Water and salt movements in simultaneous flood-irrigation and well-drainage operations

This paper describes a new technology for solonchak soil reclamation in which surface flood irrigation of fresh water and pumped wells drainage of salty groundwater are combined. The comprehensive investigation of water and salt movement has been conducted through field test, laboratory simulation and numerical calculation. The dependence of desalination on irrigation water quantity, drainage quantity, leaching time and other parameters is obtained based on the field tests. The entire desalination process under the flood-irrigation and well-drainage operations was experimentally simulated in a vertical soil column. The water and salt movement has been numerically analyzed for both the field and laboratory conditions. The present work indicates that this new technology can greatly improve the effects of desalination. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Non-normality and bifurcation in plane strain tension and compression

The bifurcations of a rectangular block subject to plane strain tension or compression are investigated. The block material is taken to be incompressible and is characterized by an incrementally linear constitutive law for which “normality” does not necessarily hold. The consequences of non-normality regarding bifurcation are given primary emphasis here. The characteristic regimes of the governing equations (elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic) are detennined. In each of these regimes both symmetric and antisymmetric diffuse bifurcation modes are available. Additionally, in the hyperbolic and parabolic regimes, bifurcation into a localized shear band mode is also possible. Particular attention is given to the limiting cases of long wavelength and soon wavelength diffuse bifurcation modes. The range of parameter values is identified for which bifurcation into some localized mode may precede bifurcation into a long wavelength diffuse mode. Some difficulties associated with employing a linear incremental solid in a bifurcation analysis, when primary interest is in the bifurcation of an underlying elastic-plastic solid, are also discussed.     

Rheological and foaming behavior of linear and branched polylactides

In this work, a chain extender (CE) was added to polylactide (PLA) to improve its foamability. The steady and transient rheological properties of neat PLA and CE-treated PLA revealed that the introduction of the CE profoundly affected the melt viscosity and elasticity. The linear viscoelastic properties of CE-enriched PLA suggested that a long-chain branching (LCB) structure was formed from the reaction with the CE. LCB-PLA exhibited an increased viscosity, more shear sensitivity, and longer relaxation time in comparison with the linear PLA. The LCB structure was also found to affect the transient shear stress growth and elongational flow behavior. LCB-PLA exhibited a pronounced strain hardening, whereas no strain hardening was observed for the linear PLA. Batch foaming of the linear and LCB-PLAs was also examined at foaming temperatures of 130, 140, and 155 °C. The LCB structure significantly increased the integrity of the cells, cell density, and void fraction.     

STICTION AND ANTI—STICTION IN MEMS AND NEMS

Stiction in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has been a major failure mode ever since the advent of surface micromachining in the 80s of the last century due to large surfacearea-to-volume ratio. Even now when solutions to this problem are emerging, such as self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and other measures, stiction remains one of the most catastrophic failure modes in MEMS. A review is presented in this paper on stiction and anti-stiction in MEMS and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). First, some new experimental observations of stiction in radio frequency (RF) MEMS switch and micromachined accelerometers are presented. Second, some criteria for stiction of microstructures in MEMS and NEMS due to surface forces (such as capillary, electrostatic, van der Waals, Casimir forces, etc.) are reviewed. The influence of surface roughness and environmental conditions (relative humidity and temperature) on stiction are also discussed. As hydrophobic films, the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) turn out able to prevent release-related stiction effectively. The anti-stiction of SAMs in MEMS is reviewed in the last part. The project supported by the Distinguished Young Scholar Fund of NSFC (10225209), key project from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX2-SW-L2) and National “973” Project (G1999033103)     

Experimental heat and mass transfer of the separated and coupled rotating desiccant wheel and heat wheel

The experimental evaluation of the separated and coupled rotating desiccant wheel and heat wheel is reported. The study aims to investigate the performance of the desiccant wheel and of the heat wheel both when operated separately and jointly. The performance evaluation of the desiccant wheel is based on its moisture removal capacity (MRC), moisture removal regeneration (MRR), and moisture mass balance (MMB). In addition, the study used the total energy balance (TEB), sensible coefficient of performance (COP_Sensible), latent coefficient of performance (COP_Latent) and, total coefficient of performance (COP_Total). The performance of the heat wheel is based on its effectiveness. The COP_Sensible, COP_Latent and, COP_Total are used in the performance evaluation of the coupled desiccant wheel and heat wheel. The general results of the study show that the MRC, MRR and MMB coupled with the TEB, COP_Latent, COP_Sensible and COP_Total predict adequately the performance of the desiccant wheel. In addition, the coupled operation of the desiccant wheel and heat wheel, contributed to the reduction of the external thermal energy requirement for the regeneration of the desiccant wheel. This study can be applied in other researches seeking evaluation of the desiccant wheel, heat wheel, and their combined operation. Moreover, the data presented here are significant for the desiccant wheel benchmarking and for evaluation of the desiccant wheel models.     

