应用正电子湮没技术研究多晶形变镍中氢和缺陷的互作用

本文采用正电子湮没的多普勒展宽方法,研究冷轧形变镍中阴极充氢后氢与缺陷的互作用行为。实验结果表明:冷轧镍电解充氢以后其S参数显著上升,S参数上升量的大小取决于试样内部的空位浓度,与位错密度的大小关系不大。由此提出氢与空位互作用形成以氢为核心的空位团的机制,解释了实验中观察到的现象。     

激光喷丸对TC4钛合金抗氢脆性能的影响

通过性能测试分析,研究了激光喷丸(LP)技术对TC4钛合金抗氢脆性能的影响。结果表明,LP试样表面产生了-327 MPa的残余压应力;电化学充氢后,试样表面残余压应力降低了9.17%,喷丸与未喷丸试样的表面显微硬度分别提高了5.07%和7.08%,而延伸率分别降低了2.25%和4.84%。LP处理可提高TC4钛合金的韧性,降低其氢脆敏感性。     

充氢镍箔放氢过程的XRD与EXAFS研究

本文通过带有EXAFS附件的X射线衍射仪在实验室用XRD和EXAFS两种方法完成了对充氢镍箔放氢过程的研究,测定了放氢过程中样品中NiH相含量随释氢时间的变化,XRD和EXAFS的结果是一致的,均呈指数规律下降。实验还确定了NiH相中镍和氢的原子比,说明了氢在点阵中的位置,证明实验室EXAFS装置适合这类问题的研究。 关键词：     

兔主动脉低温杨氏模量的实验研究

为进一步完善动脉低温保存过程中为解决低温断裂问题而建立的冻结过程的热应力分析物理模型,本文研究家兔主动脉血管从室温到-80℃温度范围内,杨氏模量随温度的变化情况和加抗冻剂CPA的影响。研究发现兔丰动脉低温冻结状态的杨氏模量随温度的降低而增大;加CPA对兔丰动脉血管冻结状态下的杨氏模量有影响,相同温度情况下加CPA试样的杨氏模量比不加CPA试样的要低。     

固体材料在高温下的杨氏模量的测定

前　言 目前各高等学校的普通物理实验中,几乎都开“金属材料杨氏模量的测定”这个实验.它是将力加在试样上,测出相应的应力和应变,从而计算出杨氏模量来.这种方法属于静态法通常用于大变形和常温下的测量,它的缺点是由于载荷大、加载速度慢.含有弛予过程,它不能很真实地反映材料内部结构的变化.对脆性材料也难以用静态法测量,也不能测量高温下材料的杨氏模量.本文介绍的动态法可以克服上述缺点,具有实用价值[1]。 本实验的基本方法是将一根试样(圆棒或矩形棒)用两根悬线悬挂起来并激发它作横振动,在一定条件下试样振动的固有频率取决于它的…     

铝-0.1%镁合金中表现反常振幅效应的低频位错内耗峰

用低频扭摆测量了经过轻度冷加工的Al-0.l％Mg合金在室温时效过程中的内耗变化,观察到表现反常振幅效应的时效内耗峯。用经过充分时效而内耗已达到稳定值的试样进行升温和降温内耗测量,也在30—55℃的温度范围内观察到表现反常振幅效应的温度内耗峯。这些现象在高纯铝试样和经过完全退火的Al-0.l％Mg合金试样中都不出现。在Al-0.l％Mg合金中也能观察到以前在Al-0.5％Cu合金中所观察到的反常内耗现象,这就排斥了任何用在点阵中所发生的一般脱溶沉淀过程来解释这种反常内耗现象的可能性,困为在含0.1％Mg的铝合金中,在实验测量所涉及的温度范围内,是不能够在点阵中发生一般的脱溶沉淀过程的。为了解释铝镁合金中所呈现的反常内耗现象的特点,可以假设在铝镁合金中能够形成两种位错气团:一种是“镁原子-空位”对与位错所组成的气团,这种气团能够在应变时效过程中形成;另一种气团是镁原子与位错所组成的气团,当经过范性形变的试样的温度升高到100℃左右时,镁原子与空位脱离,在退火过程中就单独与位错形成气团。前一种气团对于位错的钉札较第二种为强,因而它的振幅内耗峯出现在较高的振幅值。     

生物材料黏弹性教学实验仪的设计

在传统的伸长法测量钢丝杨氏模量实验仪器的基础上,将力传感器的使用与伸长法测量杨氏模量的原理相结合,使用力传感器测量头发等生物材料黏弹性.通过千分尺拉伸头发等生物材料,再利用力传感器测出材料产生的弹力,进而导出应力,得出应力-应变曲线.通过测定其应力松弛曲线的下降程度和加载-卸载曲线中间区域的面积,可以得到生物材料的黏弹性.     

