Hydrogenation of CO2 on carbon-supported nickel and cobalt

The hydrogenation of CO₂ has been studied at atmospheric pressure on Co/C and Ni/C catalysts and the results are compared with those obtained on unsupported Co and Ni. Specific activites in the form of turnover frequencies for CO₂ hydrogenation decrease with increasing metal dispersity. Carbon supported Co and Ni present a smaller selectivity for methane than bulk metals. Higher specific activities and smaller activation energies are obtained on Co catalysts, compared with those determined for Ni catalysts.

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CO₂ Co/ Ni/ Co Ni . CO₂ . Co Ni , . .

     

Kinetics of photochemically induced benzaldehyde-cumene cooxidation

Benzaldehyde-cumene co-oxidation was carried out using biacetyl as a photosensitizer. A co-oxidation mechanism is proposed and the kinetic study allows us to show a higher reactivity towards oxidizable substances of the peroxybenzoyl radicals than that of peroxy-,-dimethylbenzyl radicals, thus explaining the quenching effect of cumene.

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- . . , , ,- , .

     

Calculation of atomic adsorption of carbon on Ni(100) by semi-empirical SCF method accounting for the correlation of molecular pairs

CNDO-CMP method with parametrization in the SCF scheme and subsequent taking into account of the correlation energy is suggested. Calculated bond energy of the surface carbon (E=6.76 eV) on the cluster Ni₈ agrees with experimental data (E_exp=6.82 eV) for the C/Ni system.

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CNDO-CMP . (E=6.76 ) Ni₈, (E_.=6.82 ) C/Ni.

     

A novel method for the preparation of extensively dealuminated faujasites

Open structure faujasites may be dealuminated with retention of crystallinity using phosgene (or similar reactants) provided the sample has been made ultrastable in a previous procedure.

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( ) . .

     

Temperature dependence of the initial quantum yield of oxygen photoadsorption on zinc oxide

The initial quantum yield of photoadsorption at =365–577 nm is shown to decrease with the temperature increase. Experimental data are partly accounted for by the temperature shift of the long wavelength edge of the fundamental absorption band that is of low activity in oxygen photoadsorption.

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, 365–577 . , .

     

On the mechanism of alcohol insertion into the carbonyl group in the coordination sphere of Fe(III) tris-hexafluoroacetylacetonate

The kinetics of formation of hemiacetals in the Fe(III) coordination sphere resulting from the reaction of Fe(III) tris-hexafluoroacetylacetonate with methanol has been studied by the stopped-flow method. Two molecules of methanol and coordinated hexafluoroacetylacetonate anion (HFA^–) take part in the rate-determining step. The effect of the second molecule of alcohol can be attributed to catalysis of proton transfer from methanol to the HFA^– ligand through the chain of hydrogen bonds in 6-membered cyclic structures.

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stopped-flow Fe(III). , -. , , .

     

Kinetics and mechanism of the hydrogenation of substituted anthraquinones on Raney nickel catalysts

The rate and direction of the hydrogenation of anthraquinone has been established to depend considerably on the nature and position of the substituent as well as on the structure and phase composition of the catalyst. The selectivity of the process is increased by introducing electronaccepting substituents into the anthraquinone molecule or upon doping the Ni–Al alloy by additives increasing the M–H bond energy.

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, . Ni–Al , M–H, .

     

Transverse photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) applied to thermal diffusiyity measurements

Transverse photothermal deflection spectroscopy(PDS) is applied for the determination of thermal diffusivities of solid surfaces. The theory of PDS is briefly recalled and some approximated analytical formulae concerning the transverse configuration are derived. In materials where the thermal diffusivity is smaller than that of the air, the dependence of the deflection angle on the displacement between pump and probe beams is shown to have a minimum that relates to the thermal diffusivity, thereby allowing its straightforward measurement. Measurements carried out on Al₂O₃ samples with different porosities at room temperature show a good agreement between experiment and theory.

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Zusammenfassung Die transverse photothermische Reflektionsspektroskopie (PDS) wird zur Bestimmung der thermischen Diffusivität von festen Oberflächen herangezogen. Die Theorie der PDS wird kurz dargelegt und einige sich auf die transverse Konfiguration beziehenden analytischen Näherungsgleichungen abgeleitet. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei Materialien mit kleinerer thermischer Diffusivität als Luft die Abhängigkeit des Deflektionswinkels von der Ablenkung zwischen Pumpen- und Probenstrahl ein Minimum aufweist, das mit der thermischen Diffusivität im Zusammenhang steht und somit deren zuverlässige Messung ermöglicht. An Al₂O₃-Proben unterschiedlicher Porosität bei Raumtemperatur ausgeführte Messungen zeigen gute Übereinstimmung von Experiment und Theorie.

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. , . , , , , . , , .

     

Formation of the active component of a vanadium complex catalyst for the oxidation of anthracene to anthraquinone

The phase composition in various stages of preparation of the active material coating the catalyst for the partial oxidation of anthracene to anthraquinone was studied. The presence of an active phase was evidenced in the final active material as well in a precursor.

