调谐兰姆波在模态控制中的实验研究

兰姆波模态调谐是指在确定的压电传感器条件下,通过频率选择实现单一兰姆波模态检测的方法.本文在兰姆波模态调谐的理论指导下,实现了单一兰姆波模态激励和调控.同时,研究了实验条件,如粘接剂性能和传感器上粘结位置对兰姆波调谐模态控制的影响.结果表明,对于不同的粘接剂,固化后硬度越高,其实验结果与理论结果的一致性越好;对于同一种粘接剂,边缘位置的粘贴会使非对称模态应力幅值增大,从而对模态调控的实现造成一定的影响.     

板壳结构中的非线性兰姆波

鉴于常规超声检测技术对分布式材料细微损伤和接触类结构损伤的检测效果不佳,近年来非线性超声技术逐渐引起广泛关注.超声波在板壳结构中通常以兰姆波的形式进行传播,然而由于兰姆波的频散及多模特性,使得非线性兰姆波的理论和实验研究进展缓慢.本文从经典非线性理论出发,总结了源于材料固有非线性诱发的非线性兰姆波的理论和实验两个方面的研究进展,井综述了兰姆波的二次谐波发生效应在材料损伤评价方面的若干应用;从接触声非线性理论出发,讨论了目前由于接触类结构损伤诱发的非线性兰姆波的研究现状.最后展望了非线性兰姆波的未来研究重点及发展趋势.     

板壳结构中的非线性兰姆波

鉴于常规超声检测技术对分布式材料细微损伤和接触类结构损伤的检测效果不佳,近年来非线性超声技术逐渐引起广泛关注.超声波在板壳结构中通常以兰姆波的形式进行传播,然而由于兰姆波的频散及多模特性,使得非线性兰姆波的理论和实验研究进展缓慢.本文从经典非线性理论出发,总结了源于材料固有非线性诱发的非线性兰姆波的理论和实验两个方面的研究进展,并综述了兰姆波的二次谐波发生效应在材料损伤评价方面的若干应用;从接触声非线性理论出发,讨论了目前由于接触类结构损伤诱发的非线性兰姆波的研究现状.最后展望了非线性兰姆波的未来研究重点及发展趋势.     

Nonlinear Lamb waves in plate/shell structures

鉴于常规超声检测技术对分布式材料细微损伤和接触类结构损伤的检测效果不佳,近年来非线性超声技术逐渐引起广泛关注.超声波在板壳结构中通常以兰姆波的形式进行传播,然而由于兰姆波的频散及多模特性,使得非线性兰姆波的理论和实验研究进展缓慢.本文从经典非线性理论出发,总结了源于材料固有非线性诱发的非线性兰姆波的理论和实验两个方面的研究进展,并综述了兰姆波的二次谐波发生效应在材料损伤评价方面的若干应用;从接触声非线性理论出发,讨论了目前由于接触类结构损伤诱发的非线性兰姆波的研究现状.最后展望了非线性兰姆波的未来研究重点及发展趋势.     

Lamb波理论及层合板冲击损伤的实验研究

从理论上分析了板中Lamb波信号的传播特性,并给出Lamb波在板中传播的频散方程。理论分析及实验均表明,Lamb波的频散特性与复合材料结构损伤有着直接的联系,而且最低阶的对称和反对称Lamb波模态对层合板的损伤比较敏感,但应用Lamb波的频散效应监测结构的损伤在检测技术上还难以实现。根据板中导波形成Lamb波的共振原理,板中应力波的幅频特性很大程度上反映了Lamb波的谐振特征。因此,利用压电元件的压电阻抗谱分析应力波的各阶模态频率及振幅对结构损伤的变化,能够反映材料内部损伤与Lamb波的频散特性。文中针对表面粘贴压电元件的层合板智能结构,建立了包含Lamb波谐振模式的压电阻抗计算模型。冲击损伤试件的实验表明,由于结构损伤的出现压电阻抗谱中的模态频率及其阻抗幅值等特征信息将发生变化。因此,引入应力波损伤因子可以对结构冲击损伤的存在和程度进行初步评价。该方法基于结构的机-电动态阻抗特性,不受结构的几何形状限制,测试用的压电元件成本低,方法简单可行,有望在智能结构的健康诊断方面获得应用。     

基于数值分析的模态阻尼系数获取方法

结构模态阻尼系数是影响振动疲劳特性的主要因素,获取模态阻尼系数对于结构振动疲劳的分析和仿真计算有重要作用,对于揭示金属材料振动疲劳损伤形成机理有直接意义。本研究针对2024-O铝合金,进行了大量的元件级试件的振动疲劳仿真分析、试验研究以及数值分析计算,并提出了一种基于数值分析的快速获取结构模态阻尼系数的方法,适合于获取试验件振动疲劳试验过程中的模态阻尼系数变化趋势。研究表明:在不中断试件疲劳试验的情况下,本文方法可以快速准确地得到试验件在整个振动疲劳历程中的模态阻尼系数,固有频率的相对偏差小于0.06%,模态阻尼系数的相对偏差小于1%。为进一步揭示金属材料振动疲劳损伤的形成机理奠定了基础。     