氢对22-13-5不锈钢室温下力学行为的影响

 22-13-5钢是一种高强度极稳定的奥氏体不锈钢，将它置于10 MPa（100个大气压）纯氢气中在300 ℃充氢14天，含氢量为65±1 ppm。室温下力学性能测试表明：充氢后钢的强度提高，塑性指标不变；但室温下瞬态蠕变和短期应力弛豫行为，在可比条件下，变得更为强烈。用Alden的可动位错密度理论，对实验结果作了定性分析，并对瞬态蠕变结果进行了定量的计算。结果证明，氢原子阻碍位错运动，使材料强度增加，同时也使材料的粘滞性增大。     

时效、断续载荷和再溶处理对于铝铜合金的疲劳过程的影响

【摘　要】本文研究了各种处理对于含铜1％、2％和4％的铝合金在疲劳载荷下ΔE和T_m的变化的影响,并进行了相应的金相观测。用Al-1％Cu合金所进行的试验指出,当外加扭应变较大时,ΔE和T_m曲线的形状类似于高纯铝或工业纯铝;当扭应变较小时,或在室温进行预先时效后,曲线的形状类似于Al-4％Cu合金。这些结果都可以根据溶质原子对于位错的交互作用的看法得到解释。对于Al-1％Cu和Al-2％Cu合金进行了断续的疲劳载荷试验,结果证明了ΔE在疲劳后期的上升是由于试样里出现了集中的粗滑移区,而不是由于疲劳载荷引起了过时效从而使试样发生软化的结果。用Al-4％Cu合金进行了疲劳和再溶处理的试验,根据ΔE和T_m曲线的表现情况来看,认为如在ΔE的后期上升后立即对试样进行再溶处理,即可以使试样回复到原来的状态,但当ΔE上升过了一个时期以后,由于试样中已有裂缝出现,对试样进行再溶处理,反足以加速试样的断裂。根据实验结果,可以总结出两个具有实际意义的推论:(1)由于粗滑移带的出现是形成疲劳裂缝的先声,所以有可能通过测量ΔE的方法来查知初发裂缝的形成;(2)通过加入合金元素和进行热处理的方法,可以推迟粗滑移带的出现,从而提高铝合金试样的疲劳寿命。     

氢对22－13－5不锈钢室温下力学行为的影响

２２－１３－５钢是一种高强度极稳定的奥氏体不锈钢，将它置于１０ＭＰａ（１００个大气压）纯氢气中在３００℃充氢１４天，含氢量为６５±１ｐｐｍ。室温下力学性能测试表明：充氢后钢的强度提高，塑性指标不变；但室温下瞬态蠕变和短期应力弛豫行为，在可比条件下，变得更为强烈。用Ａｌｄｅｎ的可动位错密度理论，对实验结果作了定性分析，并对瞬态蠕变结果进行了定量的计算。结果证明，氢原子阻碍位错运动，使材料强度增加，同时也使材料的粘滞性增大。     

考虑介质膨胀速率的锂离子电池管状电极中扩散诱导应力及轴向支反力分析

硅作为锂离子电池阴极材料相对于传统负极材料具有高比容量,价格低廉等优势.本文针对充电过程中锂离子电池中电极建立力学模型和扩散模型,并在扩散模型引入考虑介质膨胀速率的影响.以硅空心柱形电极为例,分析了恒流充电下介质膨胀速率对电极中扩散诱导应力分布的影响,并研究了不同内外半径比、充电速率、材料参数以及锂化诱导软化系数(lithiation induced softening factor,LISF)对轴向的支反力达到临界欧拉屈曲力所需时间的影响.结果表明,随着电极中锂浓度上升,介质膨胀速率对应力分布的影响增大,对轴向的支反力影响较小.弹性模量和应力成正比,但其与轴向的支反力达到临界欧拉屈曲力所需时间无关;扩散系数与所需时间成反比;偏摩尔体积增大时,达到临界屈曲力所需时间减少;随着LISF绝对值增大,完全锂化时轴向力降低.     