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, . , .

     

A device for pulse investigation of heterogeneous catalytic reactions

In the present work a simple device is described for the pulse investigation of heterogeneous catalytic reactions and catalysts. Owing to the possibility for separate adjustment of the gas flow rate in the catalytic reactor and in the chromatographic column, it can be used for kinetic measurements too.

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- . , .

     

Influence of Sn added to Pt catalysts on the adsorption heats of hydrogen

It has been established that supported Pt–Sn catalysts adsorb hydrogen at 330 K at least in two forms. They are weak and strong forms with the binding energies of about 50–70 and above 100 kJ/mol, respectively. On catalyst surface weak forms transform into strongly bound hydrogen.

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330 K, , : 50–70 / 100 /. .

     

On the compositions and strengths of charge-transfer complexes

The compositions of charge-transfer complexes of urea and thiourea with some aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and biphenyl) have been established through phase diagram studies. The enthalpies and entropies of fusion of these complexes have been estimated by differential scanning calorimetry. It is observed that the relative stabilities of the solid-state charge-transfer complexes in the donor-acceptor systems studied cannot be predicted from the areas under the curves of the congruent compounds in the phase diagrams.

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Zusammenfassung Die Zusammensetzung von Donator-Akzeptor-Komplexen von Harnstoff und Thioharnstoff mit einigen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, nämlich Naphthalin, Anthracen, Phenanthren und Biphenyl, wurde durch Phasendiagrammuntersuchungen ermittelt. Schmelzenthalpie und -entropie dieser Komplexe wurden mittels DSC bestimmt. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die relative Stabilität der festen Donator-Akzeptor-Komplexe nicht aus der Fläche unter der Kurve im Phasendiagramm der kongruenten Verbindungen vorausgesagt werden kann.

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() , , , . . , - , .

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One of the authors (R.S.) is grateful to I.C.A.R. (India) for financial assistance.     

Thermal behaviour of melamine

Melamine undergoes condensation on heating with elimination of ammonia and formation of insoluble products. Thermogravimetry and infrared characterisation show that two products of successive condensation can be reproducibly obtained upon heating atT}<500 °C and then at 600 °C. Above 620 °C, the melamine condensate undergoes thermal degradation with quantitative formation of volatile products.

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Zusammenfassung Melanin geht beim Erhitzen eine Kondensation unter Abgabe von Ammoniak und Bildung unlöslicher Produkte ein. Durch Thermogravimetrie und Infrarotspektroskopie wird gezeigt, daß beim Erhitzen zwei Produkte von aufeinanderfolgenden Kondensationsreaktionen beiT}<500 °C undT= 600 °C reproduzierbar erhalten werden. Oberhalb 620 °C wird das Melaminkondensat vollständig unter Bildung flüchtiger Produkte thermisch zersetzt.

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. , . , 500°, — 600°. 620° .

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The authors wish to thank Dr. N. Del Fanti of Mantefluos, Italy for most helpful discussion.

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This work has been supported by the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche through the Progetto Finalizzato Chimica Fine e Secondaria.     

Kinetics of the gas-phase pyrolysis of some secondary acetates

The rates of the gas-phase thermal decomposition of three secondary acetates have been measured in a static system over the temperature range 290–350°C and pressure range 54–250 Torr. The reactions in seasoned vessels are homogeneous, follow a first order-law, and are unimolecular. The effect of -substituents in acetates is discussed.

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290–350°C 54–250 . , , , . - .

     

Thermal and thermoxidative decomposition of ternary grafted copolymers of ABS type

The thermal (under high vacuum, 10^–5 mm Hg) and thermoxidative decompositions of ternary grafted copolymers of ABS type were studied, the dependence of the characteristic thermal data on the overall composition being followed over narrow ranges of variation of comonomer content.It was found that the nature of the solid products obtained on thermal decomposition is dependent on the copolymer structure.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermischen (unter Hochvakuum, 10^–5 mm Hg) und thermooxidativen Zersetzungen ternärer Kopolymere der Typen ABS wurden untersucht, wobei die Abhängigkeit der charakteristischen thermischen Daten von der allgemeinen Zusammensetzung über enge Bereiche der Änderung des Komonomergehaltes verfolgt wurde. Es zeigte sich, daß die Beschaffenheit der bei der thermischen Zersetzung erhaltenen festen Produkte von der Kopolymerstruktur abhängig ist.

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( 10^–5 Hg) ABC. , . , , , .

     

Determination of sucrose content of cariogenic diets by thermal analysis

The sucrose content of cariogenic diets was determined by thermal analysis. The thermal characteristics of various cariogenic diets were examined up to 700 °C. A linear correlation was found between the sucrose content of the sample and the mass loss in the range 180–240 °C.The values determined by thermogravimetry were compared with those obtained by photometry as reference values.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels Thermoanalyse wurde der Saccharosegehalt von Karies verursachenden Diäten bestimmt. Die thermischen Eigenschaften verschiedener kariogener Diäten wurden bis 700 °C untersucht. Zwischen Saccharosegehalt der Probe und Massenverlust bei 180–240 °C konnte ein linearer Zusammenhang festgestellt werden. Die thermogravimetrisch erhaltenen Werte wurden mit den durch Fotometrie erhaltenen Werten als Referenzwerte vergliche.

