionssuchasfluorescencemicroscopy ,two photonphotody namictherapy ,opticalpowerlimiting ,three dimensionalstorage,andthree dimensionalmicrofabrication .1 4 Thesedyeshavestrongtendencyofintra molecularchargetransferundertheexcitedstate.Asaresult,theyusuallyexhibitlargetwo photonabsorption (TPA) ,inthemeanwhileemitstrongup convertedfluorescence .Ontheotherhand ,theirsolutionsgenerallydisplaylineartransmissionof >90 %atwavelengthof…     

Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Properties of a New A-π-A Two-Photon Compound Utilizing Dibenzothiophene as Center

A new two‐photon material, 3E,6E‐bis(2‐pyrid‐4′‐ylvinyl)dibenzothiophene (BPVDBT), has been firstly synthesized by an efficient Pd‐catalyzed Heck coupling route. The single‐ and two‐photon fluorescence, quantum yields, lifetimes, solvent effects of the chromophore were studied in detail and the compound exhibited solvent‐sensitivity. The fluorescence intensity (I_out) and input excitation intensity (I_in) can fit in well with the quadratic parabolas, which indicates that the up‐converted fluorescence was induced by the two‐photon absorption (TPA). TPA cross‐section of BPVDBT has been measured using the two‐photon‐induced fluorescence method, whose value is 14.24×10^?50 cm⁴·s·photon^?1·molecule^?1 at 750 nm. The experimental results confirm that BPVDBT is a good two‐photon absorbing chromophore with an A‐π‐A type.     

Polymorph‐Dependent Solid‐State Fluorescence and Selective Metal‐Ion‐Sensor Properties of 2‐(2‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐4(3H)‐quinazolinone

2‐(2‐Hydroxy‐phenyl)‐4(3H)‐quinazolinone (HPQ), an organic fluorescent material that exhibits fluorescence by the excited‐state intramolecular proton‐transfer (ESIPT) mechanism, forms two different polymorphs in tetrahydrofuran. The conformational twist between the phenyl and quinazolinone rings of HPQ leads to different molecular packing in the solid state, giving structures that show solid‐state fluorescence at 497 and 511 nm. HPQ also shows intense fluorescence in dimethyl formamide (DMF) solution and selectively detects Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions at micromolar concentrations in DMF. Importantly, HPQ not only detects Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions selectively, but it also distinguishes between the metal ions with a fluorescence λ_max that is blue‐shifted from 497 to 420 and 426 nm for Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions, respectively. Hence, tunable solid‐state fluorescence and selective metal‐ion‐sensor properties were demonstrated in a single organic material.     

Combined effects of conjugation pattern and alkoxy side chains on the photovoltaic properties of thiophene‐containing PPE‐PPVs

This contribution presents the synthesis and properties of four thiophene‐containing poly(‐p‐arylene‐ethynylene)/poly(‐p‐arylene‐vinylene)s, PIa‐b and PIIa‐b , whose repeating units (RU) consist either of 1:2 or 2:2 triple bond/double bond ratio, and which bear linear alkoxy side chains not longer than octyloxy and branched 2‐ethylhexyloxy. PIa‐b and PIIa‐b exhibit similar absorption and emission behaviour in dilute solution (λ_a = 483–486 nm, λ_e = 540 nm) as well as in solid state (λ_a = 500, 530 nm, λ_e = 560 nm), whereby slightly higher fluorescence quantum yields (Φ_f) were obtained for PI than for PII systems, as a result of higher number of thiophene units within the RU of PII . An enhancement of the Φ_f‐value from 0% to 3% is obtained after replacing linear octadecyloxy in PIIc‐e by bulky branched 2‐ethylhexyloxy in PIIa‐b . Nonoptimized solar cells of configuration ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer: PCBM (1:3 weight ratio)/LiF/Al show open circuit voltages as high as 900 mV for PIa‐b and 800 mV for PIIa‐b . Reducing the size of the side chain from R = 2‐ethylhexyl in PIa to R = methyl in PIb leads to a significant increase of the short circuit current, I _SC, from ca. 2.5 mA to ca. 3.7 mA and consequently to an enhancement of the energy conversion efficiency, η_AM1.5, from ca. 1.2% to ca. 1.7%. This is due to an extended donor‐acceptor interfacial area, as evidenced by AFM topology pictures showing smaller nanoscale clusters size in PIb than in PIa active layer. The same change led to minimal effect in PII systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1619–1631, 2007     

