杭州大剧院风压分布的风洞试验研究

杭州大剧院外观造型新颖独特，由一个近似为椭球的双曲面屋盖和一个倒置的圆锥面玻璃幕墙相交形成大剧院的主体建筑的外轮廓．本文结合该主体结构的抗风设计要求，制作了1：200刚性模型进行结构表面脉动风压平均风压分布的风洞试验研究，详细介绍了风洞试验及数据处理方法，讨论了在不同风向角下椭球面屋盖和圆锥面玻璃幕墙的风压分布．为了便于整体结构设计，本文根据结构的实际情况对椭球面和圆锥面进行分块并给出相应的分块风压数据，最后根据各风向角下的风压分布特征给出了整体结构抗风设计的最不利风向角．     

阻塞效应对高层建筑风洞试验的影响分析

风工程界对单体建筑风洞试验阻塞效应进行了大量研究并取得初步成果,有关群体建筑风洞试验阻塞效应的研究却鲜有报道.基于此,本文对具有较多周边建筑的某实际高层建筑进行了两种缩尺比的刚性模型测压试验.结果发现阻塞效应的不同使两组模型的风压数据出现显著差异.分析表明:对于具有较多周边建筑的风洞试验,较大阻塞比导致的阻塞效应可能引起试验数据严重失真,阻塞效应对模型侧面风压的影响较迎风面、背风面更为显著;现有的阻塞效应修正方法不具有普遍适用性,阻塞比这一整体性指标无法描述模型不同部位的阻塞效应.     

脉动风压测压管路系统的动态特性分析

利用基于高精度的流体管道耗散模型所建立起来的传递矩阵方法分析了小管径测压管路的动态特性并做了试验对比 ,得到了非常满意的结果 ,同时用编写的程序对脉动风压测试中所采用的一些常用的加管路阻尼器的方法作了模拟计算分析 ,得到一些比较有用的结论 ,应用本文的方法可以精确分析测压管路的动态特性并可以将结果用于风洞试验多路脉动风压测试中信号畸变的修正     

低层四坡屋面房屋风载体型系数的分析与实用计算

利用数值模拟和风洞模型试验,获得了低层四坡屋面房屋在不同风向角下的屋面风载体型系数的实用计算公式。首先对缩尺比为1∶20的四坡屋面房屋模型(足尺为平面7.5 m×15 m,檐口高度9.6 m,挑檐长度1.5m)进行了风洞试验,再通过改变体型参数对5种屋面坡角、5种房屋高宽比和长宽比情况的屋面风压进行了数值模拟。通过对数值模拟和试验结果的分析发现,屋面坡角及房屋高宽比是影响屋面风荷载的主要因素。据此提出了屋面各分区风载体型系数的实用计算公式,并给出了计算实例,将计算结果与试验结果作了比较。结果表明,该实用公式简便准确,可直接供四坡屋面房屋抗风设计参考和应用。     

平屋盖风压分布的数值模拟

基于Reynolds时均N-S方程和RSM模型对平屋面的风压分布进行了数值模拟,在此基础上系统研究了风向角、跨高比、地面粗糙度、风速等因素对屋面风压分布的影响,探讨了结构周围流场的绕流特性,最后根据屋面的结构形式及风压分布特点将屋面进行分区,给出了屋面在不同风向角下的分区风载体型系数以供工程设计参考。     

低层房屋风压分布特性的模拟与分析

基于Reynolds时均N—S方程和标准κ-ε双方程封闭模型,对一类带挑檐的低层双坡屋面房屋在不同风向角下的表面风压进行了敷值模拟,模拟结果与风洞试验结果作了比较。在此基础上,根据模拟结果对房屋各表面及挑檐处的风压分布特性和规律进行了分析和计算,获得了不同风向角下各表面的风载体型系数,为该类房屋的工程抗风设计提供了依据。     

多参数影响下开洞口煤仓表面风压系数拟合研究

在实际结构中球形储煤仓的网壳结构都与输煤栈桥相连,栈桥洞口的存在会使网壳表面风荷载变化更为复杂,我国现行规范中对网壳上开洞口的特殊建筑风压没有明确的设计规定。基于此,运用FLUENT软件和计算流体力学(CFD),采用SST?-?湍流模型,对开洞煤仓球面网壳的风荷载分布规律进行了数值风洞计算。分析了当矢跨比、来流风速、网壳高度、风向角、球面半径、栈桥洞口尺寸改变的情况下网壳表面的风压系数分布规律。分析结果表明,矢跨比、风向角、球面半径对网壳表面风压分布有较大影响。栈桥洞口尺寸对网壳表面局部的风压系数有较大影响,针对此种特殊结构推导出了计算风压系数的拟合公式,并将公式应用到已有的风洞实验结果,发现风压分布变化规律大致相同,拟合情况较好。     

