双波长全息干涉计量分析

本文分析和讨论了双波长全息干涉计量的单次曝光法和双曝光法。这两种方法都提供了用可见光得到相当于不可见的长波干涉的结果,其测量灵敏度和测量精度可以通过选择合适的工作波长而能得到调整。     

全息干涉计量中干涉计量场的统计特性

本文运用统计学方法推导了全息干涉计量中散斑计量场的统计特性.证明了:干涉计量场的复振幅为复圆高斯随机变量;干扰计量场强度的概率密度服从负指数分布;散斑干涉计量场的系综平均值代表变形信息.     

Comparison of two filament lamps by difference hologram interferometry

Total bulb fill pressure and density changes inside incandescent lamps can be studied by holographic interferometry. The main drawback stems from the fact that such techniques only provide information concerning the integral refractive index changes in response to a given electrical load. Difference hologram interferometry results in a direct comparison of any one of the large volume production lamps with a master lamp. A short discussion of the technique is presented and its experimental application is described where the difference interferogram is evaluated automatically.     

声悬浮过程的激光全息干涉研究

利用二次曝光全息干涉术实现了对单轴式声悬浮声压场的研究.分别拍摄了悬浮不同物体和 不同输出功率情况下声悬浮场的多幅全息图，并进行了对比分析.结果表明，实验中获得的 声压分布图样与由声波动方程获得的理论声压分布基本一致，其相应中轴线的强度分布也具 有很好的一致性.与以往的声场测量方法相比，二次曝光法非接触、无干扰及全场测量的优 势在声悬浮场测量中得以充分体现，该方法的引入不但简化了声悬浮场测量的实际操作，而 且可以更直观地获得全场信息，为优化声悬浮系统提供了实验依据. 关键词： 全息干涉术 二次曝光法 声悬浮 谐振     

Strain determination in bone sections with simultaneous 3D digital holographic interferometry

A 3D digital holographic interferometer was used to measure the surface strain components in two different bovine׳s bone sections. The applied force on the sample was induced by a precisely controlled lateral micro compression. The simultaneous acquisition capability of the system helps to record a fast sequence of images, each one containing three independent holograms that result in three orthogonal displacement components u, v and w from which the surface strain components ɛ_x, ɛ_y and γ_xy over the bone׳s field of view were calculated. This research study was carried out in two different bone sections: the cortical bone and the medullary cavity/yellow marrow section. The resulting strain concentrators are of great importance to better understand the mechanical response of complex biological structures such as this bovine femoral bone.     

Quantitative visualization of the laser induced plume behavior using quasi-heterodyne holographic interferometry

It is very important that we understand the dynamic behaviors of the laser induced plume in welding, because the laser induced plume has considerable effects on welding efficiency and the quality of materials. Many experimental studies have been performed in order to observe the plume behaviors using a visualization method. In this paper, we describe the visualization and quantification of the laser induced plumes by pulse holographic interferometry. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser was used for the generation of laser induced plume and a Q-switched Ruby laser was employed to record the weld plume. For qualitative visualization of the laser induced plume, we used the double-exposure holographic interferometry. Then, we chose the quasi-heterodyne holographic interferometry with the dual-reference-beam and phase shifting in order to visualize the plume quantitatively. The experimental results show the visible behavior of the laser induced plume according to a change in the output power of the pulsed Nd:YAG laser and the time delay of Q-switched Ruby laser. Finally, we obtained the quantitative results by using the dual-reference-beam.     

Surface strain-field determination of tympanic membrane using 3D-digital holographic interferometry

In order to increase the understanding of soft tissues mechanical properties, 3D Digital Holographic Interferometry (3D-DHI) was used to quantify the strain-field on a cat tympanic membrane (TM) surface. The experiments were carried out applying a constant sound-stimuli pressure of 90 dB SPL (0.632 Pa) on the TM at 1.2 kHz. The technique allows the accurate acquisition of the micro-displacement data along the x, y and z directions, which is a must for a full characterization of the tissue mechanical behavior under load, and for the calculation of the strain-field in situ. The displacements repeatability in z direction shows a standard deviation of 0.062 µm at 95% confidence level. In order to realize the full 3D characterization correctly the contour of the TM surface was measured employing the optically non-contact two-illumination positions contouring method. The x, y and z displacements combined with the TM contour data allow the evaluation its strain-field by spatially differentiating the u(m,n), v(m,n), and w(m,n) deformation components. The accurate and correct determination of the TM strain-field leads to describing its elasticity, which is an important parameter needed to improve ear biomechanics studies, audition processes and TM mobility in both experimental measurements and theoretical analysis of ear functionality and its modeling.     