各向异性非线性固体力学的规范空间理论

本文在弹性规范空间概念基础上，利用非平衡态热力学理论，证明了各向异性固体力学非线性问题规范空间场以及不可逆过程本征解的存在。损伤对结构刚度的弱化效应和损伤诱发各向异性效应分别反映在本征弹性和相应的模态向量中。在简正坐标中考察各向异性体变形时，材料的行为以六个普通的粘弹性Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ方程描述，总的响应由模态叠加得到。以此为基础给出的非线性本构方程具有坐标转换不变性，最后给出了二个具体的算例。     

基于小波的蜂窝板面超高速撞击声发射信号损伤特征提取

为了通过超高速撞击声发射信号识别蜂窝结构受空间碎片撞击后的损伤状态,提出一种基于小波的损伤特征提取方法。采用超高速撞击声发射技术,以铝合金蜂窝板为研究对象,通过超高速撞击实验获取实验信号。分析超高速撞击声发射信号的时频特征及板波模态等特征,采用Daubechies小波变换将信号中模态分离,根据小波系数计算各尺度小波能量分数及小波能量熵特征,分析各特征参数与损伤间的关系,并通过Kruskal-Wallis检验方法验证各特征值对损伤识别的贡献。结果表明:小波能量分数和小波能量熵具有一定的损伤模式分类能力;250 kHz以上的小波能量分数具有良好的损伤模式分类能力;非超声部分的低频信号对损伤识别存在干扰。     

材料力学性能退化的超声无损检测与评价

材料性能退化总是伴随着某种形式的材料非线性力学行为, 从而引起超声波传播的非线性, 即高频谐波的产生.基于此,材料和结构的超声无损检测与主人技术发展成起来.首先介绍固体介质内的非线性超声波动方程的基础, 并综述了利用超声波传播的非线性特性对结构材料和粘结面的力学性能退化进行无损检测与评价的研究进展.之后对材料在疲劳、拉伸以及蠕变载荷作用下, 其力学性能退化进行超声无损检测与评价的试验研究进行了介绍;综述了超声波传播非线性的机理研究, 以及利用超声波对粘结面的粘结强度及其力学性能退化评估所开展的研究. 最后指出了今后该领域需要进一步研究的问题.      

金属材料的非线性疲劳累积损伤模型及强度衰减分析

用连续介质损伤力学的方法推导得到了一个非线性的损伤发展方程，该方程计及了加载过程应力与损伤的完全耦合效应；又由损伤发展方程得到了一个计及加载循环周内和循环周间损伤积累非线性效应的完全非线性疲劳累积损伤模型，已有的部分非线性疲劳累积损伤模型成为它的特例。由损伤发展方程确定了材料剩余强度随损伤发展的衰减规律和临界损伤值。     

Nonlinear frequency mixing of Lamb wave for detecting randomly distributed microcracks in thin plates

In engineering practice, the microcracks usually generate during the initial period of fatigue, and randomly distribute in the metallic structure. It is great challenge for linear non-destructive testing methods to detect those microscopic damages. In this work, the numerical simulations on nonlinear interaction between Lamb wave and microcracks are performed to investigate the behavior of frequency mixing in aluminum plates. From the simulation results, the nonlinear parameter based upon sum frequency shows a monotonically increase with the length of microcracks, and a monotonically decrease with the width of microcracks. The distribution area and density of the cracks also affect the nonlinear interactions between Lamb wave and microcracks. This work theoretically demonstrates that the nonlinear frequency mixing method is a robust strategy to detect microcracks at the initial fatigue stage in metal plates.     

Thermal Fatigue Damage Assessment in an Isotropic Pipe Using Nonlinear Ultrasonic Guided Waves

The use of nonlinear ultrasonic waves has been accepted as a potential technique to characterize the state of material micro-structure in solids. The typical nonlinear phenomenon is generation of second harmonics. Second harmonic generation of ultrasonic waves propagation has been vigorously studied for tracking material micro-damages in unbounded media and plate-like waveguides. However, there are few studies of launching second harmonic guided wave propagation in tube-like structures. Considering that second harmonics could provide useful information sensitive for material degradation condition, this research aims at developing a procedure for detecting second harmonics of ultrasonic guided wave in an isotropic pipe. The second harmonics generation of guided wave propagation in an isotropic and stress-free elastic pipe is investigated. Flexible polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) comb transducers are used to measure fundamental wave and second harmonic one. Experimental results show that nonlinear parameters increase monotonically with propagation distance. This work experimentally verifies that the second harmonics of guided waves in pipe have the cumulative effect with propagation distance. The proposed procedure is applied to assessing thermal fatigue damage indicated by nonlinearity in an aluminum pipe. The experimental observation verifies that nonlinear guided waves can be used to assess damage levels in early thermal fatigue state by correlating them with the acoustic nonlinearity.     