一个新的具有大的吸收截面的双光子引发剂的合成和非线性光学性质

E,E-1,4-Bis（4＇-N,N-diphenylaminostyryl）-2,5-dimethoxybenzene （DPAMOB） has been synthesized by a simple and effective solid phase Wittig reaction and characterized by 1^H NMR spectra and elemental analysis, Linear absorption, single-photon induced fluorescence and two-photon induced fluorescence spectra were experimentally studied. The new dye has a large two-photon absorption （TPA） cross-section of σr= 1007,2 GM [1 GM= 1 × 10^-50 cm^4·s/（photon molecule）] at 800 nm measured by the two-photon induced fluorescence method. The experimental results confirm that DPAMOB is a good TPA chromophore and can successfully initiate two-photon photopolymerization of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate esters （SR454）. Finally, a microstructure has been fabricated by use of DPAMOB as initiator.     

Studies on Thermodynamics Features of the Interaction between Imidacloprid and Bovine Serum Albumin

At different temperatures, the interactions between imidacloprid （IMI） and bovine serum albumin （BSA） were investigated with a fluorescence quenching spectrum, a synchronous fluorescence spectrum, a three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum and an ultraviolet-visible spectrum. The average values of bonding constants （KLB： 3.424 × 10^4 L,mol^-1）, thermodynamic parameters （△H： 5.188 kJ,mol^-1, △G^（○—）：-26.36 kJ,mol^-1, △S： 103.9 J,K^-1,mol^-1） and the numbers of bonding sites （n： 1.156） could be obtained through Stern-Volmer, Lineweaver-Burk and ther- modynamic equations. It was shown that the fluorescence of BSA could be quenched for its reactions with IMI to form a certain kind of new compound. The quenching belonged to a static fluorescence quenching, with a non-radiation energy transfer happening within a single molecule. The thermodynamic parameters agree with △H〉 0, △S〉0 and△G^（○-）〈0, suggesting that the binding power between IMI and BSA should be mainly a hydrophobic interaction.     

含联吡啶，Eu(III)或Gd(III)的手性高分子配合物的合成及荧光性质研究

手性高分子P–1由(R)-5,5′-二溴-6,6′-二(4-三氟甲基苯基)-2,2′-二正辛氧基-1,1′-联萘(R–M–1)和5,5′-二乙烯基-2,2′-联吡啶(M–2)通过Pd催化的Heck偶合反应合成得到,高分子配合物P-2和P-3由高分子P-1与Eu(TTA)3·2H2O和Gd(TTA)3·2H2O (TTA– = 2-噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮)反应生成。手性高分子P-1能发射强的蓝色荧光,这是由于手性重复单元(R)-6,6′-二(4-三氟甲基苯基)-2,2′-二正辛氧基-1,1′-联萘和单元2,2′-联吡啶通过亚乙烯基桥连形成共轭高分子结构造成的。在不同的激发波长激发下,含Eu(III)的高分子配合物P–2不仅显示高分子荧光,还可显示Eu(III) (5D0→7F2)特征荧光。含Gd(III)的高分子配合物P–3仅发射高分子荧光。基于高分子及含RE(III)的高分子配合物的荧光性质研究发现,共轭高分子并没有把能量转移到Eu(III)或Gd(III) 配合物部分,只发射它自身的荧光,含Eu(III)的高分子配合物P–2发射Eu(III) (5D0→7F2)特征荧光能量主要来源于配阴离子TTA–。     