Numerical study of pressure relationships between sample and calibrant inside the diamond anvil cell

We present isotropic, elastic-plastic finite element calculations detailing the pressure relationship between an inclusion and its surrounding matrix, subject to an externally imposed hydrostatic strain. In general, the inclusion and the matrix have different values of hydrostatic pressure, depending on their absolute and relative values of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. A series of finite element models was used to explore the parameter space of the elastic and plastic properties of an inclusion within a matrix. In all cases where there is insufficient relaxation of the nonhydrostatic stress, the material with the higher bulk modulus will also have a higher pressure, regardless of the shear moduli. The complete data set was subjected to a Pareto analysis to determine the main and secondary effects which influence the final result, expressed as the ratio of the pressure of the matrix to that of the inclusion. The four most important factors which determine the pressure ratio of an inclusion and matrix are the Young's modulus of the matrix, the interaction of the Young's modulus and the yield strength of the matrix material, the Young's modulus of the inclusion, and the interaction of the Young's modulus of the inclusion with the yield strength of the matrix material. The yield strength of the inclusion has a statistically insignificant effect on the results. This information provides guidelines for designing the most effective combinations of unknowns and material standards to minimize pressure errors in equation of state measurements.     

Residual stresses in ceramic-to-metal joints: diffraction measurements and finite element method analysis

The residual stress (RS) field in ceramic–metal diffusion bonds has been studied by spatial-resolved neutron strain scanning. Strain profiles were directly determined by neutron diffraction along selected lines perpendicular to the bonding interface of cube-shaped Ni/Si₃N₄ specimens. Finite element method (FEM) calculations were carried out to simulate the joining process and residual strains have been obtained among the whole body of specimens. The simulations were validated by comparison with the experimental strain data obtained by neutron and (previous) X-ray diffraction along some particular line of the specimen. Finally, the RS field across the whole sample was obtained from the FEM-calculated strain field, showing that neutron strain scanning combined with FEM analysis is a very useful technique to study the RS map in silicon nitride–metal diffusion bonds at both sides of the joining interface. Maxima of the axial stress were found at the lateral surface and close to the joining interface, being tensile for both ceramic and nickel. On the other hand, the largest radial stress at the joining interface was found at the centre of the specimen on the ceramic side. From the point of view of FEM analysis, it is shown that in order to simulate the joining process of nickel and silicon nitride, nickel must be considered as a ductile material having strain hardening and Si₃N₄ must be considered as purely elastic material having a nearly temperature-independent elastic modulus.     

Investigation on dislocation-based mechanisms of void growth and coalescence in single crystal and nanotwinned nickels by molecular dynamics simulation

Abstract

Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to elucidate dislocation mechanisms of the void growth and coalescence in single crystal and nanotwinned nickels subjected to uniaxial tension. The simulation results reveal that twin boundary is capable of decreasing the critical stress, suppressing the emission of dislocations and reducing the overall stiffness of the crystal. A size-scale dependence of critical stress is definitely illustrated through stress–strain response, where the larger void size leads to the lower critical stress and strain. It is the successive emissions of leading partials and the subsequent trailing partials that cause the atoms on the void surfaces to escape from the void surfaces continually, and consequently the voids grow to be larger and larger with increasing strain. The voids in the nanotwinned nickel coalesce earlier than those in the single crystal nickel even though the initiation of dislocations in the former is later than that in the latter. Void fraction remains a constant during elastic deformation, while it presents a linear increase with increasing strain during plastic deformation. Evolution of void fraction during void growth and coalescence is independent on void size.     

六角相ErAx (A=H,He)体系弹性性质的第一性原理研究

本文采用第一性原理研究了六角相ErA_x (A=H, He)的弹性性质, 其中x=0, 0.0313, 0.125, 0.25, 分别讨论了体系中不同浓度的氢和氦对体系弹性性质的影响. 计算结果表明, 六角相铒-氢体系晶体的弹性常数、体弹模量、剪切模量、杨氏模量基本上随着晶体中氢的浓度增加而增加, 然而, 铒-氦体系的弹性常数、体弹模量、剪切模量和杨氏模量几乎随着氦浓度的增加而降低. 从电荷转移方面分析了氢和氦与Er的相互作用, 发现六角相ErH_x的弹性性质随H浓度的变化机理与ErHe_x随He浓度的变化机理不同. 关键词： 第一性原理 弹性性质 x')" href="#">六角相ErH_x x')" href="#">六角相ErHe_x     

Mechanical properties of twist grain boundaries in Cu

In a previous paper we studied the Young's and shear modulus of a high-angle twist grain boundary (5) in Cu, using the EAM, and related it to the uniaxial strain derivatives of single crystals. In this paper, we discuss elastic properties of ten additional twist grain boundaries, from 8.8–43.6°. The monolayer Young's modulus at each boundary was calculated and found to be 20–50% higher than the bulk value for all eleven boundaries for both csl and type1 structures. The monolayer shear modulus at each boundary was calculated and found to be 93–98% lower than the bulk value for six grain boundaries with csl structure and found to decrease with increasing twist angle. The critical shear stress was also calculated for eleven boundaries with csl structure and found to roughly decrease with increasing twist angle.     