Finite torsion and shearing of a compressible and anisotropic tube

The finite deformation of a hyperelastic, compressible and anisotropic tube subjected to torsion, circular and axial shearing is studied. The analysis is carried out for a class of Ogden elastic material and the governing non-linear equations are solved numerically with the Runge–Kutta method. The solution is used to study the effects of a specific material model on the local volume change and the circumferential stretch ratio.     

Nonlinear electro- and magneto-elastostatics: Material and spatial settings

The material and spatial settings of the nonlinear coupling problem of electro- and magneto-elastostatics are discussed in this paper. The governing equations and variational formulations of the problem derived in these two settings using basic equations of electricity, magnetism and elasticity allow the consideration of material defects by the material force method.     

水和水蒸汽热力学物性参数及导数的计算与应用

本文针对现代换热设备设计、两相流动与传热研究的需要,介绍了可供科研使用的水和水蒸汽物性计算方法,完善了计算程序。根据超临界锅炉设计中的超临界水的物性计算,两相流研究和换热设备动态特性研究中对物性导数计算的需要,提供了两个算例,并进行了定性分析。     

Heat and fluid flow in cylindrical and conical annular flow-passages with through flow and inner-wall rotation

The flow and heat transfer in cylindrical and conical annular flow-passages with through flow and inner-wall rotation have been numerically simulated by using the large eddy simulation with a Lagrangian dynamic subgrid-scale model. Inlet through-flow Reynolds number was 1000 and the Taylor number was set at 0, 1000, 2000, and 4000. In the conical flow passage, when the inner-wall rotation speed was increased, at first spiral vortices in the downstream region and then much more complicated vortices appeared. The vortices for Ta = 4000 changed the structure in both through-flow and wall-normal directions in the downstream half of the passage. The flow structure and heat transfer of the conical case were completely different from those of the cylindrical case. It was because of the three factors: the expansion of the flow passage, the rotation radius change in the through-flow direction, and the centrifugally driven through-flow. The last factor is due to the acute angle between the centrifugal and through-flow directions.     

Dynamic Stability and Random Vibrations of Rigid and Elastic Wheelsets

A stability analysis and vibration studies are presented for a passenger coach model which is equipped with rigid or elastic wheels. The elastic components between wheel rim and disc act as third suspension reducing the unsprung mass and isolating the passenger coach from the high frequency motion of the wheel rim. The vertical and lateral motion by such a design requires a thorough analysis of the system dynamics. The excitation of the vertical vibrations by stochastic track irregularities results in acceleration amplitudes of the carbody that may generate droning noise. A parameter study of spring and damper coefficients of the system with radialelastic wheels leads to considerably reduced droning noise and lower force level between wheel and rail. Furthermore, the eigenmotion of a rigid and an elastic wheelset rolling on a track, the so-called hunting, is investigated. The variation of the spring and damper coefficients shows limits to guarantee the stability of the system.     

GPS 和 Galileo 空间信号仿真及分析

介绍和详细分析了GPS和Galileo的空间信号。将Galileo空间信号结构及特性与GPS进行了比较,对接收机接收天线接收的射频信号进行下变频并予以分析。为避免信号混叠,仿真中先采用带通滤波器对射频信号进行滤波,然后采用过采样(过采样因子等于8)进行下变频处理。GPS和Galileo信号通过功率归一化加上高斯白噪声产生。对GPS采用的C/A码和Galileo采用的BOC(1,1)码进行比较,发现后者的中心波峰较窄,尽管这一特点使接收机的跟踪处理更为复杂,但提供了较好的接收性能,尤其在多路效应情况下也更为有效。仿真结果为GPS/Galileo双频软件接收机捕获和跟踪算法设计提供了很好的理论基础。     

Shape and topology sensitivity analysis and its application to structural design

The incremental sensitivity analysis associated with variation of structure material parameters, shape or topology variation is generally discussed by analyzing the evolution of potential and complementary energies, or arbitrary functionals of state fields. The concept of configuration and sensitivity generalized forces is used in presenting the sensitivity derivatives. The general reciprocity relations are derived for the case of potential or complementary energy variations. The topology variations in bar structures related to introduction of elements and introduction of inclusions and voids in plates are discussed, and the sensitivity forces are derived.     