Dynamic measurement by digital holographic interferometry based on complex phasor method

In this paper, complex phasor (CP) method is employed in digital holographic interferometry. Unlike commonly used digital phase subtraction (DPS), the proposed technique processes a CP instead of phase. It is shown that the results obtained by directly filtering the phase produce large errors. It is demonstrated that the phase is not a signal but rather a property of a signal. In addition, the results obtained by the CP method are also compared with those obtained by conventional sine/cosine transformation method.     

基于莫尔理论的双波长全息干涉术分析

当用双波长全息干涉术通过单次曝光法或双曝光法对物体进行测量时 ,其效果相当于用一个等效波长λeq=λ1 λ2 /|λ1 -λ2 |对物体进行测量 ,扩大了测量波长的可选范围。采用莫尔理论从一个全新的角度对双波长全息干涉术的基本原理进行了分析和探讨 ,不仅揭示出了二者之间存在着的必然内在联系 ,而且还进一步证明了双波长全息干涉术的准确性和可行性 ,从而扩展了双波长全息干涉术的应用领域     

Determination of fractional fringe orders in holographic interferometry using polarization phase shifting

A simple method to determine the fringe orders at points between fringes in holographic interferometry is presented. The method is based on the use of two reference beams in the recording and reconstruction of the interferogram. A phase difference is imposed between the reference beams on reconstruction through polarization elements. The interferogram is viewed through a polarizer to recombine the images. The fractional fringe order is obtained from the angle through which the polarizer is rotated to shift the adjacent fringe to the point of interest.     

Real-time analysis of 3-D axisymmetric refractive index field by photorefractive holographic interferometry

A real-time test method for determining the refractive index distributions of 3-D axisymmetric temperature field around a flame with the use of a photorefractive holographic interferometer is proposed. Some techniques in data processing for improving the quality of resultant interferogram are developed. Experimental results, which show the effectiveness of this method and agree with theoretical expectations, are also given.     

Comparison of the laser ablation process on Zn and Ti using pulsed digital holographic interferometry

Pulsed digital holographic interferometry has been used to compare the laser ablation process of a Q-switched Nd-YAG laser pulse (wavelength 1064 nm, pulse duration 12 ns) on two different metals (Zn and Ti) under atmospheric air pressure. Digital holograms were recorded for different time delays using collimated laser light (532 nm) passed through the volume along the target. Numerical data of the integrated refractive index field were calculated and presented as phase maps. Intensity maps were calculated from the recorded digital holograms and are used to calculate the attenuation of the probing laser beam by the ablated plume. The different structures of the plume, namely streaks normal to the surface for Zn in contrast to absorbing regions for Ti, indicates that different mechanisms of laser ablation could happen for different metals for the same laser settings and surrounding gas. At a laser fluence of 5 J/cm², phase explosion appears to be the ablation mechanism in case of Zn, while for Ti normal vaporization seems to be the dominant mechanism.     

Digital holographic interferometry applied to the study of tympanic membrane displacements

Quantitative studies of the mechanical properties of tympanic membrane (TM) are needed for better understanding of its role in detailed clinical evaluation, its research being of extreme importance because it is one of the most important structures of the middle ear. By finding the membrane's vibration patterns and quantifying the induced displacement it is possible to characterize and determine its physiological status. Digital holographic interferometry (DHI) has proved to be a reliable optical non-invasive and full-field-of-view technique for the investigation of different mechanical parameters of biological tissues, i.e., DHI has demonstrated an ability to detect displacement changes in quasi-real time and without the need to contact the sample's surface under study providing relevant information, such as clinical and mechanical sample properties. In this research fresh tympanic membrane specimens taken from post-mortem cats are subjected to acoustic stimuli in the audible frequency range producing resonant vibration patterns on the membrane, a feature that results in an ideal application for DHI. An important feature of this approach over other techniques previously used to study the tympanic membrane vibrations is that it only requires two images and less hardware to carry out the measurements, making of DHI a simpler and faster technique as compared to other proposed approaches. The results found show a very good agreement between the present and past measurements from previous research work, showing that DHI is a technique that no doubt will help to improve the understanding of the tympanic membrane's working mechanisms.     

利用激光全息干涉测量梁的微小位移

全息干涉测量利用二次曝光记录物体在不同载荷状态下的相对位移场.通过在干板上记录和比较不同状态产生的光波的干涉,可以得到在不同载荷时干涉条纹随物体位移的变化情况,实现对物体微小变形、微小位移量的测量.本文利用激光全息干涉技术测量了金属梁的微小位移量,计算得到金属梁的弹性模量和挠度.     