InOOH压致氢键对称化及其弹性性质

利用第一性原理研究了InOOH在高压下的氢键对称化行为及其对InOOH弹性等性质的影响.结果表明约在18 GPa时InOOH中的氢键发生了对称化转变,导致轴比率b/c对压力的斜率由负值变为正值;压缩弹性常数、非对角弹性常数、体积模量和纵波波速出现异常增加,如体积模量增加了20%—40%.高压下InOOH弹性性质呈现出更加明显的各向异性.常压下InOOH呈现韧性,且伴随着氢键对称化韧性异常增加.对畸变金红石型MOOH(M=Al,In,Ga,Fe,Cr)化合物在高压下的弹性性质转变与氢键性质转变的耦合规律进行了初探.     

Ultrasonic characterization of ceramic fibres at ambient and elevated temperatures

A non-destructive laser-generated ultrasonic inspection system has been developed to evaluate the elastic properties of ceramic fibres. The approach uses a pulsed Nd:YAG laser to excite ultrasonic signals in fibres. The signal is detected by a piezoelectric acoustic emission transducer to obtain the appropriate frequency response suitable for an elastically one-dimensional sample. By using a differential time-of-flight system, a very accurate measure of the velocity can be obtained in the fibre, with a total scatter of less than 0.5%. This approach has been used to investigate the Young's modulus of polycrystalline carbon and boron fibres as a function of stress. Both types of fibres were found to have a Young's modulus increase as greater applied loads were imposed. The carbon and boron fibres, along with silicon carbide fibres, were evaluated at elevated temperatures up to 700 °C. The carbon fibres were found to have an immediate decrease in the Young's modulus as the temperature was increased, due to oxidation of the carbon. The Young's modulus of the boron fibres decreased only at temperatures higher than 200 °C, probably the result of a microstructural transformation or relaxation. The silicon carbide fibres were found to have no significant change in the elastic properties up to 700 °C. The ultrasonic technique was also applied to polycrystalline alumina fibres and fibre tows between ambient temperature and 1200 °C in a specially designed furnace. Using this technique, it was possible to distinguish the changes in the elasticity of the alumina fibres as they were processed into -alumina. The change in the Young's modulus was readily apparent during phase transformations to -alumina. In addition, the ultrasonic velocity can be used to infer information concerning any coatings that were applied to the alumina fibres. This can be used to aid in the quantification of the coating thickness and uniformity. The application of the ultrasonic inspection system has demonstrated the ability to determine rapidly and non-destructively the elastic properties in ceramic fibres. The information gained from the measurements can be used as a quality assurance technique, or can be modified to be a real-time process control/process monitoring system.     

Dynamic fracture behavior of syntactic epoxy foams: optical measurements using coherent gradient sensing

Dynamic fracture behavior of syntactic foams made of thin-walled microballoons dispersed in epoxy matrix is studied. Monotonically decreasing dynamic Young's modulus with increasing volume fraction of microballoons is observed using ultrasonic pulse-echo and density measurements. The results are also in good agreement with the Hashin–Shtrikman lower-bound predictions for elastic porous solids. Dynamic crack initiation toughness and crack growth behaviors are examined using instrumented drop-tower tests and optical measurements. Crack initiation toughness shows a linear relationship with Young's modulus over the entire range of volume fraction of microballoons studied. A proposed model based on simple extension of micromechanics prediction agrees well with the measurements. The optical method of coherent gradient sensing (CGS) has been used along with high-speed photography to record crack tip deformation histories in syntactic foam samples subjected to impact loading. Pre- and post-crack initiation events have been successfully captured and apparent dynamic stress intensity factor histories are extracted from the interferograms. Results suggest increasing crack speeds with volume fraction of microballoons. No significant dependence of dynamic fracture toughness on crack speed in any of the volume fractions is observed.     

单壁碳纳米管杨氏模量的掺杂效应

用分子动力学方法研究了N,O,Si,P,S等5种杂质对扶手椅型(5，5)和锯齿型(9，0)单壁碳纳米管杨氏模量的影响.结果表明：直径为0.678和0.704 nm的扶手椅型(5，5)和锯齿型(9，0)碳纳米管在无掺杂时其杨氏模量分别为948和804 GPa.在掺杂浓度10％以下，碳纳米管的拉伸杨氏模量均随掺杂浓度增加近似呈线性下降规律，下降率以Si掺杂最大，N掺杂最小.对与C同周期的元素掺杂，随原子序数增加碳纳米管的杨氏模量下降率增大；与C不同周期的元素掺杂，碳纳米管的杨氏模量随掺杂浓度增加下降率更大，但 关键词： 碳纳米管 杂质 杨氏模量 分子动力学方法