Stimuli‐responsive chiral polyacetylene based on copolymerization of N‐propargylamide and propargylether

Copolymerization of propargylether having antipyrine group (PT) and N‐(tert‐butoxycarbonyl)‐l ‐valine‐N‐propargylamide (LA) was conducted with (nbd)Rh⁺[η⁶‐C₆H₅B^?(C₆H₅)₃] as a catalyst to obtain novel antipyrine‐functionalized chiral copolymer. The controllable secondary structure of the copolymers by different unit ratio or solvent environment led to a controlled fluorescence of the side‐chain antipyrine. Poly(LA₈₈‐co‐PT₁₂) exhibited a large specific rotation and a circular dichroism (CD) signal, while it emitted very stronger fluorescence. From CD and ultraviolet–visible spectra, the regular structure of poly(LA₈₈‐co‐PT₁₂) was destroyed, and the random coil was formed with temperature increase. The helical conformation of poly(LA₇₅‐co‐PT₂₅) disappeared by the addition of MeOH to CHCl₃ solution, while the fluorescence signal also became weaker than in CHCl₃ solution. It is suggested that the copolymer conformation much influenced the performance of chromophores. In the present study, the helix conformation could induce fluorescence enhancement. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Organic Nanoprobes for Fluorescence and 19F Magnetic Resonance Dual‐Modality Imaging

Multimodal imaging techniques have been demonstrated to be greatly advantageous in achieving accurate diagnosis and gained increasing attention in recent decades. Herein, we present a new strategy to integrate the complementary modalities of ¹⁹F magnetic resonance imaging (¹⁹F MRI) and fluorescence imaging (FI) into a polymer nanoprobe composed of hydrophobic fluorescent organic core and hydrophilic fluorinated polymer shell. The alkyne‐terminated fluorinated copolymer (Pn) of 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl acrylate (TFEA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGA) was first prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The PEGA plays an important role in both improving ¹⁹F signal and modulating the hydrophilicity of Pn. The alkynyl tail in Pn is readily conjugated with azide modified tetra‐phenylethylene (TPE) through click chemistry to form azo polymer (TPE‐azo‐Pn). The core‐shell nanoprobes (TPE‐P3N) with an average particle size of 57.2 ± 8.8 nm are obtained via self‐assembly with ultrasonication in aqueous solution. These nanoprobes demonstrate high water stability, good biocompatibility, strong fluorescence and good ¹⁹F MRI performance, which present great potentials for simultaneous fluorescence imaging and ¹⁹F–MR imaging.     

Fluorescence Quenching and Binding Interaction of l0-Methylacridinium Iodide to Nucleic Acids

Interaction of 10‐methylacridinium iodide (MAI) as fluorescence probe with nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleic acids has been studied by UV‐visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. It was found that fluorescence of MAI is strongly quenched by the nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleic acids, respectively. The quenching follows the Stern‐Volmer linear equation. The fluorescence quenching rate constant (k_q) was measured to be 10^9‐10¹⁰ (L/mol)/s within the range of diffusion‐controlled rate limit, indicating that the interaction between MAI and nucleic acid and their precursors is characteristic of electron transfer mechanism. In addition, the binding interaction model of MAI to calf thymus DNA (ct‐DNA) was further investigated. Apparent hypochromism in the absorption spectra of MAI was observed when MAI binds to ct‐DNA. Three spectroscopic methods, which include (1) UV spectroscopy, (2) fluorescence quenching of MAI, (3) competitive dual‐probe method of MAI and ethidium bromide (EB), were utilized to determine the affinity binding constants (K) of MAI and ct‐DNA. The binding constants K obtained from the above methods gave consistent data in the same range (1.0–5.5) × 10⁴L/mol, which lend credibility to these measurements. The binding site number was determined to be 1.9. The influence of thermal denaturation and phosphate concentration on the binding was examined. The binding model of MAI to ct‐DNA including intercalation and outside binding was investigated.     

