巴豆醛气相选择性加氢催化剂

巴豆醛是α, β-不饱和醛中最具代表性的一类有机化合物,采用气相催化巴豆醛选择加氢制备巴豆醇符合原子经济和绿色化学要求,具有重要的工业应用和学术价值。本文综述了近十年国内外巴豆醛气相选择性加氢合成巴豆醇的负载型催化剂的研究成果,评述了贵金属催化剂(铂、金、铱、银、钯)和非贵金属催化剂(钴、铜)上巴豆醛选择性加氢性能,分析了活性组分、载体、助剂以及活性组分粒径对催化剂性能的影响,探讨了巴豆醛选择性加氢的反应机理和失活机理。最后,对气相巴豆醛选择性加氢催化剂所存在的问题进行总结,并对催化剂的发展趋势作出了展望。指出了非贵金属催化剂的巴豆醛选择性加氢性能因具有价廉易得等优势,将是该领域的研究方向之一。催化剂失活是巴豆醛气相选择性加氢工业化的最大障碍,因此研究和认识反应机理,解决催化剂失活问题是重点研究方向。     

Hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde catalyzed by water-soluble palladium complex

The selective hydrogenations of crotonaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde in the aqueous-benzene biphasic system were investigated using water-soluble palladium complex PdCl₂(TPPTS)₂ as catalyst. The hydrogenation rate of crotonaldehyde was higher than that of cinnamaldehyde under similar reaction conditions. The palladium complex selectively catalyzed the hydrogenation of CC bond in crotonaldehyde to form butanal (100%). On the contrary, hydrogenation of both CC and CO bonds in cinnamaldehyde occurred simultaneously, with the amount of phenylpropanal only slightly higher than that of phenylpropanol. However, the reduction of CO bond of cinnamaldehyde could be inhibited by the addition of Na₂CO₃ solution. Therefore, high selectivity to form phenylpropanal (91%) could be obtained by using Na₂CO₃ solution at pH 12.2. Other factors affecting the hydrogenation conversion and selectivity of crotonaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde were also discussed.     

巴豆醛选择性催化加氢的研究

利用P-2-Ni催化剂对巴豆醛常压催化加氢生成正丁醛的反应进行了研究。实验表明,该催化剂对巴豆醛的α,β-烯键有很高的选择性和催化活性,同时,合成了P-2-Co、P-2-Co-Ni催化剂,并选择了巴豆醛的加氢条件。     

Liquid-phase hydrogenation of thiophenes on palladium sulfide catalysts

Palladium sulfide catalysts are active for the hydrogenation of thiophenes of different structure in hydrocarbons at 22O-30O‡C and 3.0-9.5 MPa. Thiophenes and benzothiophenes are close in reactivity. An increase in palladium sulfide concentration in the catalyst leads to an increase in the reaction rate per 1 g of the catalyst but has only a slight effect on the specific reaction rate of hydrogenation calculated per 1 g of Pd. The specific activity of palladium sulfide supported on aluminosilicate is one order of magnitude higher than that of PdS without a support and the catalysts supported on the aluminum oxide and carbon. The aluminosilicate-supported catalyst is also more selective.     

Kinetical Study of the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Catechol by Metals

In this paper, the kinetical study of catalytic hydrogenation of catechol over platinum metal catalysts in liquid phase under room temperature and one atmospheric pressure was investigated. Simple models “straight line” model 1 together with “triangle” model 2 were used to interpret for the change of compositions of samples traced during the reaction process, and the interpretation was found to be satisfactory. These models are as following: Model 1: consecutive reaction path catechol→2-hydroxycyclohexanone→cyclohexane-1,2-diol Model 2: catechol→cyclohexane-1, 2-diol directly was added to reaction path of model 1. The relative reaction rates during hydrogenation processes over ruthenium, rhodium, palladium and platinum were calculated too. It was also found that the strength of oxygen affinity with catalysts was the factor influenced the selectivity of reaction path and the stereoselectivity of cis and trans diol products.     