攒尖四坡屋面风致雪漂移的数值模拟

为获得攒尖四坡屋面的风致雪漂移规律,基于欧拉-欧拉方法和风雪单向耦合假定,运用计算流体动力学软件,选取Mixture模型分别对立方体周边和高低屋面上的风致雪漂移运动进行数值模拟,将模拟结果与两者的实地观测数据对比,探讨分析数值风洞的关键技术和参数设置,验证数值模拟方法的合理性与可靠性。依据攒尖四坡房屋的使用功能要求,设计分析模型与分析工况,在试算的基础上对屋面进行分区。以风速5 m/s,7 m/s,9 m/s,11 m/s,13 m/s和15 m/s,风向角0°,15°,30°和45°以及屋面坡度25°,30°,34°,40°和45°为分析参数,对攒尖四坡房屋的120种工况进行数值模拟,得到屋面各分区侵蚀沉积的基本规律,提出可用于抗雪设计的屋面积雪分布系数。研究表明,风向角的改变会使屋面积雪分布状态发生较大程度的变化,风速和屋面坡度的变化对屋面整体积雪量有较大影响。     

下击暴流作用下群体高层建筑风压干扰特性的数值分析

针对布局变化对高层建筑下击暴流场气动干扰特性研究的缺乏,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型封闭求解N-S方程的RANS方法模拟下击暴流场,在与已有单体高层建筑下击暴流场试验数据进行对比验证的基础上,模拟研究两幢高层建筑布局的下击暴流风效应场。考虑建筑布局距风暴中心距离变化以及布局纵横向间距变化时,施扰建筑对受扰建筑立面风压的影响,获取立面风压干扰规律与特性。结果表明:受扰建筑迎风面干扰因子随风暴中心距离的增大而增大,突出表现在较大距离区间(r2D),且干扰作用随布局纵横向间距的变化存在较明显差异;当距风暴中心较近时(r2D),布局纵横方向间距变化对受扰建筑干扰因子的影响较小;在径向最大风速位置处(r/D=1.0),临近施扰建筑的受扰建筑侧风面风压相对单体情况有所减小,其干扰因子随布局纵向间距的增大而减小,随横向间距的增大而增大。     

大跨度脊谷式膜屋盖风载分布的实验研究

基于台州某风雨操场脊谷式张拉膜屋盖缩尺模型风洞试验的数据结果,选取典型测点,研究了屋面迎风前缘、过渡区及中轴区的平均风压和脉动风压系数的分布特性。同时,鉴于屋盖的不规则曲面造型,表面风压梯度变化较大,采用单一体型系数反映屋面风载已不能满足要求。文中在结合屋盖自身复杂体型和风压分布特征基础上,按各榀各边片将屋面划分为不同区域,对5个不利风向角下的区域体型系数进行统计分析,并给出各区域体型系数建议取值。最后,针对这类体型屋盖特点和风压分布特性,得出一些结论和建议,为进一步研究该类屋盖的风荷载特性和结构抗风设计提供了依据。     

首都国际机场新航站大楼风压试验研究

通过１：１２０的模型风洞试验,测量了首都国际机场新航站大楼的风压分布,给出了结构风荷载体型系数,并测量了周围部分区域的风速分布,为工程设计提供了依据。试验结果表明：结构表面主要承受负压,周围个别别区域相对来风风速增大。     

群集建筑中大跨裙摆屋盖风荷载特性的数值模拟研究

以苏州太平金融大厦为工程背景,针对其大跨裙摆屋盖的风荷载作用,首先采用RNG k-ε模型模拟分析了其平均风压分布规律,以及风向变化对屋盖表面风荷载体型系数的影响;其次,引入干扰因子IF,探讨了周边建筑对大跨裙摆屋盖风荷载的气动干扰作用。结果表明:0°风向下,走廊上方屋盖两侧区域出现“上吸下顶”的叠加作用;90°风向下屋盖北侧飘带末端区域受到狭道风效应出现正压集中现象;风向变化对大跨裙摆屋盖的风荷载体型系数分布影响较大;且周围建筑物对大跨裙摆屋盖的气动干扰效应明显,主要表现为风压“遮挡效应”,而局部区域表现为风压“放大效应”。     

Wind tunnel simulation of wind effect on a group of high Cooling towers

Aerodynamic interference between high cooling towers in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and uniform flow has been discussed. For the 1/1000 ABL model set up in the 2.25m low speed wind tunnel at Peking University, the similarity condition of the cooling tower in the ABL, the simulation results of a single tower and some typical tower groups have been provided. Experiments showed that the Circumferential pressure distributions were consistent between the smooth model tower and the prototype tower, and between the rough model tower and the prototype tower with ribs; the two dimensional characteristics in the circumferential pressure distribution were also noticeable around the middle 1/3 part of the tower after nondimensionalization by local dynamic pressure. Results demonstrate that, in the flow with strong turbulence the lift coefficient of the downstream cylinder approaches 0.4. In the flow with weak turbulence, the pressure distribution reflects a strong nonsymmetry, and the lift coefficient or stagnation pressure of the downstream cylinder switches alternately between 1 and 0, where a concentrated vortex rolls up and then sheds toward the front of the downstream cylinder and exerts a decisive influence on the aerodynamic properties of the downstream cylinder.     