Synthesis and optical properties of cis‐dibenzothiazolyldibenzo‐24‐crown‐8

New crown ether carrying two fluorionophores of cis‐dibenzothiazolyldibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 was synthesized from cis‐diformyldibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 and 2‐aminobenzenethiol. The binding behavior and the optical properties of the crown ether were examined through UV‐visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. When complexed with Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, and Cs⁺ ions, it led to intramolecular charge transfer and caused the changes of the fluorescence spectra. The protonation of the crown ether was also studied. With protonation using CF₃COOH, the absorption bands and the fluorescence spectroscopy changed, the maximal fluorescence wavelengths red shifted and the fluorescence intensity with the maximum at 433 nm enhanced strongly. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).     

High Intensity Trip-Multiplet Transitions,a Reality! Synthesis,Properties, and Crystal Structure of l-Bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium trans-Dibromophthalocyaninato(2–)molybdate(III)

Oxophthalocyaninato(2–)molybdenum(IV), activated by bromine oxidation prior to use, reacts with fused triphenylphosphine in the presence of bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium bromide to yield linear-bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium trans-dibromophthalocyaninato(2–)molybdate(III), ^l(PNP)^trans[Mo(Br)₂pc^2?]. It crystallizes triclinic with crystal data: a = 10.506(1) Å, b = 12.436(2) Å, c = 12.918(2) Å, α = 76.186(1)°, β = 67.890(1)°, γ = 68.689(1)°; space group P1 (No. 2); Z = 1. Mo^III is in a pseudo-octahedral coordination geometry with the bromo ligands in trans-arrangement. The Mo? N_p and Mo? Br distance is 2.043(10) and 2.588(1) Å, respectively. The PNP cation adopts a linear conformation. In the IR spectrum v_as(Mo? Br) is observed at 218 cm^?1 and v_as(P? N) of the linear (P? N? P) core at 1406 cm^?1. Cyclic and differential-pulse voltammetry show two quasi-reversible cathodic processes at ?1.15 and ?0.53 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The first is assigned to a phthalocyaninate directed reduction (pc^2?/pc^3?), while the latter arises from a Mo directed reduction (Mo^III/Mo^II). Spectral monitoring confirms the reversible Mo^III/Mo^II reduction. Two quasi-reversible anodic processes at 0.60 and 1.27 V are assigned to the successive Mo directed oxidation with redox couples Mo^III/Mo^IV and Mo^IV/Mo^V. For the first time, three very intense spin-allowed trip-quartet transitions are observed in the electronic absorption spectra at 7140 (TQI), 16890 (TQ2) and 18700 cm^?1 (TQ3) together with a sing-quartet transition at 15850 cm^?1 and characteristic ?Q”? region with maximum at 28500 cm^?1 and ?N”? region at 37400 cm^?1. All electronic excitations are of comparable intensity. A prominent low temperature emission at 6690 cm^?1 is assigned to a spin-forbidden trip-sextet.     

Photoinduced Charge‐Transfer Interactions on a Graphene/Block Copolymer Electrostatically Bound to Tetracationic Porphyrin in Aqueous Media