Evolution and detachment of slowly growing drops and bubbles

The deformation of the free surface is considered for a slowly growing drop or bubble with a horizontal solid wall (either continuous or having a circular hole). The volume at the instant of detachment is determined. It is assumed that the liquid is subject to surface tension and gravitational forces.     

Translation and rotation of spheres settling in square and circular conduits: Experiments and numerical predictions

The terminal settling velocities and rotation rates of spherical particles settling in circular and square conduits were investigated experimentally and numerically with the aim to benchmark the numerical predictions using the boundary element method. Spheres were allowed to settle in viscous Newtonian fluid under conditions such that only hydrodynamic forces exerted an appreciable effect. The terminal settling velocities and the rotation rates were measured as a function of the size and density of the falling sphere, the drop position of the sphere in the conduit and the dimensions and geometry of the containing vessel or conduit. The experimental measurements were subjected to an exacting error analysis and compared with fully three-dimensional boundary element calculations. We found that the results of the experiments and numerical simulations showed remarkable agreement within the bounds of experimental error.     

Electrogas- and electrohydrodynamic control of gas and liquid jets and flows

The physical and mathematical principles of the method of electrogas-and electrohydrodynamic conversion of electrical signals to pneumatic (hydraulic) signals and vice versa for control of gas and liquid jets and flows in electropneumohydraulic systems are considered. St. Petersburg State Technical University, St. Petersburg 195251. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 25–31, March–April, 2000.     

岩石细观损伤破坏的观测研究

利用扫描电镜（ Ｓ Ｅ Ｍ ）,对香港白岗岩等岩样在单轴压缩状态下,进行细观结构（μｍ 尺度）观察,研究其微损伤的萌生、扩展、连接直至破坏的行为,分析了白岗岩等岩石的细观破坏机制及其与宏观力学行为的关系,得到了一些重要的感性认识和若干观察记录．为认识岩爆发生的机理及复杂应力状态下岩石损伤破坏的理论分析提供了实验依据     

绿色摩擦学的科学与技术内涵及展望

在简述绿色摩擦学产生背景的基础上,系统地论述了绿色摩擦学的科学与技术内涵.着重阐明了绿色摩擦学的定义、目标和主要任务以及狭义和广义的绿色摩擦学所包含的领域;结合绿色摩擦学的最新进展,全面地介绍了绿色摩擦学的技术内涵（研究范围或领域）.最后,指出了绿色摩擦学今后的主要发展方向.     

Soil deformation and slip relative to grouser shape and spacing

The development of soil deformation patterns and failure status behind grousers in the production of drawbar pull is examined in relation to grouser shape, size, and spacing (between grousers). The kinds of deformations, slip conditions, and patterns of soil displacement can be usefully examined to provide the input required for optimizing track performance.     

合金元素Ta、Ag对镍基合金机械性能和摩擦学性能的影响及机理研究

利用高能球磨和真空热压烧结方法制备了添加Ta和Ag的镍基复合材料. 考察了复合材料在宽温域范围内的摩擦磨损性能和力学性能,利用SEM、XRD等表征分析其物相组成、磨损机理及断裂机制. 结果表明: 热压烧结过程中,Ta与石墨模具中的C反应生成TaC陶瓷相并在基体中弥散分布;Ta、Ag的加入降低了材料的摩擦磨损,NiCrMoAl-Ta-Ag复合材料实现了在室温~800 ℃的连续润滑,室温时Ag提供润滑作用,中温时由磨屑和Ag形成局部润滑膜,800 ℃时磨损表面形成了含氧化物、钼酸银和Ag的润滑膜. 加入Ta极大提高了材料的机械性能,NiCrMoAl-Ta合金在室温~1 000 ℃具有优异的机械性能,归因于原位生成的TaC和Al₂O₃陶瓷相的弥散强化;材料的断裂机制随温度升高由微孔聚集型断裂转变为以微孔聚集型和氧化断裂为主的断裂.      

Super-critical and sub-critical Hopf bifurcations in two and three dimensions

Hopf bifurcations have been studied perturbatively under two broad headings, viz., super-critical and sub-critical. The criteria for occurrences of such bifurcations have been investigated using the renormalization group. The procedure has been described in detail for both two and three dimensions and has been applied to several important models, including those by Lorenz and Rossler.