Influence of phosphorus concentration on the state of the surface layer of Pd–P hydrogenation catalysts

Phase composition and surface layer state of the Pd–P hydrogenation catalyst formed at various P/Pd ratios from Pd(acac)₂ and white phosphorus in a hydrogen atmosphere were determined. Palladium on the catalyst surface is mainly in two chemical states: as Pd(0) clusters and as palladium phosphides. As the P/Pd ratio increases, the fraction and size of palladium clusters decrease, and also the phase composition of formed palladium phosphides changes: Pd₃P_0.8 → Pd₅P₂ → PdP₂. The causes of the modifying action of phosphorus on the properties of palladium catalysts for hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds were considered.     

硝基芳烃氢化还原反应中高分子负载催化剂的双金属协同效应

制备了聚Ｎ－乙烯基－２－吡咯烷酮ＰＶＰ负载钯催化剂Ｐｄ／ＰＶＰ及各种双金属催化剂（１－ｍ）Ｐｄ－ｍＭ／ＰＶＰ，并用于硝基芳烃的加氢还原中，其中Ｐｄ／ＰＶＰ中加入Ｈ２ＰｔＣｌ６的效果最佳，碱的用量、溶剂和Ｐｄ、Ｐｔ的比例都对催化剂的活性有明显的影响，双金属催化剂０．８０Ｐｄ－０．２０Ｐｔ／ＰＶＰ在温和条件下能高活性，高选择性地催化硝基芳烃还原，得到相应的芳胺。     

PROPERTIES OF HIGHLY DISPERSED PALLADIUM CATALYSTS ON POLY N—VINYL—2—PYRROLIDONE

Four kinds of palladium catalysts dispersed on poly-N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone were prepared by using CH3OH-NaOH,NaBH4,H2O or CH3OH-H2O as the reducing agent in the process of catalyst preparation. The catalysts were characterized by XPS,TEM,XRD and used for the hydrogenation of methyl acrylate.It was found that the valence state of palladium and distribution of palladium particles as well as the hydrogenation rate were greatly affected by the reducing agent.The best evenly dispersed palladium catalyst showing high hydrogenation activity was prepared using CH3OH-NaOH as the reducing agent.     

负载型钯催化剂用于不饱和化合物的加氢反应

近十多年来,均相络合催化剂的固载化是一个活跃的研究领域^[1-6],我们在聚合、歧化、加氢等络合催化剂负载化方面的工作^[7-9]。说明负载型络合催化剂中的载体,可以视为一个配体,由于其有不同的化学及空间效应,因此是一个复杂的配体.在环戊二烯选择加氢的研究中,不同载体对加氢反应的活性及选择性的影响,说明载体的性质、结构、分子量及其上基团,对于底物的配位和它在活性物种上的加氢速度常数都有调变作用^[10],本文报道固载化络合催化剂在多种不饱和烃加氢反应中的行为.     

Application of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy as a Novel Approach for Monitoring of the Activity of Nano Palladium Catalyst as Compared to Two Well-known Methods

Catalyst deactivation is an unavoidable process that occurs in catalytic chemical reactions. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is used here as a novel approach to investigate the activity of palladium supported with carbon catalyst (Pd/C) over the hydrogenation of cinnamic acid with tetralin. Their outputs for four catalyst samples are reported for different time intervals of 0, 5, 10, 15 min during the reaction. The results of LIBS analysis are compared to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), which shows a good agreement. Experimental data specify that line intensities of palladium (Pd) are decreased significantly with an increment of the reaction time. Moreover, the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS) of catalysts samples show aggregation of palladium particles for some places in the catalyst surface. The changes of Pd content and sintering of Pd particles in the catalyst during the reaction play substantial roles in catalyst deactivation.     

ZrO_2负载Pt催化巴豆醛选择性加氢

以高比表面积ZrO2为载体,采用浸渍法制备了负载型Pt催化剂,应用于常压下气相巴豆醛加氢反应,考察了Pt负载量和H2还原温度等对巴豆醛选择性加氢性能的影响.实验结果表明,Pt负载量(质量分数)为3%的3Pt/ZrO2催化剂经500℃还原后,具有较高的巴豆醛选择性加氢性能:巴豆醛转化率为27%,巴豆醇的选择性为55%.X射线粉末衍射(XRD)分析,CO化学吸附,NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)表征结果表明Pt/ZrO2催化剂上Lewis强酸中心和适宜的Pt颗粒(约为8nm)有利于巴豆醛选择性加氢生成巴豆醇.     