Stable dispersions of exfoliated graphene in aqueous media with the aid of the amphiphilic block copolymer poly(isoprene‐b‐acrylic acid) (PI‐b‐PAA), in the form of its anion, were used to electrostatically bind cationic 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(1‐methyl‐4‐pyridinio)porphine tetra(p‐toluenesulfonate) (H₂P⁴⁺). A new graphene/PI‐b‐PAA^?–H₂P⁴⁺ ensemble was formed and examined by dynamic light scattering, UV/Vis and fluorescence emission spectroscopy. The efficient fluorescence quenching of H₂P⁴⁺ in the graphene/PI‐b‐PAA^?–H₂P⁴⁺ ensemble was probed by using steady‐state and time‐resolved photoluminescence, suggesting that electron/energy‐transfer phenomena occur within the nanoensemble. Blank experiments validated the concept of electrostatic interactions that govern the formation of graphene/PI‐b‐PAA^?–H₂P⁴⁺ ensemble, which signified the importance of graphene as an electron acceptor toward the preparation of some new donor–acceptor systems. Finally, kinetic analysis of the lifetime profiles of the fluorescence emission gave information regarding the quenching rate constant and quantum yield of the singlet excited state of H₂P⁴⁺ in the graphene/PI‐b‐PAA^?–H₂P⁴⁺ ensemble.     

Synthesis and Optical Properties of Novel Fluorescence‐Traced Benzimidazolium Bromides

Seven novel fluorescence‐traced 1‐aryl‐2‐substituted‐3‐allyl‐1H‐benzimidazolium bromides ( 5a , 5b , 5c , 5d , 5e , 5f , 5g ) were synthesized by alkylation and quaternization of compounds 1‐aryl‐2‐substituted‐1H‐benzimidazoles ( 4a , 4b , 4c , 4d , 4e , 4f , 4g ) with excess allyl bromide in acetonitrile at refluxing temperature. Their structures were characterized by ¹H‐NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. They emit violet‐blue light (λ^Em_max = 386–438 nm) with fluorescence quantum yields of 0.54 to 0.75 in aqueous solution.     

Determination of Trace Copper by Fluorescence Spectrophotometry Based on Cu(DP)2+ and Cu‐4.0‐Generations Polyamidoamine Dendrimers Catalyze Cu2+ to Oxidize Fluorescein

Abstract

Fluorescein can emit strong and stable fluorescence. Cu²⁺ can oxidize fluorescein, which causes the fluorescence signal to diminish. Cu(DP)²⁺ (DP refers to α,α′‐dipyridyl) and Cu‐GPD‐4.0 (GPD‐4.0 refers to 4.0‐generations polyamidoamine dendrimers) both can catalyze Cu²⁺ to oxidize fluorescein, which causes the fluorescence signal to diminish sharply. The ΔF is directly proportional to the content of copper. Based on the facts above, a new catalytic fluorescence spectrophotometry for the determination of trace copper using Cu(DP)²⁺ and Cu‐GPD‐4.0 was established. The linear range of this method is 0.040–28 pg mL^?1. The regression equation for working curve is ΔF=209.5+14.39 C_Cu ²⁺ (pg mL^?1), n=7; correlation coefficient is 0.991. The detection limit of this method is 1.0×10^?14 g mL^?1. After replicate measurement times, RSDs are 3.1% and 4.2% for samples containing 0.040 and 28 pg mL^?1 Cu²⁺, respectively. This method is rapid and precise with high sensitivity and good repeatability. The method has been applied to the determination of trace copper in tea and human hair with satisfactory results. Meanwhile, the mechanism for the determination of trace copper by catalytic fluorescence spectrophotometry using Cu(DP)²⁺ and Cu‐GPD‐4.0 was also discussed.     

The Synthesis of N‐Glycosyl‐N′‐Pyrazolylmethylene Aminothioureas under a 4Å Molecular Sieve

A series of novel N‐glycosyl‐N′‐pyrazolylmethylene aminothioureas ( 4a‐4e, 5a‐5e ) were synthesized from N‐glycosyl‐N′‐aminothioureas ( 2a‐2d ) and 4‐formylpyrazole ( 3a‐3e ). Activated 4Å molecular sieves were adopted for dehydrated reagent to improve the reaction rate and yield. The structures of the new compounds were identified on the basis of IR, ¹H NMR and MS spectra. Simultaneously, the compounds were detected by fluorescence spectrophotometer and had preferable fluorescence activity, so they can be selected as a kind of novel fluorescence labeled derivative of sugar.