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. 700°. 180–240°. , , , .

     

High resolution solid state1H NMR spectra of hydroxy groups in aluminas

Using magic angle spinning technique, the¹H NMR spectra of surface hydroxy groups of different alumina modifications (-, -, and -Al₂O₃) have been studied. Several types of hydroxy groups that differ in their chemical shifts are tentatively attributed to different types of coordination of OH groups to aluminium atoms.

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¹H (-, -, -Al₂O₃). , , , .

     

Atomic spectroscopy for detection in thermal analysis

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer is coupled to a conventional thermoanalytical quartz furnace as used for TG and DTG to detect the thermally evolved products. In this combined system, the dry aerosol (smoke) obtained by cooling the vapour evolved is transported from the furnace to the flame for metal-specific atomic absorption detection. The particular design of the furnace outlet promotes the formation of stable aerosols. Optimum experimental conditions were determined, using zinc chloride solution, by varying the specimen mass, the heating rate and the flow rate of the furnace gas at a linear temperature program. The absorbancevs. temperature curves obtained with this method for various zinc compounds are compared with the corresponding DTG curves. The applicability of the technique for studying heterogeneous reactions with carbon tetrachloride and hexane vapours is presented. The utilization of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a quartz cuvette for detecting the thermal evolution of mercury vapours is described, as well as detection potentials by molecular absorption (for NO and NH₃) and light scattering (for smoke evolved from organic matter). The results obtained with the suggested methods may, in some respects, valuably complement the results achieved with DTG and with flame ionization detection.

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Zusammenfassung Ein Atomabsorptionsspektrometer wurde mit einem konventionellen thermoanalytischen Quarzofen gekoppelt um thermische Abspaltprodukte nachzuweisen. In diesem kombinierten System wird das durch Kühlung des entwickelten Dampfes erhaltene Aerosol (Rauch) vom Ofen in die Flamme für den metallspezifischen Atomabsorptionsnachweis übergeleitet. Die spezielle Ausbildung der Austrittsöffnung gewährleistet die Bildung eines stabilen Aerosols. Die optimalen Versuchsbedingungen wurden durch Zinkchloridlösungen bei Anderung der Probenmasse, der Aufheizgeschwindigkeit und der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Ofengases im linearen Temperaturprogramm ermittelt. Die mit dieser Methode für verschiedene Zinkverbindungen erhaltenen Absorptions—Temperatur-Kurven wurden mit den entsprechenden DTG-Kurven verglichen. Die Anwendbarkeit dieser Technik bei dem Studium heterogener Reaktionen mit Kohlenstofftetrachlorid und Hexandämpfen wird gezeigt. Der Einsatz eines mit einer Quarzküvette zum Nachweis der thermischen Entwicklung von Quecksilberdampf versehenen Atomabsorptionsspektrometers wird beschrieben, sowie die Nachweisgrenze durch molekulare Absorption (für NO und NH₃) und Lichtstreuung (für aus organischem Material entwickelten Rauch). Die bei den beschriebenen Methoden erhaltenen Ergebnisse können, in mancher Hinsicht, die durch DTG und Flammenionisationsnachweis erhaltenen Ergebnisse wertvoll ergänzen.

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- , , . (), , . . , . — , , -. . - , , , ( NO NH₃) ( , ). , , , - .

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Presented in part at the 24th Hungarian Conference on Analytical Sptecroscopy, Miskolc, June 15–18, 1981. Abstracts pp. 159–162.

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The authors wish to express their thanks to S. Gál for his assistance in the present application of the temperature programmer developed by him and his group, and for the valuable discussions on the subject. Thanks are also due to K. Tomor and J. Kmives who participated in the comparative thermoanalytical measurements and their analysis.     

CO oxidation to CO2 by Mo?V?P heteropolyacid in the presence of an aqua complex of Pd(II)

Kinetic oxidation of CO to CO₂ by Mo–V–P heteropolyacid in the presence of an aqua complex of Pd(II) has been studied. The reaction is suggested to involve the participation of carbonyl complexes of Pd(I). It has been established that VO ₂ ⁺ ions formed in HPA dissociation inhibits the reaction.

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CO CO₂ - Pd(II). Pd(I). , VO ₂ ⁺ , , .

     

Effect of quantization of molecular rotations on the rate of capture in the ion-linear dipole system

The version of transition state theory that accounts for quantization of the rotational energy of a dipole gives ion-dipole capture rate constants in good agreement with the statistical adiabatic channel model and, in the region , gives results more accurate than those obtained by numerical trajectory calculations.

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, , - . , .