Quasi-homogeneous hydrogenation with platinum and palladium nanoparticles stabilized by dendritic core-multishell architectures

Platinum and palladium nanoparticles, supported and stabilized by polymeric core-shell architectures, proved to be active catalysts for hydrogenation reactions. Here, two different reactions were used as probes to investigate the influence of the polymeric support: the hydrogenation of α-methyl styrene (AMS) to cumene and the partial hydrogenation of 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD). We found that the stability of the nanoparticles and the rate of reaction are higher in the presence of a hydrophobic octadecyl shell within a three-shell polymer system. The kinetic study of AMS hydrogenation showed much higher activities for palladium nanoparticles than for platinum nanoparticles, and the obtained results (e.g., 35 kJ/mol for the activation energy) are of the same order of magnitude as reported earlier for palladium supported on alumina. A methanol/n-heptane biphasic mixture was tested for catalyst recycling and allowed for highly efficient catalyst separation with very low metal leaching.     

含氨基酸侧链的有机硅高分子催化剂 Ⅵ.聚γ-(赖氨酸基)丙基硅氧烷钯催化剂的合成及加氢活性

合成了聚γ-(顿氨酸基)丙基硅氧烷钯催化剂当N/Pd摩尔比为3.4时,这种催化剂在常温常压下对丙烯腈的加氢活性高达3057·6mL H_2/min·mmolPd;对环戊二烯的氢化反应是分两步进行的。溶剂对催化剂的活性有明显影响。     

On propene hydroformylation and hydrogenation over palladium

The complex kinetic influence of surface species of catalysts is discussed for propene hydrogenation and hydroformylation over sodium supported palladium and palladium catalyst. The reaction orders in CO demonstrate the involvement of CO in propene hydrogenation. Therefore, an additional pathway for hydrogenation with formation of a complex between CO and hydrogen, which further reacts with propene, is advanced.     

负载(S)-脯氨酸手性固相催化剂制备和在不对称加氢反应中的应用

用亲水性、高比表面积、硅烷化硅小球担载钯,以（Ｓ）－脯氨酸为手性助剂、苯乙酮为反应底物,考察不对称加氢反应和不同有机碱助催化剂的影响。实验表明,当使用三辛胺助催化剂时,（Ｒ）－苯乙醇的对映异构体选择性可达１７．５％。将（Ｓ）－脯氨酸负载于亲水性、高比表面积、硅烷化硅小球担体表面,以Ｐｄ（ＯＡｃ）２为催经剂前体,制备负载型手性固相催化剂,初步考察了（Ｓ）－脯氨酸与中心金属钯的摩尔比、疏水性不同的有机     

Properties of Pd–Ag/C catalysts in the reaction of selective hydrogenation of acetylene

Samples of Pd/C and Pd–Ag/C, where C represents carbon nanofibers (CNFs), are synthesized by methane decomposition on a Ni–Cu–Fe/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The properties of Pd/CNF are studied in the reaction of selective hydrogenation of acetylene into ethylene. It is found that the activity of the catalyst in hydrogenation reaction increases, while selectivity decreases considerably when the palladium content rises. The obtained dependences are caused by the features of palladium’s interaction with the carbon support. At a low Pd content (up to 0.04 wt %) in the catalyst, the metal is inserted into the interlayer space of graphite and the catalytic activity is zero. It is established by EXAFS that the main share of palladium in catalysts of 0.05–0.1 wt % Pd/CNF constitutes the metal in the atomically dispersed state. The coordination environment of palladium atoms consists of carbon atoms. An increase in the palladium content in a Pd/CNF catalyst up to 0.3 wt % leads to the formation of highly dispersed (0.8–1 nm) Pd particles. The Pd/CNF samples where palladium is mainly in the atomically dispersed state exhibit the highest selectivity in the acetylene hydrogenation reaction. The addition of silver to a 0.1 wt % Pd/CNF catalyst initially probably leads to the formation of Pd–Ag clusters and then to alloyed Pd–Ag particles. An increase in the silver content in the catalyst above 0.3% causes the enlargement of the alloyed particles and the palladium atoms are blocked by a silver layer, which considerably decreases the catalytic activity in the selective hydrogenation of acetylene.     