Measurement of the double layer capacitance of aluminium samples by holographic interferometry

In the present investigation, holographic interferometry was utilized for the first time to measure the double layer capacitance of aluminium samples during the initial stage of anodization processes in an aqueous solution without any physical contact. The anodization process (oxidation) of the aluminium samples was carried out chemically in different sulphuric acid concentrations (0.5–3.125% H₂S0₄) at room temperature. In the meantime, a method of holographic interferometry was used to measure the thickness of anodization (oxide film) of the aluminium samples in aqueous solutions. Along with the holographic measurement, a mathematical model was derived in order to correlate the double layer capacitance of the aluminium samples in solutions to the thickness of the oxide film of the aluminium samples which forms due to the chemical oxidation. The thickness of the oxide film of the aluminium samples was measured by real-time holographic interferometry. Consequently, holographic interferometry is found to be very useful for surface finish industries, especially for monitoring the early stage of anodization processes of metals, in which the thickness of the anodized film as well as the double layer capacitance of the aluminium samples can be determined in situ. In addition, a comparison was made between the obtained data of the double layer capacitance from the holographic measurements and the double layer capacitance data obtained from measurements of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The comparison indicates that there is good agreement between the data from both techniques.     

Diffusion studies in liquids by holographic interferometry

Liquid diffusion coefficients are very important basic data for research and many applications in chemical engineering and in other fields, such as biological systems, pollution control and separation of isotopes. Holographic interferometry technique with accuracy and promptness is one of the most widely used techniques for diffusivity studies. We report an interferometric technique to determine the diffusion coefficient of transparent liquid solutions. As the diffusion progresses with time the refractive indices at different planes in the cell are different, and the characteristic extreme points of the fringe patterns shift outward. The interference fringes was obtained and recorded on a PC using a CCD camera. By judging the interferogram with a computer procedure the concentrations at different planes can be obtained by the relation between concentration and refractive indices, furthermore, the diffusion coefficient can be obtained by calculation. The obtained diffusivity values matched very well with the existing experimental results.     

Application of the holographic carrier fringe and FFT technique for deformation measurement

This paper describes a holographic system based on the use of fibre optics and automatic spatial carrier fringe pattern analysis. Carrier fringes are generated by simply translating the object beam between two exposures. Single-mode optical fibres are used to transfer both the object and reference beams. The fast Fourier transform method is used to process the interferograms: it extracts phase from fringe patterns resulting from the interference of tilted wavefronts. The method is illustrated by measuring the deformation of an arbitrarily clamped, uniformly loaded circular plate. The results are given for the perspective plot of the out-of-plane deformation field, the maps of wrapped and unwrapped phase, and a contour map of the unwrapped phase.     

Impact of an extended source in laser ablation using pulsed digital holographic interferometry and modelling

Pulsed digital holographic interferometry has been used to study the effect of the laser spot diameter on the shock wave generated in the ablation process of an Nd:YAG laser pulse on a Zn target under atmospheric pressure. For different laser spot diameters and time delays, the propagation of the expanding vapour and of the shock wave were recorded by intensity maps calculated using the recorded digital holograms. From the latter, the phase maps, the refractive index and the density field can be derived. A model was developed that approaches the density distribution, in particular the ellipsoidal expansion characteristics. The induced shock wave has an ellipsoid shape that approaches a sphere for decreasing spot diameter. The ellipsoidal shock waves have almost the same centre offset towards the laser beam and the same aspect ratio for different time steps. The model facilitates the derivation of the particle velocity field. The method provides valuable quantitative results that are discussed, in particular in comparison with the simpler point source explosion theory.     

利用数字全息干涉术观察RuO2:LiNbO3晶体中畴反转的区域特性

利用马赫-曾德尔干涉光路和4f光学透镜系统，以部分畴反转的掺钌铌酸锂晶体(RuO₂:LiNbO₃)的透射光作为物光来记录全息图，并在数值再现过程对其进行频域滤波以实现物场波前信息的数值重建，检测出在一定电压作用下晶体内部折射率变化的二维分布.检测结果证实：晶体中发生畴反转的区域与发生电色效应的区域严格相符.数字全息干涉术非接触、无干扰、无破坏的优势在准实时监控、检测和分析铌酸锂晶体畴反转方面有很好的应用前景. 关键词： 畴反转 数字全息干涉术 电色效应