铝板中激光Lamb波信号的模态分析与缺陷检测研究

激光激励的Lamb波信号具有较宽的频带,且包含多个模态信息。本文采用二维傅里叶变换和时频分析等信号分析技术用于检测信号中的模态成分及缺陷信息识别。首先,对200组激光Lamb波信号进行二维傅里叶变换,得到信号的频率-波数图,可识别出激光Lamb波信号中的低阶A0、S0和高阶模态,并且A0模态能量高,可用于缺陷检测。随后对有、无缺陷状态下Lamb波信号进行连续小波变换,从时频图中识别出缺陷信号的频率成分,进一步提取特定频率下的小波系数幅值信号,实现了缺陷信息的识别。结果表明,二维傅里叶变换能较好地识别激光Lamb波的模态成分,而提取出的连续小波变换系数图,能准确实现缺陷定位。     

Dynamical behaviors of nonlinear viscoelastic thick plates with damage

Based on the deformation hypothesis of Timoshenko's plates and the Boltzmann's superposition principles for linear viscoelastic materials, the nonlinear equations governing the dynamical behavior of Timoshenko's viscoelastic thick plates with damage are presented. The Galerkin method is applied to simplify the set of equations. The numerical methods in nonlinear dynamics are used to solve the simplified systems. It could be seen that there are plenty of dynamical properties for dynamical systems formed by this kind of viscoelastic thick plate with damage under a transverse harmonic load. The influences of load, geometry and material parameters on the dynamical behavior of the nonlinear system are investigated in detail. At the same time, the effect of damage on the dynamical behavior of plate is also discussed.     

Characterization of Laser Generated Lamb Wave Modes after Interaction with a Thickness Reduction Discontinuity Using Ray Tracing Theory

The effect that a circular discontinuity (due to thickness reduction) in an Aluminum plate has on the direction of Lamb wave propagation was experimentally and theoretically studied. Broadband Lamb waves were generated by a pulsed Nd:YAG laser and optically detected with a photo-EMF detector to increase spatial resolution. The experimental results show that thickness reduction modifies the time of flight (TOF) for S0 and A0 vibration modes and generates a change in direction of the ultrasonic Lamb wave. The change in the TOF as a function of distance and thickness reduction was numerically determined using ray theory and then compared to experimental results. It is shown that the change in the direction of propagation depends on the vibrational mode and frequency of the Lamb waves and this can affect the detection and characterization of a hidden discontinuity.     

Electromechanical Vibrations and Dissipative Heating of Viscoelastic Thin-Walled Piezoelements

The results of studying the electromechanical response of thin-walled viscoelastic piezoactive elements under harmonic loading are generalized. The nonlinear electrothermoviscoelastic problem for a harmonically deformed body is formulated in a simplified form with regard for the facts that the mechanical, thermal, and electric fields are coupled, the material is physically nonlinear, and its properties depend on temperature. Classical and refined electromechanical models of single-layer and multilayer shells and plates under general and harmonic loading are reviewed. The models consider that the electromechanical characteristics of the material depend on temperature and physical and geometrical nonlinearities. Methods for solving nonlinear coupled electrothermoviscoelastic problems are discussed. Analytical and numerical solutions are given to specific quasistatic and dynamic electrothermoviscoelastic problems for thin-walled elements such as rods, plates, and shells of various shapes under harmonic electric loading. The effect of dissipation, the temperature dependence of the material properties, and physical and geometrical nonlinearities on the harmonic and parametric vibrations and stability of piezoelectric elements is studied     

复杂应力状态镍基单晶合金低周疲劳损伤模型

根据连续介质损伤力学理论,采用应变能释放率作为热力学广义力描述正交异性材料的疲劳损伤过程,引入取向函数考虑镍基单晶合金晶体取向对疲劳损伤的非线性影响,提出了一个各向异性疲劳损伤模型。应用多元线性回归分析方法,拟合疲劳试验数据可确定模型参数。从应变能释放率的应变空间表达式出发,导出了含有3个弹性常数的单晶合金应变三轴性因子,它既反映了材料性能的晶体取向相关性,又反映了正应力和剪应力的相互作用,并可退化为各向同性材料的应变三轴性因子。利用该模型对CMSX-2镍基单晶合金在应力控制对称循环拉-扭载荷作用下的低周疲劳寿命进行预测,预测值与试验值吻合的相当好,试验所得数据均落在2.2倍偏差的分布带内。