The application of infrared spectroscopy to probe the surface morphology of alumina-supported palladium catalysts

Five alumina-supported palladium catalysts have been prepared from a range of precursor compounds [palladium(II) nitrate, palladium(II) chloride, palladium(II) acetylacetonate, and tetraamminepalladium(II) tetraazidopalladate(II)] and at different metal loadings (1-7.3 wt %). Collectively, this series of catalysts provides a range of metal particle sizes (1.2-8.5 nm) that emphasize different morphological aspects of the palladium crystallites. The infrared spectra of chemisorbed CO applied under pulse-flow conditions reveal distinct groupings between metal crystallites dominated by low index planes and those that feature predominantly corner/edge atoms. Temperature-programmed infrared spectroscopy establishes that the linear CO band can be resolved into contributions from corner atoms and a combination of (111)(111) and (111)(100) particle edges. Propene hydrogenation has been used as a preliminary assessment of catalytic performance for the 1 wt % loaded catalysts, with the relative inactivity of the catalyst prepared from palladium(II) chloride attributed to a diminished hydrogen supply due to decoration of edge sites by chlorine originating from the preparative process. It is anticipated that refinements linking the vibrational spectrum of a probe molecule with surface structure and accessible adsorption sites for such a versatile catalytic substrate provide a platform against which structure/reactivity relationships can be usefully developed.     

Synthesis,properties, and activity of nanosized palladium catalysts modified with elemental phosphorus for hydrogenation

The applicability of elemental phosphorus as a modifier of palladium catalysts for hydrogenation was demonstrated, and the conditions for the synthesis of nanoparticles that are highly efficient in hydrogenation catalysis were optimized. The modifying effect of elemental phosphorus depends on the P/Pd ratio; it is associated with changes in the catalyst dispersity and the nature of the formed nanoparticles containing various palladium phosphides (PdP₂, Pd5P₂, and Pd₆P) and Pd(0) clusters. The main stages of the formation of palladium catalysts for hydrogenation were determined, and a model of an active catalyst, in which the Pd₆P phosphide is the core of a nanoparticle and Pd(0) clusters form a shell, was proposed.     

Perfluorinated membranes as catalyst supports

The perfluorinated polymer Nafion and porous PTFE/Nafion composite membranes have been employed as supports for nickel complexes or for platinum and palladium metal particles. The resultant materials have been employed as catalysts in various olefin conversion processes. Supported platinum and palladium metal systems were evaluated as catalysts for the hydrogenation of cyclohexene. Rates of reaction are better than those of commercially available catalysts; turnover numbers in excess of 6000 have been obtained with no poisoning apparent. Catalysts may be regenerated many times. The reduction rate approaches a limit at high pressures of hydrogen and has an activation energy of 13 kJ mol^?1 in neat cyclohexene. Nafion was employed as a strong acid cocatalyst to activate and then support a nickel complex catalyst. The resultant catalyst was active for double-bond-shift isomerization.     

New insights into the palladium-catalysed synthesis of δ-lactones from 1,3-dienes and carbon dioxide

Two-coordinate Pd(0) complexes are shown to be important intermediates in the telomerization of 1,3-dienes and CO₂ using palladium/phosphine catalysts without additives. Only one phosphorus atom is bound to palladium during the C–C bond forming steps, but the second phosphorus atom is crucial in the early stages of the catalytic cycle and for the elimination of the product. A ligand that gave an active palladium catalyst for the coupling of 1,3-butadiene and CO₂ has been designed. Use of a palladium catalyst in the reaction of isoprene with CO₂ allowed for the first time isolation and NMR spectroscopic characterization of the resulting mixture of lactones.