地面效应影响下的高速火箭橇气动特性数值与风洞试验研究

精确预示地面效应下高速火箭橇的气动特性及流场规律对高速火箭橇的设计和评估具有重要意义。本文应用有限体积方法,研究了湍流模型对火箭橇气动特性计算精度的影响,建立了基于realizable k-ε湍流模型的火箭橇气动特性的高精度数值计算方法;结合风洞试验方法,研究了雷诺数和地面效应对高速火箭橇流场流动规律的影响,分析了火箭橇气动特性。结果表明,火箭橇阻力系数随雷诺数增大而减小,升力系数和俯仰力矩系数随雷诺数增大而增大,但雷诺数对高速火箭橇气动特性的影响较小;地面效应会使火箭橇流场发生激波-激波干扰、激波-边界层干扰和激波反复反射等复杂气动现象,大幅提升了火箭橇的升力系数和俯仰力矩系数,但对阻力系数的影响较小。研究为高速火箭橇气动外形的设计及运动稳定性的评估提供依据。     

Experimental study of wind loads on cylindrical reticulated shells

The cylindrical reticulated shell structures without side walls, which are normally arranged in pairs, are usually used as dry-coal sheds in a thermal power plant. The wind loads of these shells do not exist in standards or codes. Therefore, this study investigates the mean and fluctuating wind loads on a cylindrical reticulated shell with a rise-to-span ratio of 0.39 through a series of wind tunnel tests. The characteristics of the wind pressures on the upper and lower surfaces and the net pressures are presented. The results show that the wind direction and another shell structure significantly affect the wind loads on the principal shell. The most unfavorable wind direction is around 30°, whereas the effects of the wind field and the height of the coal stack are small. The surfaces of the shells are divided into nine blocks, and the block mean and fluctuating (rms) pressure coefficients suitable for engineering applications are given as references for wind load codes.     

大跨度双曲屋盖结构表面风驱雨压力分布研究

强风来临时常常伴有强降雨,雨滴在风荷载的作用下会对结构产生较大的撞击力,并产生了风驱雨作用,加剧了结构所受荷载。但荷载规范中对大跨度屋盖结构的抗风雨设计值尚未给出明确规定。本文采用数值模拟的欧拉-欧拉方法,研究了正方形、矩形、圆形、椭圆形等四种常见大跨度双曲屋盖表面在风驱雨作用下的平均压力分布,并与已有风荷载作用的风洞实验结果进行了对比。研究发现:风雨作用下最不利双曲屋盖投影形状为正方形,其次为矩形;在风雨联合作用下双曲屋盖表面平均压力受到雨压力、风吸力、风压力共同作用,且都是屋盖前端处平均压力系数较大,变化梯度较大。研究得到了不同双曲屋盖风驱雨作用下的平均压力系数及其变化规律,为类似结构的抗风雨设计提供了参考。     

Gas dynamics of a low-pressure chamber in a high-enthalpy short-duration wind tunnel

Gas dynamics of a low-pressure chamber in a double-chamber hotshot wind tunnel is considered. The time needed to fill the second chamber is in good agreement with the value obtained by examining the quasi-steady process of emptying and filling of the high-pressure and low-pressure chambers. The transitional process is strongly affected by wave processes in the channel between the chambers. By changing the place of the throttling grid in this channel, one can change the time of filling of the second chamber (decrease it severalfold). The examined schemes of air input into the second chamber ensure its complete deceleration. The Mach number at the exit of the second chamber (in the wind-tunnel nozzle throat) is almost constant over the cross section and close to unity.Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 29–43, January–February, 2005.     

Wind tunnel and full-scale study of wind effects on a super-tall building

This paper presents the analyzed results from a combined wind tunnel and full-scale study of the wind effects on a super-tall building with a height of 420 m in Hong Kong. In wind tunnel tests, mean and fluctuating forces and pressures on the building models for the cases of an isolated building and the building with the existing surrounding condition are measured by the high-frequency force balance technique and synchronous multi-pressure sensing system under two typical boundary layer wind flow fields. Global and local wind force coefficients and structural responses are presented and discussed. A detailed study is conducted to investigate the influences of incident wind direction, upstream terrain conditions and interferences from the surroundings on the wind loads and responses of the high-rise structure. On the other hand, full-scale measurements of the wind effects on the super-tall building have been performed under typhoon conditions. The field data, such as wind speed, wind direction, structural acceleration and displacement responses have been simultaneously and continuously recorded during the passage of 12 typhoons since 2008. Analysis of the field measured data is carried out to investigate the typhoon effects on the super-tall building. Finally, the model test results are compared with the full-scale measurements for verification of the wind tunnel test techniques. The comparative study shows that the wind tunnel testing can provide reasonable predictions of the structural resonant responses. The resonant displacement responses are comparable to the background displacement responses so that the contribution of the background responses to the total displacement responses should not be underestimated. The outcome of the combined wind tunnel and full-scale study is expected to be useful to engineers and researchers involved in the wind-resistant design of super-tall buildings.